Logic Reasoning

Name : Daniella
Date: October 4, 2024

Soon Math
BASIC KNOWLEDGE
Statements

A statement is any sentence that is either true or false, but not both.
The following sentences are statements:
• A right triangle is a triangle having a right angle (True statement)
• One plus one is eleven in base 2. (False statement)
The following sentences are not statements:
• Solve this AIME problem. (a command)
• How do you solve this AMC 10 problem? (a question)
• AMC 10 A test is harder than AMC 10 B test. (an opinion)

Negations

The sentence “AMC 10 test consists of 25 problems” is a statement; the negation

of this statement is “AMC 10 test does not consist of 25 problems.”
The negation of a true statement is false, and the negation of a false statement
is true.
Statement Negation
All do Some do not (Not all do)
Some do None do (All do not)

Form the negation of each statement:

• The moon is not a star. ⇒ The moon is a star.
• The moon is a star. ⇒ The moon is not a star.
• A spider does not have six legs. ⇒ A spider has six legs.
• Some rabbits have short tails. ⇒ No rabbit has a short tail.
• Some rabbits do not have short tails. ⇒ All rabbits have short tails.
• No rabbit has a short tail. ⇒ Some rabbits have short tails.

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Converse, Inverse, And Contrapositive

Direct statement If p, then q

Converse If q, then p
Inverse If not p, then not q
Contrapositive If not q, then not p

Direct statement If I live in Boston, then I live in USA.

Converse If I live in USA, then I live in Boston.
Inverse If I do not live in Boston, then I do not live in USA.
Contrapositive If I do not live in USA, then I do not live in Boston.

Rectangle of Logical Equivalents

Statement Inverse
Converse Contrapositive
Logically equivalent pair of statements (diagonally opposite):
• A statement and its contrapositive
• The inverse and converse of the same statement
Not logically equivalent pair of statements (adjacent):
• A statement and its inverse
• The converse and contrapositive of the same statement
• The inverse and contrapositive of the same statement

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning consists of three steps as follows:

(1) Making a general statement (major premise)
(2) Making a particular statement (minor premise)
(3) Making a deduction (conclusion)

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Euler Diagram
Example 1

Draw the Euler diagram for the following problem:

1. The major premise is: All cats are animals.
2. The minor premise is: Jerry is a cat.
3. The conclusion is: Jerry is an animal.

Example 2

Let S be the statement: ”If the sum of the digits of the whole number n is
divisible by 8, then n is divisible by 8”. A value of n which shows S to be false
is:
(A) 80
(B) 53
(C) 88
(D) 152
(E) none of these

Example 3

Sam is not a member of the math club, then from which of the following state-
ments can it be determined whether or not Sam is in the science club?
(A) Anyone in the math club is not in the science club.
(B) No one is in both the math club and the science club.
(C) Anyone who is not in the math club is not in the science club.
(D) Everyone in the math club is in the science club.
(E) Some people who are not in the math club are not in the science club.

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Example 4

Assume that, for a certain school, it is true that:

• I: Some students are not honest.
• II: All fraternity members are honest.
(A) Some students are fraternity members.
(B) Some fraternity members are not students.
(C) Some students are not fraternity members.
(D) No fraternity member is a student.
(E) No student is a fraternity member.

Example 5

If the statement ”All computers in this store are on sale.” is false, then which
of the following statements must be true?
• I. All computers in this store are at non-sale prices.
• II. There is some computers in this store not on sale.
• III. No computer in this store is on sale.
• IV. Not all computers in this store are on sale.
(A) II only
(B) IV only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and IV only
(E) I, II and IV only

Example 6

A figure is an equiangular quadrilateral if and only if it is a

(A) rectangle
(B) regular polygon
(C) kite
(D) square
(E) trapezoid

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Example 7

Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the following statement:

If AB 2 + BC 2 = CA2 , then triangle ABC is a right triangle.

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PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS
1.Draw the Euler Diagram
Example 8

Given the two hypotheses:

1. Some Mems are not Ens.
2. No Ens are Vees.
If ”some” means ”at least one”, we can conclude that:
(A) Some Mems are not Vees.
(B) Some Vees are not Mems.
(C) No Mem is a Vee.
(D) Some Mems are Vees.
(E) Neither (A) nor (B) nor (C) nor (D) is deducible from the given statements.

Example 9

If all alligators are ferocious creatures and some creepy crawlers are alligators,
which statement(s) must be true?
1. All alligators are creepy crawlers.
2. Some ferocious creatures are creepy crawlers.
3. Some alligators are not creepy crawlers.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) II and III only
(E) None must be true

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Example 10

In a certain land, all Arogs are Brafs, all Crups are Brafs, all Dramaps are Arogs,
and all Crups are Dramaps. Which of the following statements is implied by
these facts?
(A) All Dramaps are Brafs and are Crups.
(B) All Brafs are Crups and are Dramaps.
(C) All Arogs are Crups and are Dramaps.
(D) All Crups are Arogs and are Brafs.
(E) All Arogs are Dramaps and some Arogs may not be Crups.

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2. Find Two Statements That Contradict Each Other

First we find the two statements that contradict each other. There must be a
false statement between these two. Then we examine the statements left.

Example 11

There are three boxes A, B, and C with two boxes containing marbles and one
containing candy. Each box has a note on it.
• A: This box does not contain candy.
• B: This box contains candy.
• C: Box B contains marbles.
Only one of the above statements is true, and the others are false. Which box
contains candy?

Example 12

Among Alex, Bob, and Charles, one broke the window. Only one of the follow-
ing statements is true, and the others are false. Who broke the window?
• I: Alex: Bob did it.
• II: Bob: I did not do it.
• III: Charles: It is not me.

Example 13

Among Alex, Bob, Charles, and Dan, one broke the window. Only one of the
following statements is false, and the others are true. Who broke the window?
• I: Alex: I did not do it.
• II: Bob: I did not do it.
• III: Charles: Bob did it.
• IV: Dan: Charles did it.

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Example 14

A sealed envelope contains a card with a single digit on it. Three of the following
statements are true and the other is false.
• I: The digit is 1.
• II: The digit is 2.
• III: The digit is not 3.
• IV: The digit is not 4.
Which one of the following must be correct?
• (A) I is false.
• (B) II is true.
• (C) II is false.
• (D) III is false.
• (E) IV is true.

Example 15

Treasure is hidden behind one of the 5 doors labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Each

door has a statement on it as follows. Only one of the statements is true, and
the others are false. Which door is the treasure behind?
• I: A: The treasure is behind door E.
• II: B: The treasure is behind either door D or E.
• III: C: The treasure is not behind me.
• IV: D: The treasure is not behind door E.
• V: E: The treasure is behind door D.

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Example 16

In a farm there are two kinds of animals: dogs and foxes. Dogs’ statements
are always true, and foxes’ statements are always false. Four animals, Bella,
Charlie, Daisy, and Edward make the following statements.
• Bella: ”Edward and I are the same species.”
• Charlie: ”Daisy is not a dog.”
• Daisy: ”Charlie is not a dog.”
• Edward: ”Of the four of us, only two are dogs.”
How many of these four animals are foxes?
• (A) 0
• (B) 1
• (C) 2
• (D) 3
• (E) 4

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3. Find Two Statements That Are In Agreement With Each Other

First we find the two statements that are in agreement. If there is only one
true statement, both of these two statements must be false. Then we examine
the statements left. If there is only one false statement, both of these two
statements must be true.

Example 17

Each of three marbles A, B, and C is colored one of the three colors. One of the
marbles is colored white, one is colored red, and one is colored blue. Exactly
one of these statements is true:
• (1) A is red.
• (2) B is blue.
• (3) C is not red.
What color is marble B?

Example 18

Each of three marbles A, B, and C is colored one of the three colors. One of the
marbles is colored white, one is colored red, and one is colored blue. Exactly
one of these statements is true:
• (1) A is red.
• (2) B is not red.
• (3) C is not blue.
What color is marble A?

Example 19

Alex, Bob, and Charles won top three prize in a math tournament. Exactly
one of these statements is false. Who got what place?
1. Alex: I got the first place.
2. Bob: I did not get the first place.
3. Charles: I got the second place.

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Example 20

A sealed envelope contains a card with a single digit on it. Three of the following
statements are true, and the other is false.
1. The digit is 1.
2. The digit is not 2.
3. The digit is 3.
4. The digit is not 4.
Which one of the following must necessarily be correct?
(A) I is true.
(B) I is false.
(C) IV is true.
(D) III is true.
(E) II is false.

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4. Find The Contrapositive of The Statement
Example 21

Each of the cards shown below has a number on one side and a letter on the
other. How many of the cards must be turned over to prove the correctness of
this statement for these cards: ”If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has
a prime number on the other side?”
M I T 3 1 4
(A) 5
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
(E) 4

Example 22

Each of the cards shown has a number on one side and a letter on the other.
How many of the cards must be turned over to prove the correctness of this
statement for these cards: ”If a card has a vowel on one side, then it has an
even number on the other side?”
A B C 3 4 5
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
(E) 6

Example 23

Which of the following is equivalent to ”If Paul is correct then Quincy is wrong”?
(A) ”Paul is correct or Quincy is wrong.”
(B) ”If Quincy is wrong then Paul is correct.”
(C) ”If Paul is correct then Quincy is correct.”
(D) ”If Quincy is correct then P is wrong.”
(E) ”If Quincy is correct then P is true.”

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Example 24

Which of the following statements is (are) equivalent to the statement ”If the
pink elephant on planet alpha has purple eyes, then the wild pig on planet beta
does not have a long nose”?
1. If the wild pig on planet beta has a long nose, then the pink elephant on
planet alpha has purple eyes.
2. If the pink elephant on planet alpha does not have purple eyes, then the
wild pig on planet beta does not have a long nose.
3. If the wild pig on planet beta has a long nose, then the pink elephant on
planet alpha does not have purple eyes.
(A) I and III only
(B) IV only
(C) II and III only
(D) II only
(E) III only

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Problem
Problem 1

Is the following argument valid? An argument is valid if the premises are true
and these premises force the conclusion to be true.
• All apple trees have green leaves
• That plant has green leaves.
• That plant is an apple tree.

Problem 2

Let T be the statement:

“If the sum of the digits of the whole number n is divisible by 7, then n is
divisible by 7”.
A value of n which shows T to be false is
(A) 70
(B) 77
(C) 133
(D) 34
(E) 266

Problem 3

Which one of the following statements is false?

(A) All regular hexagons are congruent to each other.
(B) All regular hexagons are convex.
(C) All regular hexagons are equiangular.
(D) All regular hexagons are equilateral.
(E) All regular hexagons are similar to each other.

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Problem 4

If the two statements below are true, which of the following statements must
also be true?
• (1) Alex sometimes goes to adventure movies.
• (2) Betsy never goes to comedy movies.
• I. Alex never goes to comedy movies.
• II. Betsy sometimes goes to adventure movies.
• III. Alex and Betsy never go to comedy movies together.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II
(E) II and III

Problem 5

If the statement “Some integers in set X are odd” is true, which of the following
must also be true?
(A) If an integer is odd, it is in set X.
(B) If an integer is even, it is in set X.
(C) All integers in set X are odd.
(D) All integers in set X are even.
(E) Not all integers in set X are even.

Problem 6

If all boys in the math club are good at math. Which of the following statements
must be true?
(A) No boy whose math is not good is a member of the math club.
(B) All boys whose math is good are members of the math club.
(C) All boys who are not members of the math club are not good at math.
(D) Every member of the math club whose math is good is a boy.
(E) There is one boy in the math club whose math is not good.

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Problem 7

Write the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the following statement: A

square is a rectangle.

Problem 8

At Hope High School, some members of the math club are on the science team
and no members of the science team are 9th graders. Which of the following
must also be true?
(A) No members of the math club are 9th graders.
(B) Some members of the math club are 9th graders.
(C) Some member of the math club are not 9th graders.
(D) More 9th graders are on the science team than are in the math club.
(E) More 9th graders are in the math club than are on the science team.

Problem 9

If all alligators are ferocious creatures and some creepy crawlers are ferocious
creatures, which statement(s) must be true?
1. All ferocious creatures are alligators.
2. Some ferocious creatures are alligators.
3. Some alligators are creepy crawlers.
4. Some ferocious creatures are creepy crawlers.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) II and III only
(E) II and IV only

Problem 10

There are three boxes A, B, and C with two boxes containing marbles and one
containing candy. Each box has a note on it.
• A: This box contains marbles.
• B: This box contains candy.
• C: Box B contains marbles.
Only one of the above statements is true, and the others are false. Which box
contains candy?

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Problem 11

Among Alex, Bob, and Charles, one stole the money. Only one of the following
statements is true, and the others are false. Who stole the money?
1. Alex: I did not do it.
2. Bob: Danny did it.
3. Charles: Bob did it.
4. Danny: Bob is a liar.

Problem 12

Among Alex, Bob, Charles, and Dan, one broke the window. Only one of the
following statements is false, and the others are true. Who broke the window?
1. Alex: I did not do it.
2. Bob: Dan did it.
3. Charles: Bob did it.
4. Dan: I did not do it.

Problem 13

The following four statements, and only these, are found on a card:
• On this card exactly one statement is false.
• On this card exactly two statements are false.
• On this card exactly three statements are false.
• On this card exactly four statements are false.
(Assume each statement on the card is either true or false.) Among them the
number of false statements is exactly:
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
(E) 4

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Problem 14

Among Alex, Bob, and Charles, one is a journalist. Only one of the following
statements is true, and the others are false. Who is the journalist?
• I: Alex: I am the journalist.
• II: Bob: I am not the journalist.
• III: Charles: Alex is a liar.

Problem 15

In a magical swamp there are two species of talking amphibians: toads, whose
statements are always true, and frogs, whose statements are always false. Four
amphibians, Brian, Chris, LeRoy, and Mike live together in this swamp, and
they make the following statements.
Brian: ”Mike and I are different species.”
Chris: ”LeRoy is a frog.”
LeRoy: ”Chris is a frog.”
Mike: ”Of the four of us, at least two are toads.”
How many of these four amphibians are frogs?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
(E) 4

Problem 16

One of the three boxes named A, B, and C contains a ball. Each box has a note
on it. Exactly one of these statements is true. Which box contains the ball?
• I: A: I do not have the ball.
• II: B: I do not have the ball.
• III: C: The ball is not in box A.

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Problem 17

Alex, Bob, and Charles won three medals in a math competition. One is Golden,
one is Silver, and one is Bronze, in some order. Exactly one of these statements
is true. Who got what medal?
• I: A: I got the golden medal.
• II: B: I did not get the golden medal.
• III: C: I did not get the bronze medal.

Problem 18

Alex, Bob, Charles, and Danny won top four prizes in a tennis tournament.
Exactly one of these statements is false. Which statement is false?
• I: Alex: I did not get the fourth place.
• II: Bob: I did not get either the first or the fourth place.
• III: Charles: I got the first place.
• IV: Danny: I got the fourth place.

Problem 19

A sealed envelope contains a card with a single digit on it. Three of the following
statements are true, and the other is false.
• I: The digit is 1.
• II: The digit is not 2.
• III: The digit is 3.
• IV: The digit is not 4.
Which one of the following must necessarily be correct?
(A) I is true.
(B) I is false.
(C) II is true.
(D) III is true.
(E) IV is false.

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Problem 20

Five cards are lying on a table as shown.

3 4 6 P Q
Each card has a letter on one side and a whole number on the other side. Jane
said, ”If a vowel is on one side of any card, then an even number is on the other
side.” Mary showed Jane was wrong by turning over one card. Which card did
Mary turn over?
(A) 5
(B) 4
(C) 3
(D) 2
(E) 1

Problem 21

Each of the cards shown below has a number on one side and a letter on the
other. How many of the cards must be turned over to prove the correctness of
the statement: ”Every card with a vowel on one side has a prime number on
the other side.”
A B E 4 5 6 8
(A) 7
(B) 6
(C) 5
(D) 4
(E) 3

Problem 22

If the following statement above is true, which of the following statements must
also be true?
”If a number is in list A, it is not in list B.”
(A) If a number is not in list A, it is in list B.
(B) If a number is not in list B, it is in list A.
(C) If a number is in list B, it is not in list A.
(D) If a number is in list B, it is in list A.
(E) If a number is in list A, it is also in list B.

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Problem 23

There are 4 cards on the table with the symbols a, b, 4, and 5 written on their
visible sides. What is the smallest number of cards we need to turn over to find
out whether the following statement is true: ”If an even number is written on
one side of a card then a vowel is written on the other side?”

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