SOLUTIONS: Homework 6

1. (i)
i7 = −i
(ii)

(2 − 3i)(4 + i) = 11 − 10i

(iii)
  
i 1 7 9
= +i
3−i 2 + 3i 130 130
2. (i)
√
− 3 + i = 2 cos(150◦ ) + i2 sin(150◦ )

(ii)
3 3 3
= √ cos(225◦ ) + i √ sin(225◦ )
−1 + i 2 2
(iii)
√ √
2 + 5i = 29 cos(68.2◦ ) + i 29 sin(68.2◦ )

4. (i)

z n = 29 [cos((9)(60◦ ) − 360◦ ) + i sin((9)(60◦ ) − 360◦ )]

= −512

(ii)
√
z n = ( 0.5)10 [cos((10)(45◦ ) − 360◦ ) + i sin((10)(45◦ ) − 360◦ )] ,
1
=i
32
5. (i)

w1 = 11/3 (cos(30◦ ) + i sin(30◦ )) ,

= 0.867 + 0.5i,
w2 = 11/3 (cos(150◦ ) + i sin(150◦ )) ,
= −0.867 + 0.5i,
w3 = 11/3 (cos(270◦ ) + i sin(270◦ )) ,
= −i

(ii) In this case, r = 2, θ = 120◦ and n = 2. The 2

distinct roots are the following complex numbers.

w1 = 21/2 (cos(60◦ ) + i sin(60◦ )) ,

= 0.707 + 1.225i,
w2 = 21/2 (cos(240◦ ) + i sin(240◦ )) ,
= −0.707 − 1.22i

7.
f (z0 + 4z) − f (z0 )
f 0 (z0 ) = lim ,
4z→0 4z
2(z0 + 4z) + 3 − (2z0 + 3)
= lim ,
4z→0 4z
24z
= lim ,
4z→0 4z
= 2,

regardless of the direction of approach of the point

z0 + 4z towards z0 in the complex plane.
8. Since the Cauchy-Riemann equations are a neces-
sary condition for a function to be differentiable
at any point, if they are not satisfied at any point,
then the function is not differentiable at any point.
(i)
f (z) = 2x + ixy 2
 ∂u ∂v
= 2, = 2xy,
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v
= 0, = y2
∂y ∂x
which is satisfied only at infinity, (∞, 0).
(ii)
f (z) = ex e−iy = ex cos(y) − iex sin(y)
∂u ∂v
= ex cos(y), = −ex cos(y),
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v
= −ex sin(y), = −ex sin(y)
∂y ∂x
The C-R equations can be satisfied only if the above
partials are all equal to zero, and in turn this can
happen only when the sin(y) and cos(y) terms are
zero (since ex is never zero). But sin and cos are
never zero at the same points. And so there are no
points at which the C-R equations are satisfied.
9. First, consider f (z) = z 3 .
z 3 = x3 − 3xy 2 + i(3x2 y − y 3 )
(i) Computing the partials of u and v.
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
= 3(x2 −y 2 ), = −6xy, = 6xy, = 3x2 −3y 2
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
And so
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= , =−
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
and the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satis-
fied everywhere. Moreover, the first order par-
tials being polynomial functions are obviously
continuous everywhere in the complex plane.
Therefore, the sufficient conditions are satis-
fied and the function is analytic everywhere in
the plane.
(ii) Computing the second order partials
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2v ∂ 2v
= 6x, = −6x, = 6y, = −6y
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2
It follows that both u and v satisfy Laplace’s
equation:
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2v ∂ 2v
+ = 0, + =0
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2
(iii) Since f (z) is analytic,
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
f 0 (z) = +i = −i
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
Using the first expression obtain

f 0 (z) = 3(x2 − y 2 ) + i6xy

Next, consider f (z) = 3z 2 + 5z − 6i. Proceeding

in the same manner,

3z 2 + 5z − 6i = 3(x2 − y 2 ) + 5x + i(6xy + 5y − 6)

(i) Computing the partials of u and v.

∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
= 6x+5, = −6y, = 6y, = 6x+5
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
And so
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= , =−
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
and the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satis-
fied everywhere. The first order partials are
also continuous everywhere. Therefore, the suf-
ficient conditions are satisfied and the function
is analytic everywhere in the plane.
 (ii) Computing the second order partials
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2v ∂ 2v
= 6, = −6, = 0, =0
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2
It follows that both u and v satisfy Laplace’s
equation:
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2v ∂ 2v
+ = 0, + =0
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2
(iii) Using
∂u ∂v
f 0 (z) = +i
∂x ∂x
obtain
f 0 (z) = 6x + 5 + i6y
10. (i)
2 2
−y 2 ) 2
−y 2 )
ez = e(x cos(2xy) + ie(x sin(2xy)
At the given point, x = −1 and y = π/4
2
ez = −1.47i
(ii)
e2z̄ = e2x cos(2y) − ie2x sin(2y)
At the given point, x = −1 and y = π/4
e2z̄ = −0.135i
11. Substitue z = iy in the expressions for sin(z) and
cos(z), and then make use of the expressions of
sinh(y) and cosh(y) for real y.
12. (i)
sin(i)
tan(i) = ,
cos(i)
sin(0) cosh(1) + i cos(0) sinh(1)
= ,
cos(0) cosh(1) − i sin(0) sinh(1)
= i tanh(1)
 (ii)
cos(2 − 4i) = cos(2) cosh(−4) − i sin(2) sinh(−4)
13. From the definition of the logarithmic function,
√
z = log( 3 + i)
√
Let w = 3 + i, then in polar form
q√
w = ( 3)2 + 12 ei(θ+2nπ) , n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · ,
= 2ei(θ+2nπ) , n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · ,
√
where θ = tan−1 (1/ 3) = π/6. And so
π 
z = log(2) + i + 2nπ , n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · ·
6
14. All you need to check is if the given f (z) has any
singular points inside the given curve C, the unit
circle centered at the origin. IfHit does not then by
the Cauchy-Goursat theorem, C f (z)dz = 0. In
part (a), f (z) has a singularity at z = −3/2, but
this lies outside C. In part (b), the singular points
are (+5, −5, 3i, −3i), all of which lie outside C.
15. Recall that to use Cauchy’s integral formula, the
integrand has to be of the form f (z)/(z − z0 ), with
f (z) analytic in the domain in which C lies.
(a) Rewrite the integrand as
z z
= ,
z 2 + 9 (z + 3i)(z − 3i)
and choose f (z) = z/(z + 3i). Check that this
f (z) is everywhere analytic in the given circle; it
has a singularity at −3i but this point lies outside
the cirlce. Applying Cauchy’s integral formula,
z z
I I
2
= = 2πif (3i) = πi
C z +9 C (z + 3i)(z − 3i)
 (b) Rewrite the integrand as
z z
= ,
2z + 1 2(z − (−1/2))
and choose f (z) = z/2 which is analytic in the
entire plane. Applying Cauchy’s integral formula,
z z −πi
I I
= = 2πif (−1/2) =
C 2z + 1 C 2(z − (−1/2)) 2
16. f (z) has two isolated singular points, z1 = 1 and
z2 = 3. Remember that in the annular domain of a
Laurent’s series the function must be analytic.
Consider first z1 = 1. With this as center, it fol-
lows that the annular domain must be 0 <| z−1 |<
2. Use Taylor’s series of elementary functions and
remember that every term must be in powers of
z − 1:
1 1
2
= 2
,
(z − 1) (z − 3) (z − 1) (z − 1 − 2)
1 1
=− ,
2(z − 1)2 1 − z−1
 2
1 z − 1 (z − 1)2 (z − 1)3
=− 1 + + + + ··
2(z − 1)2 2 4 8
where we note that the Taylor’s series is conver-
gent in | (z − 1)/2 |< 1. It follows that the Lau-
rent’s series is
1 1 1 1 z−1
= − − − − + ···
(z − 1)2 (z − 3) 2(z − 1)2 4(z − 1) 8 16
Proceed in a similar manner for z2 = 3. The only
difference is you will need the following Taylor’s
series:
1 z2 z3
= 1−2z+(−2)(−3) +(−2)(−3)(−4) +· · ·
(1 + z)2 2! 3!
 valid for | z |< 1. And obtain the Laurent’s series,
convergent in 0 <| z − 3 |< 2, as
1 1 1 3 1
2
= − + (z − 3) − (z − 3)2 + · · ·
(z − 1) (z − 3) 4(z − 3) 4 16 8
17. f (z) has two isolated singular points, z1 = 0 and
z2 = 1. Both of them lie inside C. By the Residue
Theorem,
I X 2
f (z)dz = 2πi Resz=zk (f (z))
C k=1

Consider z1 = 0 first. We want to construct a Lau-

rent’s series for f (z) valid in an annular domain
centered at z1 = 1. Remember f (z) must be ana-
lytic in this annular domain, which means the an-
nular domain must be 0 <| z |< 1, since the other
singular point is z2 = 1. We know Taylor’s series
of elementary functions that
1
= 1 + z + z2 + z3 + · · · ,
1−z
is convergent in | z |< 1. It follows that
5z − 2 2 − 5z
1 + z + z2 + z3 + · · · ,


=
z(z − 1) z
2
= − 3 − 3z + · · ·
z
is analytic in 0 <| z |< 1 and is therefore the
Laurent’s series for f (z) with centerz1 = 0. And
so Resz=z1 (f (z)) = 2.
Next, consider z2 = 1. In this case, the annular do-
main for the Laurent’s series centered at this point
must be 0 <| z−1 |< 1. To obtain the series, again
use Taylor’s series of elementary functions but re-
member we must have powers of z − 1. Therefore,
proceed as follows:
5z − 2 5(z − 1) + 5 − 2
= ,
z(z − 1) (z − 1 + 1)(z − 1)
5(z − 1) + 3 1
= ,
(z − 1) (1 + z − 1)
 
3
1 − (z − 1) + (z − 1)2 − (z − 1)3 + · · · ,


= 5+
z−1
where we note that the Taylor’s series is conver-
gent in | z − 1 |< 1. It follows that
5z − 2 3
=2+ − 5(z − 1) + · · ·
z(z − 1) z−1
is the Laurent’s series for f (z) in 0 <| z − 1 |<
1. And so Resz=z2 (f (z)) = 3 and the Residue
Theorem gives
I
f (z)dz = 2πi(2 + 3) = 10πi
C