UNIT - 1

INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM (IKS)

The Indian knowledge system, rooted in the rich cultural and philosophical
traditions of the Indian subcontinent, encompasses a diverse array of
disciplines, from the ancient Vedas and Upanishads to the more contemporary
advancements in the fields of science, technology, and medicine. India's long
and storied history has given rise to a wealth of knowledge systems, each
with its own unique perspectives and approaches to understanding the human
experience and the natural world.

At the heart of the Indian knowledge system lies a deep reverence for holistic
well-being, where the physical, mental, and spiritual realms are seen as
intrinsically connected. This philosophy is exemplified in the traditional
Indian medical systems, such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, which have
existed in India for millennia, providing comprehensive approaches to health
and healing. These systems have evolved through centuries of empirical
observation, experimentation, and the assimilation of diverse cultural
influences, offering a wealth of insights and practices that have the potential
to enrich and complement the modern biomedical paradigm

Moreover, the Indian knowledge system's emphasis on the

interconnectedness of all things extends beyond the realm of medicine,
permeating into domains such as philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, and
the arts. The philosophical frameworks of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism,
for instance, have grappled with questions of the nature of reality, the human
condition, and the path to enlightenment, contributing to a rich tapestry of
intellectual and spiritual exploration. In the realms of science and technology,
the ancient Indian civilization has made significant contributions, from the
development of the decimal number system and the concept of zero to
advancements in the fields of metallurgy, architecture, and shipbuilding.
Despite the wealth and diversity of the Indian knowledge system, its
recognition and representation on the global stage have often been
overshadowed by the dominant Western paradigms, which have historically
tended to privilege and prioritize their own frameworks and narratives.

The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) refers to the vast body of traditional
knowledge, thought systems, and intellectual practices that have evolved in
the Indian subcontinent over thousands of years. It encompasses a wide range
of disciplines, including philosophy, science, medicine, arts, mathematics,
architecture, spirituality, and social sciences. IKS is deeply rooted in ancient
Indian scriptures, oral traditions, and practices, and it reflects a holistic and
interconnected worldview that seeks to balance individual, societal, and
cosmic well-being.

Meaning of Indian Knowledge System (IKS):

The Indian Knowledge System is not just a repository of factual information

but a way of understanding the world that integrates various aspects of
life—spiritual, material, ecological, and intellectual. It offers a
comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to knowledge, emphasizing the
interconnectedness of all aspects of life and reality.

IKS focuses on self-knowledge, ethical living, and harmony with nature,

and often seeks to blend subjective experience with objective knowledge. It
prioritizes holistic development—both intellectual and spiritual—and
encourages an experiential, contemplative, and empirical way of learning.

Key Characteristics of IKS:

1. Holistic Approach: IKS integrates diverse fields like science,

medicine, spirituality, and the arts, emphasizing the interconnectedness
of all aspects of life.
2. Spiritual Foundation: Many aspects of IKS are deeply rooted in
spiritual and metaphysical concepts, such as Dharma (moral law) and
Atman (self or soul).
3. Empirical and Experiential Knowledge: While IKS includes
theoretical knowledge, it also highly values practical experience,
observation, and personal realization.
4. Sustainability and Ecology: Traditional Indian knowledge emphasizes
living in harmony with nature and sustainable practices.
5. Interdisciplinary: IKS combines elements of science, philosophy,
religion, and culture in a synergistic manner, aiming for the
development of the individual and society.

Definition of Indian Knowledge System (IKS):

The Indian Knowledge System can be defined as a multidisciplinary body
of knowledge and practices that have emerged in the Indian subcontinent
over millennia. It is a holistic and integrative system that encompasses
philosophical, spiritual, scientific, medical, artistic, and social disciplines,
aimed at the development of individual and societal well-being while
maintaining harmony with nature and the cosmos.

This definition highlights the comprehensive and interdisciplinary nature of

IKS, reflecting its foundations in ancient Indian texts (such as the Vedas,
Upanishads, and epics), oral traditions, and indigenous practices that have
been passed down through generations.

In essence, IKS is more than just a system of information; it is a framework

for understanding life, the universe, and the self in a deeply interconnected
and harmonious way.

Concept of Indian Knowledge System (IKS):

The concept of IKS is built on several key ideas that form its foundation:

1. Holistic Worldview: IKS is based on the understanding that all aspects

of life—physical, intellectual, spiritual, and social—are interconnected.
This holistic perspective aims at harmonizing the individual with
society, nature, and the cosmos. Knowledge is not compartmentalized
but flows seamlessly across disciplines like philosophy, science,
medicine, and art.
2. Experiential and Empirical Knowledge: Knowledge in IKS is not
just theoretical or speculative. It is deeply experiential, meaning that
personal experience, intuition, and direct perception are valued
alongside empirical observation and rational analysis. This allows for a
balance between objective inquiry and subjective realization.
3. Integration of Spirituality and Science: IKS does not separate the
spiritual from the material. Instead, it integrates spiritual principles with
scientific and practical knowledge. For instance, Ayurveda blends
medical science with concepts of balance and spiritual well-being,
while Indian astronomy includes philosophical and religious
dimensions of time and space.
4. Sustainability and Ecological Harmony: A key tenet of IKS is living
in harmony with nature and the environment. It promotes sustainable
practices in agriculture, health, and societal living, emphasizing the
long-term balance between human needs and natural resources. Ancient
Indian agriculture, architecture, and medicine systems reflect this deep
ecological sensitivity.
5. Ethical and Moral Foundations: Ethics and morality are central to
IKS, guided by the concept of Dharma (duty, righteousness). The
pursuit of knowledge is seen not only as an intellectual endeavor but
also as a means of achieving moral and ethical living.
6. Self-Realization and Inner Knowledge: The ultimate goal of IKS is
self-realization—understanding one's true nature and purpose in life.
This includes knowledge of the Atman (soul) and its relationship to the
broader cosmic order. Spiritual disciplines like Yoga and Vedanta
 emphasize the discovery of inner truths as a form of ultimate
knowledge.

Scope of Indian Knowledge System (IKS):

The scope of IKS is vast, covering almost every domain of human knowledge
and inquiry. Below are some key areas that fall under its purview:

1. Philosophy and Metaphysics:

○ IKS covers a wide range of philosophical systems, including the
six classical schools of Hindu philosophy (Nyaya, Vaisheshika,
Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta), as well as Buddhist
and Jain philosophical traditions.
○ It explores questions about reality, consciousness, the nature of
the self, and the ultimate purpose of life.
2. Science and Mathematics:
○ IKS includes significant contributions to mathematics,
astronomy, and various scientific disciplines.
○ Ancient mathematicians like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and
Bhaskara made advances in areas such as algebra, trigonometry,
and the concept of zero.
○ Indian astronomy, as seen in Jyotisha, developed sophisticated
models of planetary movements, time measurement, and eclipse
prediction.
3. Medicine (Ayurveda):
 ○ Ayurveda is one of the oldest and most comprehensive systems
of medicine, emphasizing a holistic approach to health through
balance and harmony within the body and with nature.
○ Texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita cover a
wide range of medical practices, including surgery, herbal
medicine, preventive healthcare, and wellness.
4. Linguistics and Grammar:
○ Sanskrit linguistics, especially as developed by Panini in his
Ashtadhyayi, is one of the most advanced and systematic
grammatical traditions in the world.
○ This extends to the development of other Indian languages and
the preservation of oral traditions, mantras, and chants.
5. Art, Architecture, and Aesthetics:
○ IKS includes traditional knowledge of Indian classical music,
dance, painting, sculpture, and architecture.
○ Texts like the Natya Shastra explore the theory of aesthetics,
emotions (Rasas), and performance, while temple architecture
reflects a deep understanding of geometry, symbolism, and
spirituality.
6. Governance and Economics:
○ Texts like Kautilya's Arthashastra provide insights into
governance, economics, and statecraft, focusing on effective
governance, law, diplomacy, and administration.
○ Indian polity and law were deeply rooted in the concept of
Dharma—justice, fairness, and the welfare of all.
 7. Ecology and Agriculture:
○ IKS promotes sustainable agricultural practices, environmental
stewardship, and harmony with natural cycles. Concepts of
Vrikshayurveda (the science of plant life) emphasize
sustainability and ecological balance.
8. Spiritual Practices:
○ Spiritual disciplines such as Yoga, Vedanta, Tantra, and Bhakti
provide methodologies for self-realization, mental discipline, and
spiritual well-being.
○ Meditation, ritual practices, and devotion (Bhakti) form an
integral part of this system, fostering emotional and mental
clarity.
9. Social Structure and Ethics:
○ IKS includes knowledge about social organization, family
systems, and ethical conduct, largely guided by Dharma
(righteous living).
○ It addresses individual and collective responsibilities, promoting
ethical conduct in all spheres of life.

Scope Beyond India:

Although rooted in the Indian subcontinent, the scope of IKS has a global
dimension, having influenced other cultures, particularly in areas like
mathematics, medicine, philosophy, and spirituality. Many Indian practices,
such as Yoga, Ayurveda, and meditation, have gained international
recognition and are practiced worldwide.
IKS in ancient & modern India:

The Indian Knowledge System (IKS), rooted in the ancient traditions of

India, has shaped the intellectual, spiritual, and practical life of the region for
millennia, continuing to influence modern thought and practice. In ancient
India, IKS was vast and holistic, covering areas such as philosophy, science,
mathematics, medicine, arts, and spirituality. Foundational texts like the
Vedas, Upanishads, and Bhagavad Gita laid the groundwork for Indian
philosophical thought, exploring profound questions about the nature of
reality, consciousness, and ethics. The six classical schools of Indian
philosophy—Nyāya, Vaisheshika, Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Mimāṃsā, and
Vedānta—provided a variety of approaches to logic, metaphysics, and
self-realization. In addition, Buddhism and Jainism contributed significantly
to the Indian Knowledge System with their emphasis on non-violence, ethics,
and self-discipline.

Ancient India also made remarkable contributions to science and

mathematics. Mathematicians such as Āryabhaṭa, Brahmagupta, and
Bhāskara advanced fields like algebra, trigonometry, and geometry, while
introducing concepts like zero and the decimal system, which later became
foundational to global mathematics. In Jyotisha, the ancient system of
astronomy, Indian scholars mapped planetary movements and developed
sophisticated calendar systems, influencing both religious and scientific
practice. Medicine in ancient India, as embodied in Ayurveda, was equally
comprehensive, focusing on balance, prevention, and the interconnectedness
of mind, body, and spirit. Texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta
Samhita provided detailed insights into surgical techniques, herbal medicine,
and holistic healing practices.

In the realm of arts and aesthetics, ancient India produced groundbreaking

works like the Nātya Śāstra, which detailed drama, dance, and music theory,
setting the stage for Indian classical art forms that continue to thrive today.
Indian architecture and metallurgy were similarly advanced, with temples and
monuments demonstrating an intricate understanding of geometry and
material science.

In modern India, IKS remains relevant and has been integrated into
contemporary disciplines, especially in areas like alternative medicine,
sustainability, and education. Ayurveda and Yoga have gained global
recognition for their holistic approach to health and wellness. Educational
institutions are increasingly incorporating IKS into curricula, acknowledging
the value of traditional knowledge in fields like mathematics, ethics, and
environmental science. Indian spirituality, with practices like meditation and
mindfulness, has found widespread appeal, influencing modern psychology
and wellness industries. Moreover, IKS principles of sustainability and
ecological harmony are being revived as essential solutions to global
environmental challenges.

Thus, while rooted in ancient traditions, IKS continues to offer valuable

insights and practices that address contemporary issues, fostering a holistic
and interconnected approach to knowledge in both ancient and modern India.

Modern Applications of IKS:

IKS is not just a historical system but continues to be relevant in the modern
world. Fields such as sustainable development, integrative medicine, and
ethical leadership draw heavily on IKS principles. In education, IKS offers
alternative ways of learning, which integrate ethical, spiritual, and ecological
dimensions into modern curricula.
 UNIT - 2 IKS & BHARATIYA EDUCATION SYSTEM

1. Bharatiya Education System: Ancient to Modern

● Ancient Education System:

○ Rooted in Gurukulas (teacher’s home), where knowledge was
passed orally.
○ Emphasized holistic education, encompassing intellectual,
spiritual, and physical development.
○ Subjects included Vedas, Vedanga, Upanishads, Puranas,
Itihasas (epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata), as well as
mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.
○ Learning was personalized and aimed at character building,
ethical values, and knowledge of the Self (Atman).
○ Major centers of learning: Takshashila, Nalanda, Vikramshila.
● Medieval Education System:
○ Influence of Islamic education and Persian literature in areas like
Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire.
○ Madrasas and Maktabs became prominent institutions.
○ Focus on language, law, religion, but still maintained local
sciences like Ayurveda, mathematics, and philosophy.
○ Interactions between indigenous knowledge and Arabic/Persian
scholarship.
● Colonial Era:
 ○ British introduction of the Western education system via
Macaulay’s Minute (1835), promoting English as the medium of
instruction.
○ Traditional systems like Gurukulas, Pathshalas, and Madrasas
were marginalized.
○ Shift from value-based to skill-based education focusing on
producing clerks for the British administration.
○ Impact on indigenous languages and traditional knowledge
systems.
● Post-Independence & Modern Education:
○ Revival efforts by thinkers like Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma
Gandhi (Nai Talim), and Rabindranath Tagore (Shantiniketan).
○ Modern education system blending traditional values with
global advancements.
○ Emphasis on science, technology, and professional studies, but
renewed focus on promoting Indian languages and cultural
heritage.

2. Brief on Churda Vidya:

● Churda Vidya is part of the traditional Indian knowledge systems. The

term often appears in discussions of secondary knowledge or practical
arts and sciences.
● It refers to the practical or applied aspects of knowledge that were
crucial in daily life, as compared to the Para Vidya (higher knowledge,
i.e., spiritual wisdom).
 ● Areas of Churda Vidya may include topics like engineering,
medicine (Ayurveda), mathematics, and architecture.
● Although not as spiritually focused as the Vedas or Upanishads, Churda
Vidya was essential for society's functioning and well-being.

3. Brief about Vedas, Vedanga, and Upanishads:

● Vedas:
○ The Vedas are the oldest and most sacred texts of Indian
knowledge, composed between 1500-500 BCE.
○ Divided into four collections: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda,
and Atharvaveda.
○ They cover hymns, rituals, philosophy, and moral teachings.
○ The Vedas are seen as apauruṣeya (not of human origin) and are
considered the foundation of Sanatana Dharma.
● Vedanga:
○ Vedanga refers to the six auxiliary sciences or disciplines
necessary for understanding and practicing the Vedic literature.
○ These include:
1. Shiksha (phonetics)
2. Kalpa (rituals)
3. Vyakarana (grammar)
4. Nirukta (etymology)
5. Chandas (metrics)
6. Jyotisha (astronomy).
 ○ These sciences helped maintain the accuracy, clarity, and proper
interpretation of Vedic texts.
● Upanishads:
○ The Upanishads are philosophical texts that form the concluding
part of the Vedas (Vedanta).
○ They explore the inner meaning of the Vedas and focus on the
nature of Brahman (the ultimate reality) and Atman (the soul).
○ Key concepts include the unity of the Self and the universe, the
impermanence of the material world, and the goal of Moksha
(liberation).
○ Some of the prominent Upanishads are the Isha, Kena, Katha,
Taittiriya, and Mandukya.
 UNIT - 3

Contribution of IKS in Mathematics, Science & Technology

1. Mathematics – Number System, Algebra & Arithmetic

● Number System:
○ India’s contribution to mathematics is most notable through the
invention of the concept of zero (Shunya) and the decimal
system. The introduction of the numeral "0" allowed for more
advanced calculations and the development of positional
notation.
○ The Hindu-Arabic numeral system (1, 2, 3...9, 0) was
developed in India and later transmitted to the Arab world, which
introduced it to Europe.
○ Ancient Indian texts like Sulbasutras (Vedic period, around
800-500 BCE) provide early references to geometry and numbers
for constructing altars and fire pits.
○ The mathematical work of Aryabhata (5th century CE) in his
text Aryabhatiya describes place value, the use of zero, and
solving linear equations.
○ Brahmagupta (7th century CE) further formalized the concept of
zero and provided rules for arithmetic operations involving zero,
negatives, and positives in his book Brahmasphutasiddhanta.
● Algebra:
 ○ The development of algebra in India dates back to the Bakhshali
Manuscript (3rd century CE), which contains algebraic
problems and solutions using unknowns and linear equations.
○ Bhaskara I and Bhaskara II (12th century CE), Indian
mathematicians, significantly contributed to algebra. Bhaskara II,
in his text Lilavati, discussed topics like permutation,
combination, and quadratic equations.
○ Concepts like Diophantine equations (solutions to equations
involving integer variables) were explored by Brahmagupta in his
Brahmasphutasiddhanta, with rules for solving quadratic
indeterminate equations (Chakravala method).
● Arithmetic:
○ Ancient Indian scholars developed and perfected methods of
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, some of
which are recorded in texts like Lilavati by Bhaskara II.
○ The binary system (similar to that used in modern computers) is
described in the Pingala Sutra (around 300 BCE), which
introduced binary-like sequences used in poetry and meters.
○ Indian mathematicians also developed sophisticated methods of
exponentiation, roots, and progressions (arithmetic and
geometric), as seen in their calculation techniques for
astronomical data.

2. Science & Technology in Ancient India

● Astronomy:
 ○ Indian astronomy, known as Jyotisha, was highly advanced. The
work of Aryabhata in Aryabhatiya includes accurate
calculations for the circumference of the Earth, orbital periods
of planets, and the duration of a year.
○ Varahamihira (6th century CE), an astronomer and astrologer,
wrote the Brihat Samhita, discussing planetary motions,
eclipses, and astrology.
○ The concept of a heliocentric system (sun at the center) and
accurate models for lunar and solar eclipses were proposed by
Aryabhata.
● Medicine:
○ Ancient Indian medicine, known as Ayurveda, is one of the
oldest systems of healthcare, focused on holistic healing. The
primary texts are the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita.
○ Sushruta (considered the father of surgery) in the Sushruta
Samhita (6th century BCE) documented complex surgical
procedures, including plastic surgery, cataract surgery, and
cesarean section.
○ Charaka Samhita (3rd century BCE) focuses on internal
medicine, diet, and preventive health. Charaka emphasized
maintaining the balance of bodily humors (doshas) for good
health.
● Metallurgy:
 ○ India was highly advanced in metallurgy, as evidenced by the
Iron Pillar of Delhi (erected in the 4th century CE), which has
remained rust-free for over 1600 years.
○ The Zinc smelting process was pioneered in ancient India, with
the first large-scale production of zinc metal occurring in Zawar,
Rajasthan around 12th century CE.
○ Indian metallurgists also developed techniques for producing
high-quality steel, known as Wootz steel, which was highly
prized in Europe and the Middle East for sword-making.
● Civil Engineering & Architecture:
○ Indus Valley Civilization (2600-1900 BCE) showcased
sophisticated urban planning with well-designed drainage
systems, granaries, dockyards, and public baths (e.g., the Great
Bath of Mohenjo-Daro).
○ Indian architecture also saw the development of stone temples,
like the ones at Ellora and Ajanta caves, along with structural
engineering feats like the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Tamil
Nadu.
● Textiles & Dyeing:
○ Ancient India was renowned for its textile industry, especially
the production of fine cotton, silk, and indigo dyes. Indian cloth
was highly prized in the ancient world.
○ Techniques like block printing and embroidery were widely
practiced.
● Water Management & Irrigation:
○ Ancient Indians developed sophisticated water management
systems, including step wells (baolis) and tanks for irrigation,
water storage, and religious purposes.
○ The Ghaggar-Hakra system and techniques for building dams
and canals ensured sustained agriculture even in arid regions.
 UNIT 4

Contribution of IKS to arts, architecture and tradition

1. Indigenous Tools & Technologies for Town Planning & Temple Architecture

● Town Planning (Lothal, Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira):

○ Lothal (2400 BCE): Known as an important port city of the
Indus Valley Civilization, Lothal had an advanced dockyard
system and a sophisticated drainage system. The town planning
showcased the use of brick-lined streets, grid layouts, and
proper drainage for both stormwater and sewage.
○ Mohenjo-Daro (2600-1900 BCE): Known for its well-planned
urban grid and sophisticated drainage. The Great Bath indicates
a strong emphasis on public spaces for rituals. Homes had
private wells, bathrooms, and toilets connected to an
underground drainage system.
○ Dholavira: Famous for its unique water management system,
including step wells, reservoirs, and an underground drainage
system. It showcased advanced knowledge of hydraulic
engineering and sustainable resource management in arid
conditions.
● Temple Architecture:
○ Jagannath Puri Temple: Located in Odisha, the Jagannath Puri
Temple is a classic example of Kalinga architecture. The temple
follows a strict layout with a vimana (main shrine), mandapa
 (hall), and garbhagriha (sanctum sanctorum). The temple’s
aerodynamic shape allows it to withstand strong winds, and its
vast scale is tied to solar alignments.
○ Konark Sun Temple: This 13th-century temple in Odisha is built
in the form of a chariot with 24 wheels, driven by seven horses.
The wheels act as sundials, showcasing India's knowledge of
astronomy. The temple architecture is aligned with solar patterns,
and each part has a symbolic and functional design.
○ Modhera Sun Temple: Located in Gujarat, this temple is
dedicated to the sun god, Surya. It is precisely aligned so that the
sun shines directly on the idol during the equinoxes. The temple
complex also features an intricately designed stepwell, blending
architecture with water conservation.
○ Hampi Temple: Known for the Virupaksha Temple, Hampi’s
architecture includes massive stone temples with mandapas,
gopurams (towers), and intricate carvings. The temples also
show acoustic innovations, as in the musical pillars of the
Vijaya Vittala Temple.
● Science Behind Ancient Architecture:
○ Seismic resistance: Temples like the Jagannath Puri Temple and
others are constructed to withstand natural forces such as
earthquakes.
○ Ventilation & Energy Efficiency: Temple designs, such as those
at Hampi and Konark, ensured natural airflow and temperature
control through architectural precision.
 ○ Materials Science: The use of granite, sandstone, and other
durable materials reflects ancient knowledge of materials science
and weathering.

2. History and Origin of Art & Traditions

● Art:
○ Indus Valley Civilization: The origins of Indian art can be traced
back to the Indus Valley through terracotta figures, seal
carvings, and pottery. These artistic creations were symbolic of
daily life and religious rituals.
○ Classical Indian Art: During the Maurya, Gupta, and subsequent
periods, art became more refined, with Buddhist sculptures like
those at Sanchi Stupa and the rock-cut caves of Ajanta and
Ellora.
○ Temple Sculptures: Temples served as not just places of worship
but as platforms for intricate stone and bronze sculptures.
These figures often depicted deities, mythological stories, and
scenes from epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
○ Paintings: The Mughal period brought a rich tradition of
miniature paintings, while regional schools like Rajput and
Pahari art flourished, emphasizing themes from mythology,
nature, and everyday life.
● Traditions:
 ○ Indian traditions, including rituals, dance forms
(Bharatanatyam, Kathak), and craftwork (weaving, pottery),
have roots in Vedic and folk traditions.
○ The Vedic yajnas (fire rituals) are some of the oldest ceremonial
traditions. The use of mantras, precise geometrical patterns for
altars, and ritual tools like kalasha (pot of water) symbolize
various cosmic principles.
○ Traditional performing arts evolved in parallel with religious
practices. Natyashastra (by Bharata Muni) provided the
foundation for Indian dance, drama, and music as integral parts of
the social and spiritual fabric.

3. Science Behind Our Traditions and Rituals

● Rituals and Environmental Science:

○ Many Indian rituals were aligned with environmental
preservation. For example, the tradition of planting banyan and
peepal trees during religious festivals helped maintain the
ecological balance.
○ Yajnas (fire rituals) were performed with herbs and ghee, which
is believed to purify the air through natural fumigation.
● Symbolism & Psychology:
○ The use of colors, sounds, and symbols in rituals has a strong
connection to psychology. For example, the use of red
(kumkum) during religious ceremonies is associated with energy
and auspiciousness.
 ○ Mantras and chanting create vibrational frequencies that
promote mental focus, relaxation, and positive energy.
● Scientific Logic Behind Festivities:
○ Festivals like Diwali and Pongal coincide with seasonal
changes and harvest cycles, serving both an agricultural and
astronomical purpose. Lighting lamps, for example, during
Diwali, marks the onset of winter, symbolizing the victory of
light over darkness while also repelling insects.
○ Fasting (e.g., during Ekadashi) has scientific merit in promoting
digestive health, allowing the body to detoxify and reset its
metabolic processes.
● Health and Well-being:
○ Traditions like wearing gold or silver jewelry are based on
Ayurvedic principles that believe these metals help maintain
health by regulating body heat and promoting circulation.
○ Pranayama (breathing techniques), meditation, and yoga as
rituals of physical and spiritual well-being were intended to
balance the body’s energy systems, reduce stress, and enhance
concentration.

The Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) represent a vast, integrated, and

holistic body of knowledge that spans across various domains like
mathematics, science, medicine, philosophy, arts, and spirituality. Rooted
in ancient wisdom, IKS offers profound insights into sustainable living,
harmonious existence with nature, and a deep understanding of the self and
the universe.

From the zero and the decimal system in mathematics to the intricate designs
of town planning and temple architecture, Indian contributions have
shaped the world's intellectual and cultural landscape. Ayurveda, Jyotisha
(astronomy), and Vastu Shastra have demonstrated the blending of science
with metaphysics, revealing a deep understanding of human physiology,
planetary movements, and environmental harmony.

In today’s modern context, the revival and integration of IKS offer not only
historical and cultural pride but also practical applications in fields like
sustainable development, wellness, and education. The interdisciplinary
nature of IKS emphasizes holistic education, fostering intellectual growth
alongside moral and ethical development, which is critical in addressing
contemporary global challenges.

Indian Knowledge Systems continue to inspire and provide valuable lessons

on resilience, innovation, and spiritual inquiry, maintaining relevance even in
the 21st century.