EE435 Dr. Ali M.

Eltamaly 1426/1427
Problems solutions of Chapter 2
1- Single phase half-wave diode rectifier is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz supply to feed 5Ω pure resistor.
Draw load voltage and current and diode voltage drop waveforms along with supply voltage. Then,
calculate (a) The rectfication effeciency. (b) Ripple factor of load voltage. (c) Peak Inverse Voltage
(PIV) of the diode.

π
1 V V 220 * 2
Vdc = ∫
2π 0
Vm sin(ωt ) dωt = m ( − cos π − cos(0)) = m =
2π π π
= 99.0348V

Vdc Vm 99.0348
Then, I dc = = = = 19.807 A
R πR 5
π
1 V 220 * 2
Vrms = ∫
2π 0
(Vm sin ωt ) 2 = m =
2 2
= 155.563V

Vm 155.563
I rms = = = 31.1127 A
2R 5
P V *I 99.0348 * 19.807
η = dc = dc dc * 100 = * 100 = 40.53%
Pac Vrms * I rms 155.563 * 31.1127
2 2
Vac Vrms − Vdc
(b) RF = = = 1.211
Vdc Vdc
(c) It is clear from Fig2.2 that the PIV is Vm .

2- The load of the rectifier shown in problem 1 is become 5Ω pure resistor and 10 mH inductor.
Draw the resistor, inductor voltage drops, and, load current along with supply voltage. Then,
find an expression for the load current and calculate the conduction angle, β . Then, calculate
the DC and rms value of load voltage.

1
 ( )2
Z 2 = R 2 + ω 2 L2 = 5 2 + 2π ∗ 50 ∗ 10 ∗ 10 − 3 = 34 .8696 ,
Then Z = 5.90505 Ω Z
 ωL   2π ∗ 50 ∗ 10 ∗ 10  −3 wL
φ = tan −1   = tan −1   = 32.1419o = 0.56098 Rad

 R   5  Φ
 ωt  R ωt
Vm  −
tan φ  220 * 2  − 

i (ωt ) =  ( ) (
sin ωt − φ + sin φ e )  =

( ) ( )
sin ωt − 0.56098 + sin 0.56098 e 0 . 628319

Z   5.90505 
  
β
220 * 2  − 
=0
i( β ) =

( ) (
sin β − 0.56098 + sin 0.56098 e ) 0. 628319

5.90505
 
β i( β ) sign
β = 1.05π 20.854 +ve
β = 1.1π 12.9875 +ve
β = 1.15π 4.81118 +ve
β = 1.2π -3.47579 -ve

1.15π + 1.2π
It is clear from the above table that β = = 1.175 π Rad
2
β
V V 220 * 2
Vdc = m * ∫ sin ωt dωt = m * (1 − cos β ) = (1 − cos 1.175π ) = 91.7379V
2π 0 2π 2π
β
1 V
Vrms = * ∫ (Vm sin ωt ) 2 dwt = m * β + 0.5(1 − sin(2 β )
2π 0 2 π
220 * 2
= * 1.175π + 0.5(1 − sin(2 * 1.175π ) = 169.867V
2 π

2
3- In the rectifier shown in the following figure vdiode +
vL - i
+ -
assume VS = 220V , 50Hz, L = 10mH and
Ed = 170V . Calculate and plot the current and the

+
diode voltage drop along with supply voltage, vs . vs Ed
-

vL = vs − vD i>0
2Vs sin θ β = VD
 170 
∴θ β = sin −1   = 0.578061 Rad = 33.1204
o
 220 * 2 
ωt ωt
i (ωt ) =
1
ωL θ∫ v L dωt =
1
ωL θ∫
(
220 2 sin (ωt ) − Vd dωt)
β β

i (ωt ) =
1
ωL
[ ( )
220 2 − cos ωt + cos θ β − Vd ωt − θ β ( )]
i (ωt ) = −99.0348(cos(ωt ) + 0.546401(ωt − 2.11086)) θ β < ωt < θ f
Calculating θ f , i (θ f ) = −99.0348(cos(θ f ) + 0.546401(θ f − 2.11086)) = 0
θf i (θ f ) sign

θ f = 1.05π 33.5399 +ve

β = 1.1π 21.4121 +ve

β = 1.15π 6.96507 +ve
β = 1.2π -9.65475 -ve

1.15π + 1.2π
It is clear from the above table that θ f = = 1.175 π Rad
2

3
4- Assume there is a freewheeling diode is connected in shunt with the load of the rectifier shown
in problem 2. Calculate the load current during two periods of supply voltage. Then, draw the
inductor, resistor, load voltages and diode currents along with supply voltage.

5- The voltage v across a load and the current i into the positive polarity terminal are as follows:
v(ωt ) = Vd + 2 V1 cos(ωt ) + 2 V1 sin (ωt ) + 2 V3 cos(3ωt )
i (ωt ) = I d + 2 I1 cos(ωt ) + 2 I 3 cos(3ωt − φ )
Calculate the following:
(a) The average power supplied to the load.
(b) The rms value of v(t ) and i (t ) .
(c) The power factor at which the load is operating.
Solution:
(a) P = V d I d + V 1 I 1 + V 3 I 3 cos φ 3
(b) V = Vd2 + ( 2V1 )2 + V32 , I = I d2 + (I1 )2 + I 32
P Vd I d + V1I1 + V3 I 3 cosφ3
(c) PF = =
VI
( )2
Vd2 + 2V1 + V32 * I d2 + (I1 )2 + I 32

4
6- Center tap diode rectifier is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz supply via unity turns ratio center-tap
transformer to feed 5Ω resistor load. Draw load voltage and currents and diode currents
waveforms along with supply voltage. Then, calculate (a) The rectfication effeciency. (b)
Ripple factor of load voltage. (c) Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF) (d) Peak Inverse
Voltage (PIV) of the diode. (e) Crest factor of supply current.

2 Vm 2 Vm
*
Pdc V *I π πR
(a)η = = dc dc = = 81.05%
Pac Vrms * I rms Vm Vm
*
2 2R
Vm
(b) FF =
Vrms
= 2 = π = 1.11
Vdc 2 Vm 2 2
π
Vac
RF = = FF 2 − 1 = 1.112 − 1 = 0.483
Vdc
2 Vm 2 Vm
Pdc π π R
(c) TUF = = = 0.5732
2 VS I S Vm Vm
2
2 2R
(d) The PIV is 2Vm
Vm
I S ( peak )
(e) Creast Factor of secondary current, CF = = R =2
IS Vm
2R

5
7- Single phase diode bridge rectifier is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz supply to feed 5Ω resistor. Draw the
load voltage, diodes currents and calculate (a) The rectfication effeciency. (b) Ripple factor of load
voltage. (c) Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) of the diode.

2 Vm2 Vm
*
Pdc V *I π πR
(a)η = = dc dc = = 81.05%
Pac Vrms * I rms Vm Vm
*
2 2R
Vm
(b) FF =
Vrms
= 2 = π = 1.11
Vdc 2 Vm 2 2
π
Vac
RF = = FF 2 − 1 = 1.112 − 1 = 0.483
Vdc
(c) The PIV is 2Vm

8- If the load of rectifier shown in problem 7 is changed to be 5Ω resistor in series with 10mH
inductor. Calculate and draw the load current during the first two periods of supply voltages
waveform.

6
9- If the load of problem 7 is changed to be 45 A pure DC. Draw diode diodes currents and supply
currents along with supply voltage. Then, calculate (a) The rectfication effeciency. (b) Ripple
factor of load voltage. (c) Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) of the diode. (d) input power factor.

π
1 2 Vm 2 * 2 * 220
π∫ m
Vdc = V sin ωt dωt = = = 198.07 V , I dc = 45 A
0
π π
π
1 Vm
(Vm sin ωt ) = 220 V , I rms =45A
π∫
2
Vrms = dωt =
0
2

Pdc V I
(a) η = = dc dc * 100 = 90 %
Pac Vrms I rms
Vrms
(b) FF = = 1.11
Vdc

7
 2 2 2
Vac Vrms − Vdc Vrms
RF = = = 2
− 1 = FF 2 − 1 = 0.482
Vdc Vdc Vdc
(c) The PIV=Vm=300V
4 Io 4 * 45
(d) I S1 = = = 40.515 A
2π 2π
Re al Power
Input Power factor= =
Apperant Power
VS I S1 * cos φ I * cos φ 40.515
= = S1 = * 1 = 0 .9
VS I S IS 45

10- Single phase diode bridge rectifier is connected to 220V ,50Hz supply. The supply has 4 mH
source inductance. The load connected to the rectifier is 45 A pure DC current. Draw, output
voltage, diode currents and supply current along with the supply voltage. Then, calculate the DC
output voltage, THD of supply current and input power factor, and, input power factor and THD
of the voltage at the point of common coupling.

Solution: (i) From (2.62), Vm = 11000 * 2 = 15556V

2V
Vdc actual = Vdc without sourceinduc tan ce − Vrd = m − 4 fLs I o
π
2 * 220 * 2
Vdc = − 4 * 50 * 0.004 * 45 = 162.07V
actual π
(ii) From (2.56) the commutation angle u can be obtained as following:
 2ωLs I o   2 * 2 * π * 50 * 0.004 * 45 
u = cos −1 1 −  = cos −1 1 −  = 0.880856 rad . = 50.4693
o
 Vm   220 * 2 
The input power factor can be obtained from (2.69) as following
I S1 u 2 * sin(u ) 2 * sin(0.880856)
pf = * cos  = = = 0.874256
IS 2 π u   π 0.880856 
u π −  0.880856 π  − 
 2 3 2 3

8
 2 I o2  π u  2 * 452  π 0.880856 
IS = − =  2 −  = 40.5768 A
π  2 3  π 3
8I o u 8 * 45  0.880856 
I S1 = * sin = * sin  = 39.2171A
2 πu 2 2 π * 0.880856  2 
2 2
I   40.5768 
THDi =  S  − 1 =   − 1 = 26.561%
 I S1   39.2171 

11- Three-phase half-wave diode rectifier is connected to 380 V, 50Hz supply via 380/460 V
delta/way transformer to feed the load with 45 A DC current. Assuming ideal transformer and zero
source inductance. Then, draw the output voltage, secondary and primary currents along with supply
voltage. Then, calculate (a) Rectfication effeciency. (b) Crest factor of secondary current. (c)
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF). (d) THD of primary current. (e) Input power factor.

3 3 Vm
Vdc = = 0.827 Vm = 310.613V , I dc = 45 A
2π
Vrms = 0.8407 Vm = 315.759 V , I rms = 45 A
Pdc V I 310.613 * 45
η= = dc dc = = 98.37 %
Pac Vrms I rms 315.759 * 45
1 1
(b) I S = I rms = * 45 = 25.9808 A
3 3
I S ( peak ) 45
CF = = = 1.732
IS 25.9808

1 1
(C) I S = I rms = * 45 = 25.9808 A
3 3

9
 Pdc 310.613 * 45
TUF = = = 67.52 %
3 * VS I S 3 * Vm / 2 * 25.9808
3I o
(d) I s1 =
π 2
2
 
2  
 IS   Io / 3  2 *π 2

THD( I s (t )) =  
 − 1 =  3I  − 1 = − 1 = 1.0924 = 109.24%
 I S1   O  9
 π 2 
 
3I O
I π 2 3
(e) PF = s1 cos(φ ) = cos(0) = = 0.675237
Is IO π 2
3

12- Solve problem 11 if the supply has source inductance of 4 mH.

13- Three-phase full bridge diode rectifier is connected to 380V, 50Hz supply to feed 10Ω resistor.
Draw the output voltage, diode currents and supply current of phase a. Then, calculate: (a) The
rectfication effeciency. (b) Ripple factor of load voltage. (c) Transformer Utilization Factor
(TUF) (d) Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) of the diode. (e) Crest factor of supply current.
380
VS = = 219.393 V , Vm = 219.393 * 2 = 310.269 V
3
3 3 Vm 3 3 Vm 511.943
Vdc = = 1.654Vm = 511.943 V , I dc = = = 51.1943 A
π π R 10
3 9* 3 1.6554 Vm
Vrms = + Vm = 1.6554 Vm = 513.619 V , I rms = = 51.3619 A
2 4π R
Pdc V I
η= = dc dc = 99.83 %
Pac Vrms I rms

10
 Vrms
(b) FF = = 100.08 %
Vdc
2 2 2
Vac Vrms − Vdc Vrms
RF = = = 2
− 1 = FF 2 − 1 = 4 %
Vdc Vdc Vdc
2 1.6554 Vm V
(c) I S = I rms = 0.8165 * = 1.352 m
3 R R
Pdc (1.654Vm ) 2 / R
TUF = = = 95.42 %
3 * VS I S V
3 * Vm / 2 * 1.352 m
R
(e) The PIV= 3 Vm=537.401V
I 3 Vm / R
(f) CF = S ( peak ) = = 1.281
IS Vm
1.352
R

14- Solve problem 13 if the load is 45A pure DC current. Then find THD of supply current and
input power factor.
380
VS = = 219.393 V , Vm = 219.393 * 2 = 310.269 V
3
3 3 Vm
Vdc = = 1.654Vm = 511.943 V , I dc = 45 A
π
3 9* 3
Vrms = + Vm = 1.6554 Vm = 513.619 V , I rms = 45 A
2 4π
Pdc V I 1.654Vm * 45
η= = dc dc = = 99.9154 %
Pac Vrms I rms 1.6554Vm * 45

11
 Vrms
(b) FF = = 100.08 %
Vdc
2 2 2
Vac Vrms − Vdc Vrms
RF = = = 2
− 1 = FF 2 − 1 = 4 %
Vdc Vdc Vdc
2
IS = I rms = 0.8165 * 45 = 36.7425 A
(c) 3
Pdc 1.654Vm * 45
TUF = = = 95.4933 %
3 * VS I S 3 * Vm / 2 * 36.7425

(e) The PIV= 3 Vm=537.401V

I S ( peak ) 45
(f) CF = = = 1.22474
IS 36.7425
2 2* 3
(g) I S = I o , I S1 = Io
3 π
2
I  2/3
THD ( I s (t )) =  S  − 1 = − 1 = 31.01%
 I S1  2*3/π 2
2* 3
Io
I π 3
(h) S1 * cos(0) = = = 0.95493
IS 2 π
Io
3

15- If the supply connected to the rectifier shown in problem 13 has a 5 mH source inductance and
the load is 45 A DC. Find, average DC voltage, and THD of input current.

12
By substituting for ω = 2 * π * 50 , I d = 45 A , L = 0.005H , VLL = 380V in (2.109),
 2ω LS I o 
then u = cos −1 1 −  , u = 0.742272 rad . = 42.529
o

 VLL 
(ii) The the actual DC voltage can be obtained from (2.115) as following:
Vdc actual = Vdc without sourceinduc tan ce − Vrd = 1.35VLL − 6 fLI d
Vdcactual = 1.35 * 380 − 6 * 50 * .005 * 45 = 445.5V

(iii) the power factor can be obtained from (2.121) then

3 * sin (u ) 3 sin(0.742272 )
pf = = = 0.926043 Lagging
π u   π 0.742272 
u π −  0.742272 * π  − 
 3 6 3 6
(iv) The rms value of supply current can be obtained from (2.116)as following
2 I d2  π u  2 * 452  π 0.742272 
Is = − = * −  = 34.5039 A
π  3 6  π 3 6 
The rms value of fundamental component of supply current can be obtained from (2.120) as
following:
4 3 Io u 4 3 * 45  0.742272 
I S1 = sin  * 2 3 = * sin  = 34.2864 A
πu 2 2 π * 0.742272 * 2  2 
I  u  34.2864  0.742272 
pf = S1 * cos  = * cos  = 0.926043 Lagging.
Is  2  34.5039  2 
2 2
I   34.5039 
THDi =  S  − 1 =   − 1 = 11.28%
 I S1   34.2864 

16- Single phase diode bridge rectifier is connected to square waveform with amplitude of 200V,
50 Hz. The supply has 4 mH source inductance. The load connected to the rectifier is 45 A pure
DC current. Draw, output voltage, diode currents and supply current along with the supply
voltage. Then, calculate the DC output voltage, THD of supply current and input power factor.
13
 2ωLs I d 2 * 2 * π * 50 * 0.004 * 45
u= = = 0.565487 rad = 32.4o
V peak 200
200 * u
Vdc = 200 − = 164V
π
The rms value of supply current can be obtained from (2.116)as following
2 I d2  π u  2 * 452  π 0.565487 
Is = − = * −  = 35.05 A
π  3 6  π 3 6 
The rms value of fundamental component of supply current can be obtained from (2.120) as
following:
4 3 Io  u  4 3 * 45  0.565487 
I S1 = sin  * 2 3 = * sin  = 34.6207 A
πu 2 2 π * 0.565487 * 2  2 
I  u  34.6207  0.565487 
pf = S1 * cos  = * cos  = 0.948534 Lagging.
Is 2 35.05  2 
2 2
I   35.05 
THDi =  S  − 1 =   − 1 = 15.7956%
 I S 1   34.6207 

14