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Microwave Circulators

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13 views6 pages

Microwave Circulators

Uploaded by

khanmannat551
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Microwave Circulators & Isolators

Both microwave circulators and microwave isolators are nonreciprocal


transmission devices that use the property of Faraday rotation in the
ferrite material. In order to understand the operating principles of
circulators and isolators, let us describe the behaviors of ferrites in the
nonreciprocal phase shifter.

A nonreciprocal phase shifter consists of a thin slab of ferrite placed in a


rectangular waveguide at a point where a dc magnetic field of the incident
wave mode are circularly polarized. Ferrite is a family of MeO. Fe 2O3,
where Me is a divalent iron metal. When a piece of ferrite is affected by a
dc magnetic, the ferrite exhibits Faraday rotation. It does so because the
ferrite is nonlinear material and its permeability is an asymmetric tensor,

Expressed by,

Where

This is the tensor magnetic susceptibility. Here x is the diagonal


susceptibility and k is the off diagonal susceptibility.

When a dc magnetic field is applied to a ferrite, the unpaired electrons in


the ferrite material tend to line up with the dc field because of their
magnetic dipole moment. However, the nonreciprocal precession of
unpaired electrons in the ferrite causes their relative permabilities
to be unequal and the wave in the ferrite is then circularly polarized. The
propagation constant for a linearly polarized wave inside the ferrite can
be expressed as

Where
The relative permeability µr changes with the applied dc magnetic field as
given by

It can be seen that from the last equation, that if , then


is infinite. This phenomenon is called the gyromagnetic resonance of the
ferrite. A graph of µr is plotted as a function of Hdc for longitudinal
propagation in the figure below,
The clockwise direction. Consequently, the propagation phase constant
for the forward direction differs from the propagation phase constant

for the backward direction. By choosing the length of ferrite slab and dc
magnetic field so that

a differential phase shift of 90ₒ for the two directions of propagation can
be obtained.

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