Welcome,,,,
anatomy
The Word Anatomy in Greek means:
to cut up
So, anatomy is the science that deals
with the study of the body structure
and the relationship of organs to each
other.
Is the study of
the body
structure that
can be seen by
the naked eye.
Is the study of cells and tissues using a
microscope.
Traces structural changes that occur in
the body throughout the life span.
Embryology, a subdivision of developmental
anatomy, concerned with developmental changes
that occur before birth.
It is the study
of internal
structures as
they relate to
the overlying
skin surface.
Is the practical
application of
anatomical
knowledge for
the solution of
clinical
problems.
Is the study of the
internal structures as
visualized by X-ray
images or
specialized scanning
procedures.
Deals with the structural changes in
cells, tissues, and organs caused by
disease.
Anatomy can be studied
following either a regional or a
systemic approach.
Regional anatomy:
All the structures in a particular region
of the body, such as the abdomen or leg,
are examined at the same time.
Systemic anatomy:
Study of a particular
system e.g. nervous,
cardiovascular system.
Anatomical
position
Is a standard reference position of the
body used to describe the location and
the relationship of anatomical structures.
1. The person is standing 2
erect.
2. The eyes are looking
forward.
3
3. the arms straight by side of
body and palms are facing
forward.
4. The lower limbs are
parallel, the feet are flat on 4
the floor and directed
forward.
Anatomical
planes
Are imaginary flat
surfaces that pass
through the body
dividing it into
sections to
understand relations
of the structures &
organs inside the
body.
1- Median (mid-saggital)
plane:
Is a vertical plane, dividing the
body into right and left
symmetrical halves.
2- Para-median
(para-saggital) plane :
Is a vertical plane,
parallel to the median
plane dividing the
body into right and
left unequal parts.
3. Coronal (frontal) plane :
A vertical plane at a right
angle to the median plane,
dividing the body into anterior
and posterior parts.
4. Horizontal
(Transverse) plane :
Is a plane at right angle
to both the median and
coronal planes,
dividing the body into
upper & lower parts.
Anatomical
terms
▪ Superior: Above
or higher in
Superior
position (toward
the head).
▪ Inferior: Below
Inferior
or lower in
position (toward
the feet).
▪ The heart is superior to the liver.
▪ The stomach is inferior to the lungs.
- Cranial (cephalic):
cranial
Toward the head.
- Caudal :
Near the tail.
caudal
These terms can be
applied to all
animals & embryo.
▪ The stomach is cranial to the intestine.
▪ The stomach is caudal to the esophagus.
- Anterior :
Nearer to the
front of the
body.
- posterior:
Nearer to the
back of the body.
▪ The sternum
is anterior to
the heart.
▪ The spleen is
posterior to
the stomach.
- Ventral:
Toward the front =
Anterior
- Dorsal:
Toward the back =
Posterior
These terms can be
applied to all animals
& embryo.
▪ The intestines are
ventral to the
vertebral column.
▪ The heart is
dorsal to the
sternum.
• Medial:
Nearer to the midline.
• Lateral:
Away from the midline.
• Intermediate:
Between two structures.
▪ The ulna is medial to the radius.
▪ The lungs are lateral to the heart.
▪ The transverse colon is intermediate
between the ascending colon and
descending colon.
-Ipsilateral:
On the same
side of the body.
- Contralateral:
On the opposite
sides of the
body.
▪ The right lung &
right kidney are
ipsilateral.
▪ The right lung &
left kidney are
contralateral.
- Proximal:
Nearer to the
attachment of a limb
to the trunk.
- Distal:
Farther from the
attachment of a limb
to the trunk.
▪ The arm is proximal to the forearm.
▪ The hand is distal to the forearm.
- Superficial :
Nearer to the surface
of the body.
- Deep:
Away from the
surface of the body.
▪ The ribs are superficial to the lungs.
▪ The lung is deep to the ribs.
- External:
Towards the
outside of a Internal
structure.
- Internal:
Towards the
inside of a External
structure.
▪ The pleura is on
the external
surface of the
lung.
▪ The mucosa
forms the internal
lining of the
stomach.
• supine position: The body is lying face
up.
• prone position: The body is lying face
down.
▪ This man is lying in supine position.
▪ This girl is lying in prone position.
Now, let’s remember
Terms of
movements
• Flexion:
Bending or decreasing the angle between the
bones or parts of the body.
• Extension:
Straightening or increasing the angle between
the bones or parts of the body.
-Adduction:
moving toward
the median
plane.
Abduction Adduction
- Abduction:
moving away
from median
plane.
Circumduction: A circular movement
that is a combination of flexion,
abduction, extension and adduction.
-Medial (internal)
rotation: Movement
of a ventral surface
toward the midline.
- Lateral (external)
rotation: Movement
of a ventral surface
away from the
midline.
Pronation : medial rotation of forearm so
that palm turns backwards or downwards.
Supination: lateral rotation of forearm so
that the palm faces forwards of upwards.
- Opposition: approximation of the
thumb to the other fingers.
- Reposition: movement of the thumb
from the position of opposition back to
its anatomical position.
Protrusion:
movement of a
part or a bone
anteriorly.
Retrusion:
movement of a
part or a bone
posteriorly .
• Protraction: anterior movement of the
shoulder.
• Retraction: posterior movement of the
shoulder.
• Elevation: raises or moves a part
superiorly.
• Depression: lowers or moves a part
inferiorly.
• Eversion: moves the sole of the foot
away from the median plane.
• Inversion: moves the sole of the foot
toward the median plane.
Now, test yourself
Identify the marked 2 1
plane:
1- Coronal plane.
2- Transverse plane.
3- Median plane.
3
4- Parasagittal plane.
4
In the anatomical position, the palms should be
facing …………
- forwards
The vertical plane that divides the body into
anterior and posterior halves is called ………...
- Coronal (frontal) plane
The mouth is ………. to the nose.
- inferior
The lung is ………. to the heart.
- lateral
The right lung & right kidney are ……………
- ipsilateral.
The hand is ……… to the arm.
- distal
In the ……… position, the body is lying face
down.
- prone
Bending or decreasing the angle between 2 bones
is called ………..
- Flexion
Moving the limb towards the median plane is
called ………..
- Adduction
………… is a circular movement that is a
combination of flexion, abduction, extension and
adduction.
- Circumduction
…………. is lateral rotation of forearm so
that the palm faces forwards.
- Supination
Moving the sole of the foot towards the
median plane is called ………….
- Inversion
Name these
movements
1- Flexion 2
2- Extension
1
Name these movements
1- Abduction 2- Adduction
1 2
Supination Pronation
