HANDOUT IN COMPUTER 10

Prepared by: C. Flores DIFFERENCE and ANALYTICAL ENGINE

Period: 1st Quarter It’s an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to
School Year: 2024-2025 tabulate polynomial functions and was invented by
Charles Babbage (Father of Computer) in 1822 and
I. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS 1834. It is the first mechanical computer.

COMPUTER, during the early days, refers to a LADY ADA AUGUSTA LOVELACE (Ada Augusta
scholar in mathematics (mathematicians) who spent Byron) suggested to Babbage that he use the binary
years of his life improving his skills in perfecting his system to his machines until she was given the
methods in effecting complex calculations and opportunity to write such programs for the
computations to provide and formulate means just Analytical Engine, thereby, allowing her to be
to arrive with a variety of possible solutions to a named and considered as the first programmer.
specific problem or circumstances present to the
society or its members, and is usually given HARVARD MARK I or MARK 1 was also known as
compensation in return for his efforts. IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC). Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943, and
TALLY STICK was an ancient memory aid device to considered the first electro-mechanical computer.
record and document numbers, quantities, or even
messages. While Mark I was being developed in the US, Z1 or
the first programmable computer was invented. It
ABACUS is considered one of the earliest computing was created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936
devices which is fully mechanical which is made of to 1938. To program this machine, it required that
wood and/or beads, and is used to aid an individual the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader
in performing mathematical calculations. It was and all output was also generated through punch
invented in Babylonia but the variant that we are tape. It has other successors such as Z3 and Z4,
most familiar with was firstly used by the Chinese. however, their nothing of their trace was left due
from their destruction during the World War II.
NAPIER’S BONES was invented by John Napier in
1614 and was considered one of the earliest Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) It was the first
computing devices. It allows the operator to electronic digital computing device. It was invented
multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student
by moving the rods around and placing them in Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939
specially constructed boards. and 1942.

SLIDE RULE is one of the earliest computing ENIAC or the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
devices which was invented by William Oughtred in Computer, was the first electronic general purpose
1622. It was based on Napier's idea about computer, completed in 1946 and was developed by
logarithms and used primarily for multiplication, John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly.
division, trigonometry, logarithms, square roots,
and was not normally used for addition or UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the
subtraction. first commercial computer. It was designed by J.
Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
PASCALINE is an early computing device
invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. Its use was EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable
limited only to addition and subtraction and it was Automatic Computer. The First Stored Program
too expensive. Computer designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It
has a memory to hold both a stored program as well
STEPPED RECKONER is the machine that can be as data.
used to add, subtract, multiply and divide
automatically. It was invented by Gottfried Wilhelm OSBORNE 1 is the first portable computer. It was
Leibniz in 1672. released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer
Corporation.
JACQUARD LOOM is a mechanical loom,
invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881. It is an There was the first computer company which was
automatic loom controlled by punched cards. the Electronic Controls Company, founded in
1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
ARITHMOMETER is a mechanical calculator
invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820. This is the The computers undergone different changes over
first reliable, useful, and commercially successful time and such evolution of which was known to be
calculating machine. This machine could perform divided into FOUR GENERATIONS such as follows:
the four basic mathematic functions and was
considered the first mass-produced calculating 1. FIRST GENERATION – which includes those
machine. mechanical computers that depend on the
 utilization of vacuum tubes and mechanical also has the capability of rendering light to
drums to perform sequential computations. moderate quality of graphics aside from its
reliable speed. Computer microprocessors
The maintainability of these computers was were bigger than that of an IC, however, it is
found to be a challenge in both economic and proved to be much powerful and reliable than
technical aspects and was said to produce that of an IC.
too much heat after a prolonged usage, which
may expose the operator to which in extreme 5. FIFTH GENERATION – is the generation of
temperature that can lead to suffocation. computers that are still in the process of
emergence, but has been envisioned to be
2. SECOND GENERATION – are said to be the greatly powerful than any of its predecessors
generation of computers who were the result as it is capable of thinking for its own based
of finding ways to solve the persisting issues on the information it has accumulated over
in the mechanical computers. time.

They utilize their computing capability II. COMPUTER SOFTWARES

through transistors, which, according to
some historians in computer history, are SOFTWARE is defined as a set of instructions or
equivalent to the power of 40 to 60 vacuum programs that tell a computer how to perform
tubes for a price of a tenth of a single vacuum specific tasks. Without software, computers wouldn't
be able to do anything useful.
tube, and since a transistor is way smaller
than that of a vacuum tube, this generation
Software can be classified into several categories
led to the gradual reduction in the size of
based on its purpose and usage. Here are the main
computers, paving the way for the mass- classifications:
production of computers for the business
sector and other industries. • SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
o Definition: This type of software manages the
3. THIRD GENERATION – are said to be the hardware and provides a platform for
fruits of the efforts of the many engineers, application software.
scientists, and other professionals to find o Examples:
ways to further improve the computing ▪ Operating Systems: Windows, macOS,
capabilities of the existing computers. Linux
▪ Device Drivers: Software that helps the
The computers in this generation greatly operating system communicate with
utilized the powerful computing capabilities hardware devices (like printers and
of the integrated circuits (IC’s) which was graphics cards).
considered a revolutionary invention of that • APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
time. It not only improved greatly the speed o Definition: These are programs designed to
by which computers perform complex help users perform specific tasks.
calculation, but it was proved be more o Examples:
economical and feasible to use than the ▪ Productivity Software: Microsoft Word,
Excel, Google Docs
transistors, which led to the latter reducing
▪ Web Browsers: Chrome, Firefox, Safari
to as a mere complementary component to
▪ Games: Fortnite, Minecraft
the IC’s. IC’s were said to be as powerful as
• UTILITY SOFTWARE:
that of a hundred up to a thousand of
o Definition: This software helps manage,
transistors combined but for a price of a maintain, and control computer resources.
tenth of the price of that count. o Examples:
▪ Antivirus Software: Norton, McAfee
4. FOURTH GENERATION – are the computers ▪ File Management Tools: WinRAR, Disk
who utilizes the power of microprocessors, Cleanup
which are said to have the power of ▪ Backup Software: EaseUS Backup
thousands to millions of IC’s combined, but • DEVELOPMENT SOFTWARE:
for a price of a tenth of that count. o Definition: Tools that programmers use to
create other software.
This generation of computers includes the o Examples:
existing variety of microprocessors today, ▪ Integrated Dev’t Env. (IDEs): Visual
which has octa-core (8-cores) Studio, Eclipse
microprocessors. It was the result of finding ▪ Code Editors: Sublime Text, Atom
ways to further improve its computing power, • EMBEDDED SOFTWARE:
from having a single-core (1-core) o Definition: Software programmed into
microprocessor, then the core2duos (semi 2- hardware devices to perform specific
cores) which were immediately succeeded by functions.
the true dual-cores (2-cores), then, not long o Examples: Firmware in Electronics: Software
until quad-cores (4-cores) existed eventually, in microwaves, washing machines, or smart
TVs.
and finally, the present version, which now
Software is essential for computers to function, and LINUX is an “open-source” operating system based
it comes in various forms, including system software on Unix. It has many different distributions (or
that operates the computer, application software "distros"), such as Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian.
that performs tasks for users, utility software for
maintenance, development software for creating Pros:
applications, and embedded software for specific o Free and Open Source: Most distributions
devices. are free to download and use, with no
licensing fees.
OPERATING SYSTEM is software that manages a o Highly Customizable: Users can modify and
computer's hardware and provides a user interface tailor the OS to their needs.
for interacting with the system. It acts as a bridge
o Security: Less targeted by malware and
between the user and the computer hardware,
generally more secure.
allowing users to run applications, manage files, and
o Community Support: Strong community-
perform tasks. Examples include Windows, macOS,
and Linux. The OS also handles system resources, driven support and resources available.
ensuring that different programs can run smoothly
without interfering with each other. Cons:
o Steeper Learning Curve: May be challenging
WINDOWS, developed by Microsoft, is one of the for new users, especially those unfamiliar
most widely used operating systems, particularly for with command-line interfaces.
personal computers. o Software Compatibility: Some popular
software applications (especially games and
Pros: proprietary software) are not available
o Wide Compatibility: Supports a vast range of natively.
hardware and software applications, especially o Hardware Compatibility: Can have issues
popular games and productivity tools; with specific hardware drivers, especially for
o User-Friendly: Familiar interface for most
newer devices.
users, making it easy to learn and use;
o Frequent Updates: Regular updates improve
DISTINCTIONS
security and add features; and
FEATURE WINDOWS MAC OS LINUX
o Large Support Community: Extensive
Developer Microsoft Apple Community-
resources and community support available driven
online. (various)
User Interface Desktop, Dock, Varies by
taskbar, menu bar, distribution
Cons: start menu Finder (GUI or CLI)
o Cost: Typically requires a paid license, and Customizatio Limited Limited Highly
n customizable
many software applications can also be costly;
Software Extensive Strong for Varies (more
o Vulnerability: More targeted by malware and Support (games, creative in
viruses due to its popularity, requiring good productivity apps programming
) , less in
antivirus software; and
mainstream)
o Performance Issues: Can become sluggish over Security Lower to High (focus Very high
time without regular maintenance. Moderate on (often less
(regular security) targeted)
updates)
MAC OS, developed by Apple, is the operating
system used on Mac computers. Cost Commercial Commercia Free (most
(license l (hardware distributions)
required) included)
Pros:
o Intuitive Design: User-friendly and visually
In summary, Windows is user-friendly and widely
appealing interface.
used, macOS offers a polished experience for Apple
o Strong Integration: Works seamlessly with
users, and Linux provides flexibility and
other Apple devices and services.
o Stability and Security: Generally more secure customization for tech-savvy individuals. Each has
and less prone to malware attacks. its strengths, making them suitable for different
o Excellent for Creatives: Many professional users and purposes.
applications for graphic design, video editing,
and music production are optimized for
macOS. III. WORKING WITH COMPUTERS
Cons:
o Cost: Higher upfront costs for Mac hardware COMPUTER is defined as an electronic machine that
and software. capable of performing complex computations at a
o Limited Gaming Support: Fewer games and very high speed.
software options compared to Windows.
o Less Customization: Limited ability to Computers are programmed to accept data or raw
customize the operating system compared to pieces of facts from the user, which is called input,
Linux.
and processes through a set of sequenced
instructions, called program, to become an
information which is new and more meaningful to the sectors of a storage drive by invoking or calling
than that of data, which was entered to it. the “write” function of such storage drive.

DATA – is the raw pieces of facts or a fragment of an As it undergoes such process, it is converted from
existing information which does not have any being a data in form of a series of 1’s and 0’s to
thought and cannot suggest a complete or any idea become a digital file with a permanent state, until
at all. As it undergoes the process of computing, it is it is deleted by the user or through an intervention
converted, through the help of input devices, to a of a foreign program (virus). Since it is permanent
become a series of 1’s and 0’s or in the form of binary until deleted by the user or a virus, it can always be
system, the language of the computer system, to re-accessed anytime by the user.
interpret it properly.
READING is the mini-process in the computing
INFORMATION – is a processed data which has a process wherein the data is being re-accessed by the
more meaning and can aid in the decision-making computer system from a storage drive by invoking
because it is more organized than that of a data. It the “read” function of such storage drive.
is the result or the output of the computing process,
the very purpose why the data was entered in a Simultaneously hereto, a temporary version of such
computer. Information can also be in form of text, digital file is created in the RAM to help the CPU in
image, video, or audio depending on how it was holding it while it is being processed for some
processed by the computer. intended purpose that is dependent to the user.

IPO MODEL – is a basic process model that NOTE: Temporary data stored in the RAM is always
represents the computing process of a computer cleared by the system upon shutting down (turning-
system, following the defined rule of handling data off) of the computer system. This is because RAM is
in the manner of INPUT → PROCESS → OUTPUT. always referred to as the temporary storage of the
computer system which is why it cannot store data
INPUT – is that part or stage in the IPO Model permanently unlike a storage drive.
wherein pieces of facts or fragments of information
is entered by the user to the computer system CACHE – is a temporary version of the data or file in
through the use of input devices (keyboard, mic, the computer system which is contained in the RAM
scanner). In this step, said pieces of facts are or Memory module which enables for a much
initialized as digital signals in the form of a series of effective and optimal computing process for the CPU.
1’s and 0’s that can be understood by the computer
system, to prepare them to undertake the computing Cache is deleted in the RAM whenever the computer
process for some intended purpose of the user. system is shut-downed or rebooted. This is because
RAM is always cleared while the computer system is
PROCESS – is the part or stage in the IPO model shutting down or being rebooted.
wherein the data is processed by the computer
system for some intended purpose dependent to the FILE – is a permanent digital version of the
will of the user. In this step, the CPU creates a mirror information or the result of the computing process
copy of the data in the RAM which is called cache, which is typically stored in the storage device after
which enables for a much effective and optimal writing it in its sectors, which can be re-accessed
computing process for the CPU. anytime by the user for some other use later.

OUTPUT – is the part or stage in the IPO Model It is true that it is permanently stored in the storage
wherein the data is converted into the form of text, drive of the computer system, however, it is only
image, video, animation, or audio which is tangible until the user decides to delete it permanently or
and can be perceived by the user through help of through the intervention of some foreign program,
the output devices (monitor, printer, speaker, typically called computer virus.
projector) after undergoing the process of
computing. The rendering of the data is aided by IV. THE COMPUTING PROCESS
the GPU to lessen the stress born by the CPU,
however, GPU is not responsible in converting data
to become audio.

RENDERING is the mini-process of visualization in

the computing process wherein a data is converted,
from being in form of a series of 1’s and 0’s, to
become an output in forms of text, image, video, and
audio perceivable by the user through the use of
output devices.

SAVING/STORING is the mini-process in the

computing process wherein the data is being written
V. INTRODUCTION TO ALGORITHMS Steps:
o Get user input for the 4 Marks;
INITIALIZATION – the stage wherein the input is o Compute Average=(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4;
being prepared for processing by allocating or o If Average is more than 75, then
placing them in data holders. print “FAIL”.
else
VARIABLES – holds a particular input or data print “PASSED”
which can be named accordingly to its use. end if.
(ex.Item1, x, y, Lft, M1, …, .etc.)
Example: (in form of syntax-like structure)
CONSTANTS – they are irreplaceable or fixed values Step 1: Input M1, M2, M3, M4
or data which is typically an indispensable part of Step 2: GRADE  (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
the process. Step 3: if (GRADE < 75) then
Print “FAILED”
BLOCK – pertains to a certain part of the process else
which can be a step or something that is a set of Print “PASSED”
mini-procedures formed part of the entirety of the end if.
program or process.
FLOWCHART, as defined in the dictionary, is a
CONDITIONAL TEST – A kind of evaluation of data schematic representation of a sequence of
in programming wherein an expression of condition operations, as in a manufacturing process or
is required to be satisfied first to determine which computer program.
procedure or process should the program or process
will be doing next. Technically speaking, FLOWCHART is a graphical
representation of the sequence of operations in an
PSEUDOCODE is an artificial and informal information system or program. Information system
language that helps programmers develop flowcharts show how data flows from source
algorithms. Pseudo code is very similar to everyday documents through the computer to final
English. distribution to users. Program flowcharts show the
sequence of instructions in a single program or
Ex. subroutine. Different symbols are used to draw each
o Input a set of 4 marks; type of flowchart.
o Calculate their average by summing and
dividing by 4; A Flowchart shows logic of an algorithm and
o if average is below 50 emphasizes each individual steps required in the
Print “FAIL” process and their interconnections with each other.
else
Print “PASS” e.g. control flow from one action to the next

DETAILED ALGORITHM is a much comprehensive

and structured set of instructions that explicitly KEY COMPONENTS OF FLOWCHARTS
outlines every step needed to solve a problem or
perform a task, often including specific input and START/END (TERMINAL BLOCK):
output requirements. o Shape: Oval
o Purpose: Indicates the beginning and the
Characteristics: end of the process.
o Structured Format: Follows a formal
structure with clear definitions of inputs, PROCESS BLOCK:
outputs, and steps involved. o Shape: Rectangle
o Precision: Focuses on exact steps, often o Purpose: Represents a step or action in the
including specific conditions, calculations, process.
and control structures.
o Completeness: Designed to provide all DECISION BLOCK:
necessary details so that the task can be o Shape: Diamond
implemented directly, often serving as a o Purpose: Indicates a point where a decision
precursor to coding. must be made, leading to different paths
o Purpose: Used for implementation and based on yes/no or true/false conditions.
serves as a blueprint for developing actual
code in a programming language. INPUT BLOCK:
o Shape: Parallelogram
Example: (in form of non-syntax structure) o Purpose: Represents data input such as user
Input: A list of 4 marks (77,78,79,75); input.
Output: Whether or not, a student’s grade
is “Passed” or “Failed”;
 Note: Use Sub-processes: For complex processes,
Input Block is also used in other Flowcharting consider breaking them into sub-processes
as an Output Block. Some Flowcharting also use represented in separate flowcharts.
the same to denote an initialization process as
well. 5. USE ANNOTATIONS SPARINGLY
Keep Annotations Clear: If additional
OUTPUT BLOCK: explanations are needed, use notes or
o Shape: Hybrid comments judiciously to avoid clutter.
o Purpose: To print or display an output
6. TEST THE FLOWCHART
ARROW (FLOW LINE): Walk Through the Steps: Go through the
o Purpose: Shows the direction of the flow flowchart step-by-step to ensure it
from one step to another. accurately represents the process and is
easy to follow.
ADDITIONAL COMPONENTS:
7. REVIEW AND REVISE
ON-PAGE/OFF-PAGE CONNECTORS: Seek Feedback: Have others review your
o Shape: Circles flowchart for clarity and completeness.
o Purpose: Connects a broken flowchart from Revise based on constructive feedback.
within the same page or screen or from a
page or screen going to another. Summary
By adhering to these rules, you can create
INITIALIZATION BLOCK: flowcharts that are clear, effective, and easy to
o Shape: Horizontally-stretched Hexagon understand, ultimately enhancing communication
o Purpose: Used to initialize the values and and problem-solving within any process.
variables to be used in the process, including
the constants. DECISION STRUCTURES:
The expression A>B is a logical expression or a
RULES IN FLOWCHARTING: Conditional Statement that suggests two
alternatives, respectively, the TRUE and FALSE
1. USE STANDARD SYMBOLS Alternatives. It describes a CONDITION we want to
o Terminators (Oval): For start and end test, wherein, if A>B is true (if A is greater than B)
points. we take the action to the True alternative to print
o Process (Rectangle): For actions or steps in the value of A, if A>B is false (if A is not greater than
the process. B) we take the action to the False alternative and
o Decision (Diamond): For branching points print the value of B.
where a yes/no question is asked.
o Input (Parallelogram): For data entry. IF-TEN-ELSE STRUCTURE:
o Output (Hybrid): For print/display of result. FLOWCHART:
o Flowline (Arrow): For directing the flow.
o Connectors (Circles): For connecting the
process.
o Initialization (Hexagon): For initializing
inputs.

2. MAINTAIN CLARITY AND KEEP IT SIMPLE:

Avoid overcrowding; aim for a clear,
concise flow. Use clear labels, and ensure all
shapes have descriptive labels for easy PSEUDOCODE:
understanding. If A>B then
print A
3. FOLLOW A LOGICAL FLOW else
Direction of Flow: Generally, flow should print B
move from top to bottom or left to right. Use endif
arrows to indicate direction.
Same rule applies to the NESTED IF’s.
Consistent Flow: Ensure that each step
logically leads to the next without ambiguity. RELATIONAL OPERATORS
o Greater than ( > );
4. AVOID COMPLEX BRANCHES o Greater than or equal to ( >= );
Limit Decisions: Try to keep the number of o Less than ( < );
decisions per point manageable; excessive o Less than or equal to ( <= );
branching can confuse the viewer. o Equal ( = ); and
o Not Equal ( != ).