ProjectReport

On
SMARTIRRIGATIONUSINGIoT
Submittedforpartial
fulfilment for the award of the degree
BACHELOROFTECHNOLOGY
In
COMPUTERSCIENCE&ENGINEERING
By

TASHRITHREDDY (19CS02193)

M ARAVIND (19CS002207)

K SAIKRISHNA (19CS002186)

Submittedto

DEPARTMENTOFCOMPUTERSCIENCE&ENGINEERIN
G SIR PADAMPAT SINGHANIA UNIVERSITY, UDAIPUR
Nov2022

Underthesupervisionof

MrHARISHTIWARI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering Sir
PadampatSinghania University Udaipur
313601 Rajasthan India

1
 CERTIFICATE

ThisistocertifythattheworkembodiedinthisProjectReportentitled“SMA
RT IRRIGATIONUSING IOT” being submitted by” “T.ASHRITH
REDDY”-
“19CS002193”,“MARAVIND”- “19CS002207”,“KSAIKRISHNA”-“19
CS002186”,7th Semester for partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the degree of“ Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science &
Engineering ” discipline in “ Sir Padampat Singhania University ”
during the academic session July-Dec 2022is a record ofBonafede piece
of work, carried out by student under my supervision and guidance in
the “ Department of Computer Science & Engineering ”, Sir Padampat
Singhania University.

APPROVED&GUIDED BY:

Mr HARISH TIWARI
Assistant professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Sir Padampat Singhania University
Udaipur 313601 Rajasthan India

2
 DECLARATION
I, student of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science &
Engineering, 7th Semester,session: July–Dec2022,Sir Padampat
SinghaniaUniversity,hereby declare that the work presented in
this Project Report entitled “SMART
IRRIGATIONUSINGIOT”istheoutcomeofmyownwork,isbonaf
ideand correct to the best of my knowledge and this work has
been carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work
presented does not infringe any patented
workandhasnotbeensubmittedtoanyotheruniversityoranywhere
elseforthe award of any degree or any professional diploma.

Student details andSignature:

T ASHRITH REDDY (19CS002193)

M ARAVIND (19CS002207)

K SAIKRISHNA (19CS002186)

APPROVED & GUIDEDBY:

MrHARISHTIWARI

Assistant Professor

DepartmentofComputerScience&Engineering

Sir Padampat Singhania University

Udaipur313601 Rajasthan India

3
Toourparents,teachersandallthewell-wishersoutthere...

4
 ABSTRACT

Despite the perception people may have regarding the agricultural process, the
reality is that today’s agriculture industry is data-cantered, precise, and smarter
than ever. The rapid emergence of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) based technologies
redesigned almost every industry including ‘‘smart agriculture’’ which moved the
industry from statistical to quantitative approaches. Such revolutionary changes
are shaking the existing agriculture methods and creating new opportunities along
a range of challenges. This article highlights the potential of wireless sensors and
IoT in agriculture, as well as the challenges expected to be faced when integrating
this technology with the traditional farming practices. IoT devices and
communication techniques associated with wireless sensors encountered in
agriculture applications are analyzed in detail. What sensors are available for
specific agriculture application, like soil preparation, crop status, irrigation, insect
and pest detection are listed. How this technology helping the growers throughout
the crop stages, from sowing until harvesting, packing and transportation is
explained. Furthermore, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for crop surveillance
and other favorable applications such as optimizing crop yield is considered in
this article. State-of-the-art IoT-based architectures and platforms used in
agriculture are also highlighted wherever suitable. Finally, based on this thorough
review, we identify current and future trends of IoT in agriculture and highlight
potential research.

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 GLOSSARY

 IoT (Internet of Things): The IoT refers to the concept of connecting

everyday physical objects to the internet and enabling them to
communicate with other devices or systems. The IoT is made up of a wide
range of devices, such as sensors, actuators, and embedded systems, which
are designed to collect and share data. IoT devices can be found in various
settings, including homes, industries, cities, and agriculture. By leveraging
the power of the internet and cloud computing, IoT devices can help
improve efficiency, productivity, and sustainability in various sectors.

 Smart irrigation: Smart irrigation is an automated irrigation system that

uses IoT technology, sensors, and software to optimize the watering of
plants, crops, and lawns. Smart irrigation systems can adjust the amount
and timing of water based on weather conditions, soil moisture levels, and
plant needs. By using smart irrigation, farmers, landscapers, and
homeowners can save water, reduce costs, and enhance crop yields and
plant health.

 ESP8266: The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi module with an integrated

TCP/IP protocol stack, designed for IoT applications. The ESP8266 can be
used to connect IoT devices to a Wi-Fi network and send and receive data
over the internet. The ESP8266 is widely used in various IoT applications,
such as home automation, smart agriculture, and industrial monitoring.

 DHT sensor: The DHT sensor is a type of sensor that measures

temperature and humidity. The DHT sensor consists of a thermistor and a
capacitive humidity sensor, which can detect changes in temperature and
humidity and convert them into electrical signals. DHT sensors are
commonly used in HVAC systems, weather stations, and IoT devices.

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 ThingSpeak: ThingSpeak is an open-source IoT analytics platform that
enables IoT devices to send and receive data over the internet and analyze
and visualize that data in real-time. ThingSpeak provides a web-based API
that allows developers to create IoT applications and services, such as data
logging, sensor monitoring, and predictive analytics. ThingSpeak supports
a wide range of IoT devices and protocols, including MQTT, REST API,
and HTTP.

 Moisture sensor: A moisture sensor is a type of sensor used to measure the

moisture level of soil, plant, or other materials. Moisture sensors can be
used in agriculture, gardening, and environmental monitoring to optimize
irrigation, prevent soil erosion, and detect drought conditions. Moisture
sensors can be based on different technologies, such as resistive,
capacitive, or conductive.

 Relay: A relay is an electrically operated switch that can be used to control

the power to a device or circuit. Relays can be used to turn on or off
electrical devices, such as motors, lights, and heaters, based on a control
signal. Relays are commonly used in industrial control systems, home
automation, and IoT applications.

 API key: An API key is a unique code that is used to authenticate and
authorize access to a web-based application or service. An API key is
typically generated by the provider of the web service and given to the
user or application that wants to access the service. The API key serves as
a secret token that identifies the user or application and grants them access
to specific resources or functions of the service. API keys are commonly
used in web-based services, such as social media platforms, weather APIs,
and IoT platforms like ThingSpeak

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 Wi-Fi: short for Wireless Fidelity, is a wireless networking technology
that allows electronic devices to connect to a local area network (LAN) or
the internet without the need for physical cables. Wi-Fi uses radio waves
to transmit data between devices and access points, and has become a
popular method of wireless communication due to its convenience and
flexibility.

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Table of Contents
CERTIFICATE.............................................................................................................2
DECLARATION...........................................................................................................3
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................5
GLOSSARY..................................................................................................................6
List of Figures.............................................................................................................13
Chapter 1.....................................................................................................................15
1.1Introduction............................................................................................................15
1.1.1Introduction to Internet of Things:..........................................................15
1.2Aim & Objective:..........................................................................................19
1.3SystemRequirements.......................................................................................21
1.3.1HardwareRequirements:.............................................................................21
1.3.2SoftwareRequirements:...............................................................................22
Chapter 2.....................................................................................................................23
2.1Literature Review............................................................................................23
2.2Why to make smart irrigation using IOT?...................................................28
2.3Proposed solution............................................................................................30
2.4Implications and Significance of Results......................................................31
2.5Methodology....................................................................................................34
Chapter 3.....................................................................................................................38
3.1Software Requirement Analysis.....................................................................38
3.1.1Hardware Requirements:............................................................................38
3.1.2Software Requirements:..............................................................................49
Chapter 4.....................................................................................................................61
4.1Design:..............................................................................................................61
4.1.1Design Architecture:....................................................................................61
4.2OverallArchitecture&ItsConnections:..........................................................62
Chapter 5.....................................................................................................................64
5.1Implementation:..............................................................................................64
5.2Tools Used........................................................................................................64

9
5.2.1Required Tools and Driver Software’s:......................................................64
5.3System Design..................................................................................................65
5.4Program Implementation...............................................................................67
5.4.1ProgramDescription:....................................................................................67
5.4.2ProgramImplementation:............................................................................67
5.5Data Visualisation on our Channel................................................................72
Chapter 6.....................................................................................................................73
6.1Conclusion:......................................................................................................73
6.2Result and Discussion:....................................................................................75
Chapter 7.....................................................................................................................77
7.1References........................................................................................................77

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 List of Figures
FIGURE 1 ESP8266 NODE MCU...................................................................................................40
FIGURE 2 5V RELAY......................................................................................................................41
FIGURE 3 MOTOR PUMP.............................................................................................................42
FIGURE 4 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR........................................................................................43
FIGURE 5 JUMPER WIRES..........................................................................................................45
FIGURE 6 DHT11 SENSOR..............................................................................................................47
FIGURE 7 BREAD BOARD............................................................................................................49
FIGURE 8 IDE................................................................................................................................50
FIGURE 9 AURDINO SETUP INSTALLATION.........................................................................51
FIGURE 10 DRIVERS INSTALLATION......................................................................................53
FIGURE 11 THING SPEAK API....................................................................................................54
FIGURE 12 CHANNEL CREATION.............................................................................................55
FIGURE 13 DATA STORAGE........................................................................................................55
FIGURE 14 DATA VISUALISATION............................................................................................56
FIGURE 15 DATA VISUALISATION............................................................................................57
FIGURE 16 DHT SENSOR LIBRARY..........................................................................................58
FIGURE 17 ESP8266 LIBRARY.....................................................................................................59
FIGURE 18 SOIL MOISTURE LIBRARY....................................................................................60
FIGURE 19 VERIFIED CODE WITH NO ERRORS...............................................................................71

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SMARTIRRIGATIONUSINGIOT

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Chapter 1

1.1Introduction
1.1.1 Introduction to Internet of Things:

The Web of Things (IoT) is an organization of actual gadgets, vehicles, and

structures that are inserted with sensors, programming, also, availability to
empower them to gather and trade information. These gadgets are fit for
associating with the web and imparting data to other gadgets, empowering them to
cooperate to give a scope of administrations and capabilities. IoT has become
perhaps of the most discussed subject in innovation and is viewed as a significant
driver of computerized transformation.

By building a network of linked devices that can interact with one another and the
internet, the IoT has the potential to completely transform the way we live and
work. The healthcare, agricultural, and transportation sectors have already begun
to feel the effects of this technology, which is anticipated to increase quickly in
the years to come. This essay introduces the Internet of Things and looks at both
its advantages and disadvantages.

Kevin Ashton introduced the idea of the "Internet of Things" in 1999. He coined
this phrase to illustrate how physical items and the internet are connected.
Sensors, actuators, and other electrical devices are used in the Internet of Things
to gather data, analyse it, and deliver feedback. IoT devices' data may be used to
monitor and manage a variety of physical systems, including equipment,
structures, and even entire cities.

The IoT is predicated on the notion that by incorporating sensors and other
electrical devices into objects, they may become sentient. Once these devices are
connected to the internet and can communicate with one another, they can
cooperate to provide useful services and functions.

13
Using sensors, a smart thermostat can monitor the temperature and change itself
accordingly, creating a cost living space while using less energy.

The Internet of Things has the potential to help people, businesses, and society at
large in a variety of ways. Remote monitoring and management of physical
systems is one of the main advantages of IoT. By allowing them to monitor and
improve their operations in real-time, this may aid organizations in cutting costs
and increasing efficiency. For instance, a business may monitor its production line
with IoT sensors to see possible faults before they become serious ones.

By offering customized and automated services, IoT may also be utilized to raise
people's quality of life. A smart home system, for instance, may utilize sensors to
recognize when a person enters or leaves the house, change the lighting and
temperature appropriately, and even buy groceries based on their prior purchases.

In recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has had a big influence on agriculture.
Farmers can monitor their crops and livestock in real-time, analyze data, and
make better decisions by being able to link gadgets and sensors to the internet. In
this article, we'll talk about how the Internet of Things (IoT) is affecting
agriculture and how it's altering how we raise and prepare food.

Precision agriculture is a farming method that maximizes agricultural production

while minimizing waste. The Internet of Things (IoT) enables farmers to collect
and analyze data in real-time, which is essential for precision agriculture.

Farmers may monitor soil moisture, nutrient levels, and meteorological conditions
with sensors put across their fields to decide when to sow, irrigate, and harvest
crops. The demand for toxic pesticides and herbicides can be decreased by using
IoT devices to assist farmers in identifying crop diseases and pests. IoT sensors
may help farmers apply the proper quantity of fertiliser and water, minimising
waste and raising yields by delivering real-time data on soil conditions and plant
health.

14
The health and behaviour of cattle may also be tracked using IoT devices. Farmers
may monitor an animal's vital signs, follow its movements, and look for any
symptoms of disease or distress by attaching sensors to the animal. The early
detection and prompt treatment of health issues can lower the risk of disease
outbreaks and enhance animal welfare.

IoT devices may also aid farmers in streamlining animal feeding and hydration,
ensuring that animals get the proper nutrients and hydration. By monitoring
animal behaviour and health information, farmers may also determine the most
productive and effective breeding techniques, enhancing the production and
general health of their herds.

Farmers and food producers may control the supply chain more effectively with
the use of IoT devices. IoT sensors may assist in locating supply chain bottlenecks
and inefficiencies by monitoring the transit of items from the farm to the table. In
order to ensure that food reaches customers more quickly and fresher, this data
may be utilised to streamline logistics and lower waste.

IoT gadgets can assist food manufacturers in ensuring the safety and traceability
of their products. IoT sensors may assist guarantee that food is kept and delivered
in the best conditions, lowering the risk of spoiling and contamination. They do
this by tracking the movement of commodities and monitoring temperature and
humidity levels throughout transit.

IoT gadgets may also be used to keep an eye on the weather and safeguard the
environment. Farmers and environmentalists may monitor soil and water quality,
analyse weather trends, and identify environmental concerns by installing sensors
in farms, forests, and water bodies. This information can be utilised to spot
potential problems and create plans for sustainability and conservation.

15
By maximising their resource utilisation, IoT devices may also assist farmers in
lowering their carbon impact. Farmers can find chances to lessen their
environmental impact and increase sustainability by tracking their energy use and
greenhouse gas emissions.

IoT has numerous advantages for agriculture, but it also has certain drawbacks.
The most difficult issue is data management. Farmers and food producers need the
infrastructure and know-how to efficiently store, handle, and analyse the massive
amounts of data being created by IoT sensors.

The expense of IoT infrastructure and devices is another issue. Although sensors
and other IoT devices are becoming more affordable, many farmers and food
producers might not have the funds to purchase these technologies.

IoT has a variety of options for agriculture despite these obstacles. IoT may assist
farmers and food producers fulfil the rising need for food while simultaneously
preserving the environment and natural resources by optimising agricultural
yields, cutting waste, and enhancing animal welfare. IoT will probably take on a
bigger role in agriculture in the future with more innovation and funding.

The capacity to gather and analyse massive volumes of data is another advantage
of IoT. This can assist businesses in gaining understanding of consumer
behaviour, market trends, and other crucial data.

IoT has a lot of advantages, but it also has certain drawbacks. IoT security is one
of the biggest problems. The chance of cyberattacks and data breaches rises as
more gadgets are connected to the internet.

IoT devices are frequently not securely protected, and many manufacturers do not
give security a high priority throughout the design and development stages.

16
Devices may become susceptible to hacking and other online dangers as a result.
The interoperability of devices is one more difficulty with IoT. Since IoT devices
frequently come from different manufacturers and employ various communication
protocols, it can be challenging for them to cooperate effectively. The efficacy of
IoT systems may be hampered and compatibility problems may arise as a result.

IoT privacy concerns are also quite important. As more information is gathered by
IoT devices, there is a chance that it could be misused or accessed by
unauthorized parties. Other sensitive data might get lost as a result of this.

1.2 Aim & Objective:

The goal of this project is to utilize less water and labor when manually irrigating
a field. The suggested method uses sensors that are embedded directly into the soil
to determine the moisture content of the soil. These sensors measure the water
content of the soil, and the engine turns on if the water content is insufficient.

This project's particular goal is to develop and deploy a smart irrigation system
utilizing IoT technologies to increase agricultural water efficiency. The following
are the project's goals:

 To create a system that can use sensors to continuously track the amount
of soil moisture and the weather, sending the information to a cloud-based
platform.

 To create and put into use an algorithm capable of analyzing sensor data
and figuring out when to water the plants based on their individual water
requirements.

 To provide remote monitoring and control by integrating the smart

irrigation system with IoT gadgets like smartphones, laptops, and tablets.

17
  To ensure that the plants get the right quantity of water depending on their
requirements, which will save water use and boost agricultural output.

 To improve the efficiency of the irrigation system by automating the

watering process and reducing the amount of manual labor required.

 To provide an affordable and scalable solution for small and medium-sized

farmers to reduce water usage and increase crop yields.

 To measure the quantity of water conserved, the increase in crop

production, and the cost savings realized in order to assess the success of
the smart irrigation system.

 To identify any limitations or challenges associated with the

implementation of the smart irrigation system and suggest potential
solutions for overcoming these obstacles.

 To promote the use of IoT technology in agriculture and raise awareness

of the benefits of smart irrigation systems for sustainable farming
practices.

 To ensure that the plants get the right quantity of water depending on their
requirements, which will save water use and boost agricultural output.

The overall goal of this project is to show how IoT technology has the power to
transform conventional agricultural methods and advance sustainable and
effective water management. This project aims to contribute to the overarching
objective of attaining sustainable growth in the agriculture sector by creating a
smart irrigation system that can decrease water use, boost crop output, and
improve efficiency.

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1.3 SystemRequirements

1.3.1 HardwareRequirements:

The hardware requirements for the smart irrigation system using IoT project
include the following components:

1. NodeMCU ESP8266 Wi-Fi development board: This board acts as the

main control unit for the project and is responsible for connecting the
system to the internet. It also controls the moisture sensor, motor, and
relay.

2. Soil moisture sensor: This sensor measures the moisture content in the
soil and sends the data to the NodeMCU board.

3. DC water pump motor: This motor pumps water from the source to the
plants.

4. Relay module: This module controls the water pump motor by turning it
on and off based on the moisture level in the soil.

5. Power supply: The NodeMCU board and the DC water pump motor both
require a power supply. A 12V power supply is recommended for the
water pump motor, while a 5V power supply is suitable for the NodeMCU
board.

6. Jumper wires: These wires are used to connect the different components
together.

7. DHT11: DHT11 is a low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor that

19
 is commonly used in electronic projects. It consists of a capacitive
humidity sensor and a thermistor for measuring temperature.

1.3.2 SoftwareRequirements:

1Arduino IDE: This is an open-source software used to write and upload code
to the NodeMCU board.

1 ThingSpeak API: This is an IoT platform that allows the user to send and
receive data from the internet. We will be using this platform to send the
sensor data to the internet and retrieve it from any location.

2 DHT library: This is an Arduino library used to interface the DHT11

temperature and humidity sensor with the NodeMCU board.

3 ESP8266WiFi library: This is an Arduino library used to connect the

NodeMCU board to a Wi-Fi network.

4 Relay module library: This is an Arduino library used to interface the relay
module with the NodeMCU board.

5 Soil moisture sensor library: This is an Arduino library used to interface

the soil moisture sensor with the NodeMCU board.

All of the above hardware and software components are necessary for the proper
functioning of the smart irrigation system using IoT.

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Chapter 2

2.1 Literature Review

IoT is used by smart irrigation, a recent technology, to automate the watering of

plants. Smart irrigation systems built on the Internet of Things employ sensors to
monitor soil moisture, weather, and plant water needs to decide when and how
much to irrigate. Due to its potential to increase crop yields, lower costs, and
improve water conservation, this technology has grown in popularity in recent
years. This review of the literature will look at the research that has already been
done on smart irrigation and IoT, examining the advantages and restrictions of
IoT in smart irrigation, and contrasting it with conventional irrigation methods.

Compared to conventional irrigation methods, IoT-based smart irrigation systems

provide a number of advantages. The biggest advantage is better water saving.
The integration of sensors in smart irrigation systems allows them to change
watering schedules depending on real plant water demand as well as soil moisture
and weather data. As a result, water is used more effectively, which can result in
large water savings. According to research by Al-Ali and AL-Tahat (2018), an
IoT-based smart irrigation system uses 50% less water than conventional watering
methods.

Crop production increases are an advantage of IoT in smart irrigation. Compared

to conventional irrigation methods, smart irrigation systems may deliver more
accurate and constant watering, resulting in healthier plants and higher
agricultural yields. An IoT-based smart irrigation system enhanced agricultural
yields by 20% in comparison to conventional irrigation approaches, according to
research by Gómez and López (2019).

Smart irrigation systems powered by the internet of things also provide more
comfort and control. Farmers using conventional irrigation methods must

21
manually check soil moisture levels and modify watering schedules as necessary.
Contrarily, automated smart irrigation systems enable farmers to remotely monitor
and modify watering schedules using their cellphones or laptops.

Farmers may save time and money while lowering the danger of overwatering and
underwatering thanks to this ease and control. Smart irrigation systems built on
the Internet of Things provide several advantages over conventional irrigation
methods, but they also have significant drawbacks.

Cost is one of the most important restrictions. The cost of sensors, controllers, and
other equipment necessary for smart irrigation systems might be prohibitive for
small-scale farmers. Smart irrigation systems, however, could become cheaper as
the technology spreads and production costs fall down.

The possibility for technical problems with IoT in smart irrigation is another
drawback. Systems built on the Internet of Things rely on wireless communication
between sensors and controllers, which can be interfered with by external
variables like signal loss or interference.

Inaccurate readings and potentially dangerous under- or overwatering of plants

might occur from this. Some smart irrigation systems incorporate redundancies,
such as backup power supplies and multiple sensors, to address this issue and
ensure dependable operation.

Last but not least, installing and running IoT-based smart irrigation systems
requires a certain amount of technical proficiency. For small-scale farmers who do
not have the required technical understanding, this might be a hurdle. However,
some intelligent irrigation systems are created to be user-friendly and operate with
little technical know-how.

Comparing smart irrigation systems to conventional watering methods reveals a

number of benefits. They provide better water management, higher agricultural

22
yields, more comfort and control, and the possibility for financial savings, as was
previously mentioned. On the other hand, traditional irrigation methods are often
less expensive to adopt and run since they need less technical knowledge.
Traditional irrigation methods, which rely on human monitoring of soil moisture
levels and estimations of water consumption, are frequently less accurate than
smart irrigation systems.

This can result in over or under watering, which can harm plant health and reduce
crop yields.

This may lead to over- or under-watering, which might be harmful to the health of
the plants and lower agricultural output. Traditional irrigation methods frequently
rely on predefined watering schedules rather than real-time assessments of plant
water demand, which can result in less effective water use.

A review of related academic literature on IoT-based smart irrigation. The

research paper that we've selected is "Smart Irrigation System for Agriculture
Using IoT" by Lekshmi S. and S. Arunmozhi Ganesh, which was presented at the
2020 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science
(ICCIDS).

The study describes an IoT-based smart irrigation system for farming. The system
has sensors that can measure the temperature, humidity, and wetness of the soil
and send the information to a central control unit. The control unit analyses the
data and calculates how much water is ideal for each plant. Additionally, the
system includes a mobile app that enables farmers to monitor and manage the
irrigation system from a distance.

The effective utilisation of water resources is an important issue in agriculture that

is covered in this essay. The authors draw attention to the fact that using
conventional irrigation techniques can waste a large amount of water, which is
bad for the environment and crop productivity. IoT-enabled smart irrigation

23
systems that provide real-time data on soil moisture and other environmental
factors can help address this problem by enabling farmers to efficiently use water
and cut down on wastage.

The authors offer a thorough analysis of relevant IoT-based smart irrigation

research. They mention a number of studies that show the advantages of
intelligent irrigation systems, such as increased agricultural yields, less water
waste, and cheaper operating costs. They also draw attention to some of the
drawbacks of current systems, such as the expense of IoT hardware and
infrastructure, the difficulty of the technology, and the absence of industry
standards.

The study introduces an innovative Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart irrigation

system for agricultural. The system's ability to accurately track soil moisture and
other environmental factors and deliver real-time data to optimize water
consumption is demonstrated by the authors. Farmers now have an easy method to
remotely monitor and manage their irrigation system thanks to the smartphone
app.

The authors emphasize the advantages and drawbacks of current solutions while
providing a thorough analysis of relevant work in the field of smart irrigation
utilizing IoT. The study adds to the increasing body of knowledge on smart
irrigation systems and offers insightful information for further study in this area.
Overall, the study shows how IoT-enabled smart irrigation systems have the
potential to transform agriculture by maximizing water efficiency and minimizing
waste.

The authors of "An IoT-based Smart Irrigation System for Efficient Water
Management in Precision Agriculture" by S. Mishra, S. Kumar, and S. Jha, who
published their work at the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Computing,
Communication, and Automation (ICCCA), are another article we have picked.

24
The paper presents a smart irrigation system based on the Internet of Things for
efficient water management in precision agriculture. The system employs sensors
to monitor the soil's temperature, humidity, and moisture levels before
transmitting the data to a central control unit.

After analyzing the data, the control unit determines how much water is optimal
for each crop. The technology also comes with a smartphone app that gives
farmers remote access to the irrigation system management.

Water shortage in agriculture is a severe issue, and the authors discuss the need
for efficient water management. They call attention to how employing traditional
irrigation methods can waste a lot of water, which is detrimental to the
environment and crop productivity. Smart irrigation systems enabled by the
Internet of Things can help to solve this issue.

In-depth examination of relevant IoT-based smart irrigation research is provided

by the authors. Numerous studies are cited that demonstrate the benefits of
intelligent irrigation systems, including raised agricultural yields, reduced water
waste, and lower operating costs. They also call attention to a few flaws in the
way things are now, namely the high cost of IoT infrastructure and hardware, the
complexity of the technology, and the lack of industry standards.

The study offers an Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart irrigation system to solve
the issue of water shortage in agriculture. The device effectively monitors soil
moisture and other environmental parameters to optimize water consumption.
Thanks to the smartphone app, farmers now have a simple method to remotely
operate and monitor their irrigation system.

The authors provide a detailed study of relevant work in the area of smart
irrigation utilizing IoT while highlighting the benefits and disadvantages of
current systems. The work contributes to the growing body of knowledge on

25
intelligent irrigation systems and provides useful data for further research in this
field. The article's overall message is that by maximizing water efficiency and
reducing waste, IoT-based smart irrigation systems have the potential to
revolutionize agriculture.

2.2 Why to make smart irrigation using IOT?

Agriculture depends heavily on irrigation, and wise irrigation management may

significantly affect agricultural productivity and water use. Smart irrigation
systems have grown in popularity as a result of the Internet of Things (IoT),
which provides farmers and gardeners with real-time data and analytics to
improve watering techniques.

This essay will outline the benefits of IoT for smart irrigation and how it may be
used. IoT technology may be applied in many different ways to improve irrigation
methods. The usage of soil moisture sensors is one of the most popular
applications. A field or garden might have soil moisture sensors installed all over
it to gauge the soil's moisture content.

A central controller can then use this information to remotely change the watering
schedule after being communicated. Utilizing weather data is another way that
IoT is used in smart irrigation. Farmers and gardeners may modify their irrigation
practices in response to the present and forecasted weather by incorporating
weather sensors and data into irrigation systems. For instance, the irrigation
system can be switched off to minimize overwatering if a downpour is forecast.

Irrigation practices may be made to utilize less water by using IoT technology.
Farmers and gardeners can find inefficient areas and make changes to decrease
water waste by tracking water use and analyzing data. This can reduce the cost of
irrigation while also conserving water.

Smart irrigation with IoT has several advantages over conventional watering
26
techniques. The main advantage is improved effectiveness. Farmers and gardeners
may optimize their irrigation practices, minimizing water loss and boosting crop
output, by utilizing real-time data and analytics. This is especially crucial in
regions with scarce water supplies or during droughts.

Irrigation practices may now be more precisely controlled and managed thanks to
IoT technology. When using conventional irrigation techniques, it can be difficult
to gauge when and how much water should be applied to plants or crops. IoT
technology enables accurate irrigation monitoring and management, ensuring that
plants and crops get the precise amount of water they require.

The lowering of labor expenses is another advantage of IoT for smart irrigation.
Manual monitoring and alterations are frequently needed when using traditional
irrigation techniques. A large portion of this process is automated by IoT
technology, saving farmers and gardeners time and resources.

IoT technology has several benefits for intelligent irrigation techniques. Farmers
and gardeners can optimize irrigation practices, decreasing water wastage and
boosting crop output, by utilizing real-time data and analytics. Greater control and
precision are also provided by the use of IoT in smart irrigation, in addition to
lower labor costs. The usage of IoT in smart irrigation will become even more
crucial in guaranteeing the sustainability of agricultural practices as water
resources become more limited.

To increase agricultural yield, reduce waste, and increase production, the Internet
of Things, or IoT, may be used in agriculture. Some of the main advantages of IoT
for agriculture include the following

IoT devices may be used to monitor environmental factors like soil moisture,
temperature, humidity, and others that have an impact on crop development. With
the use of this information, it is able to decide when to irrigate, fertilize, and
harvest crops.
27
Accurate maps of agricultural areas may be made using IoT technologies. By
planting seeds in the most beneficial areas and utilizingfertilizer and pesticides
only where necessary, these maps may subsequently be utilized to optimize
agricultural development. This can lower waste and boost agricultural
productivity.

IoT devices can ensure that crops receive the appropriate quantity of water at the
right time by automating irrigation systems. Reduced labour and water expenses
might be the outcome of this.

IoT devices may be used to monitor the behaviour and health of cattle, enabling
farmers to identify potential problems and take corrective action before they get
worse.

In general, the use of IoT in agriculture may help farmers make data-driven
choices, reduce waste, and boost productivity, all of which will lead to higher
yields and more profitability.

2.3 Proposed solution

Our intelligent irrigation system is built to water plants when the soil gets dry
using soil moisture sensors and a pump. IoT technology was used in the system's
construction.

The soil moisture sensors are buried in the ground close to the plant roots to gauge
the soil's moisture content. The sensors alert the system's microcontroller (such an
Arduino) when the moisture level drops below a predetermined threshold.

The irrigation system's pump then receives a signal from the microcontroller
turning it on, allowing water from a reservoir or well to be pumped into it. After
that, a network of pipelines and drip lines delivers the water to the plants.

28
You may also use a timer or a real-time clock to regulate the frequency and length
of watering cycles in order to make sure the system runs smoothly. This can assist
in avoiding underwatering or overwatering, which can damage plants and waste
water.

The smart irrigation system may benefit from adding a timer or real-time clock to
regulate the watering cycles. This can assist farmers in ensuring that the irrigation
system is functioning properly and efficiently as well as in avoiding overwatering
or underwatering, both of which can harm crops.

The microcontroller may be used to configure a timer or real-time clock to

regulate how frequently and how long watering cycles last. The timer, for
instance, might be programmed to activate the pump and begin the irrigation
system at particular times of day and for a predefined period of time. By
eliminating irrational watering, this can ensure that the plants receive the proper
amount of water at the appropriate time and help preserve water.

To optimize watering schedules and minimize water wastage, the smart irrigation
system might include additional sensors or data sources, such as weather
predictions, in addition to the timer or real-time clock. Farmers may increase crop
yields and decrease water use by utilizing IoT technology to monitor and operate
the irrigation system, which will ultimately result in higher profitability and
sustainability.

Using soil moisture sensors and a pump to irrigate plants only, when necessary,
your smart irrigation system is designed to save water and enhance plant health.
You can automate and monitor the system by utilizing IoT technology, which
increases its effectiveness and efficiency.

2.4 Implications and Significance of Results

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According to the literature study, IoT-enabled smart irrigation systems provide a
number of advantages over conventional irrigation approaches, including better
decision-making, more efficient water use, higher agricultural yields, lower labour
and energy costs, and more sustainability. The expense, cybersecurity worries,
connectivity challenges, and the requirement for specialised knowledge and skills
are some of the technology's drawbacks.
The potential for IoT-enabled smart irrigation devices to revolutionise the way
water is handled in agriculture is one of the main consequences of these findings.

Smart irrigation systems can assist farmers in maximising water use and crop
yields while minimising waste and lessening the environmental effect of
agriculture by giving real-time data on soil moisture, weather, and other pertinent
aspects. This can assist guarantee that crops are cultivated effectively and
sustainably, especially in locations where water is scarce, which has significant
consequences for food security.

Another significant significance of the findings is that intelligent irrigation

systems might assist farmers in adapting to climate change effects like droughts
and harsh weather.

Smart irrigation systems can assist farmers in adjusting their irrigation practises to
ensure that crops receive the water they require, even in difficult situations, by
delivering real-time data on weather conditions and soil moisture levels. By doing
so, the possibility of crop failure can be decreased, and farmers will be able to
continue earning a living despite climate-related difficulties

The utilisation of IoT-enabled smart irrigation systems is not without its

restrictions, though. Cost is one of the key obstacles. Small-scale farmers and
others with low means may find it difficult to embrace IoT devices because of
their high installation and maintenance costs.

This is an important factor to take into account because small-scale farmers

sometimes confront the most difficult water management and crop productivity
30
issues. Cybersecurity issues are another constraint.

Cyberattacks on IoT devices might jeopardise the security of the irrigation system
and the data it gathers. Large-scale agricultural enterprises should be especially
concerned since a cyber-attack might have negative effects.

To provide reliable cybersecurity safeguards for smart irrigation systems, more

investigation is required. Smart irrigation systems' need on dependable internet
access to relay data to the central hub or gateway makes connectivity another
restriction. In remote places where internet access may be spotty or nonexistent,
this might be difficult. For smart irrigation systems, research is required to create
affordable, dependable connection options, especially in poor nations where the
demand for effective water management is highest.

Connectivity is another limitation for smart irrigation systems since they require
consistent internet access to transmit data to the central hub or gateway. This
could be challenging in distant locations where internet connectivity might be
sporadic or nonexistent. Research is needed to provide economical, trustworthy
connection alternatives for smart irrigation systems, especially in underdeveloped
countries where the demand for efficient water management is highest.

The literature review concludes that IoT-enabled smart irrigation systems have a
number of advantages over conventional irrigation techniques, including better
decision-making, increased sustainability, improved water usage efficiency,
higher crop yields, and lower labour and energy costs.

The expense, cybersecurity worries, connectivity challenges, and the requirement

for specialised knowledge and skills are some of the technology's drawbacks. To
overcome these obstacles and create reliable, approachable smart irrigation
systems that farmers with limited financial and technical resources can employ,
more research is required.

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Overall, the findings of this evaluation of the literature have significant
ramifications for the subject of intelligent irrigation and water management in
agriculture, and they emphasise the necessity of further study and innovation in
this sector.

2.5 Methodology

The approach for an IoT-based project on smart irrigation would probably include
a number of steps, such as choosing the right IoT devices, gathering and analyzing
data, and assessing the system's efficacy.

The selection of acceptable IoT devices would be the initial stage in the technique.
Sensors for measuring soil moisture are only one example of the gadgets. The
devices used would rely on the project's unique specifications. For instance,
temperature and humidity sensors may be more significant in a greenhouse
setting, but soil moisture sensors and rain gauges may be more significant in an
outdoor agricultural field. Based on the compatibility with the sensors, the
microcontroller that would receive data from the sensors and transfer it to the
cloud platform should be chosen.

Data may be gathered on soil moisture content, temperature, humidity, rainfall,

and water use once the devices have been chosen and installed. The gadgets used
would determine the data that was gathered.

The microcontroller would briefly store the data after receiving it from the
sensors, which would then transfer it to the cloud platform on a regular basis. Data
may be kept on a cloud platform or a local database.

When creating irrigation schedules, additional elements like plant type, soil type,
and weather conditions should be considered in addition to sensor data. You can
get this information from nearby weather stations or from publicly accessible
weather data.

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Creating effective and efficient irrigation schedules requires consideration of plant
kind, soil type, and weather conditions. Data on soil moisture, temperature,
humidity, and other environmental elements that may impact crop development
and water needs may be collected by smart irrigation systems utilising the Internet
of Things.
To improve the precision of irrigation schedules, additional data sources including
weather predictions, plant growth models, and nearby weather stations can also be
employed. For instance, meteorological data can include details on temperature,
precipitation, and wind speed that may influence crop water requirements. Based
on variables including crop stage, canopy cover, and growth rate, plant growth
models may assist anticipate the amount of water that a crop will need.

Farmers may optimise their irrigation schedules and reduce water wastage by
using these extra data sources. Farmers may increase crop yields while preserving
water and lessening their impact on the environment by creating irrigation
schedules that are suited to the unique requirements of their crops and the local
environment.
All things considered, the application of IoT technology in smart irrigation
systems provides farmers with a potent tool to optimise irrigation, decrease water
waste, increase crop yields, and support sustainable agriculture.

Based on the data gathered, the study may entail creating algorithms to establish
the best watering schedules. This may involve elements including the type of
plant, the soil, and the weather. In order to create prediction models that may be
used to establish the most effective irrigation schedules, the data can be analyzed
using machine learning algorithms and data science approaches. To glean useful
insights from the data, data science techniques like statistical analysis and data
visualization can also be used.

Setting a cutoff point for soil moisture levels below which irrigation would be
necessary might be accomplished using a straightforward algorithm. The soil type
and requirements for the particular crop would be used to establish the threshold

33
value. When the soil moisture level drops below the predetermined threshold, the
algorithm will activate the irrigation system. The best irrigation schedule might be
determined using this method by including more variables like the temperature,
rainfall, and weather

In a smart irrigation system, a straightforward algorithm can be used to set a

threshold for soil moisture levels. Using sensors, this method determines the soil
moisture level and establishes a cutoff point below which irrigation is necessary.
The soil type and requirements for the particular crop would be used to establish
the threshold value.

The algorithm would activate the irrigation system and provide the crops with the
required amount of water when the soil moisture level fell below the threshold
level. This strategy may be successful in water conservation and lowering
needless irrigation.

However, as you pointed out, the algorithm can be improved even further by
including extra variables like weather, rainfall, and temperature. For instance, by
including weather forecasts, the system might be enhanced to predict precipitation
and modify irrigation schedules accordingly.

The frequency and length of watering may also be modified based on plant water
needs by factoring in temperature data.

Overall, depending on the unique requirements of the crops and the climate, the
algorithm utilised in a smart irrigation system can be as basic or as complicated as
needed. Farmers may boost crop yields and cut down on water wastage by using
IoT technology to gather and analyse data on various environmental parameters
and optimise irrigation plans appropriately.

Finally, comparing the amount of water used and the crop yield before and after

34
the smart irrigation system was installed can help determine how effective the
system is. This may be used to assess if the system is producing the anticipated
results of increased crop output and decreased water demand. The amount of
water utilised really and the amount that would have been used if conventional
irrigation methods had been employed may be compared.

Calculating the cost reductions is another way to gauge how well the system
works. By comparing the cost of water consumption before and after installing the
smart irrigation system, the cost savings would be determined. The original
system investment would also affect the cost reductions.

In general, the process for a project on IoT-based smart irrigation entails choosing
the right devices, gathering and analyzing data, and assessing the system's
efficacy. The approach should be created to produce the intended results of
decreased water use and increased crop output. The approach employed should be
customized to the particular project needs, and the data obtained should be
analyzed using the right methodologies to yield actionable insights.

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Chapter 3
3.1 Software Requirement Analysis
3.1.1 Hardware Requirements:

ESP8266:The ESP8266 is a popular Wi-Fi module that has gained a lot of

attention in recent years for its versatility, low cost, and ease of use. In this essay,
we will explore the ESP8266 in depth, covering its history, technical
specifications, and potential applications.

The ESP8266 was first introduced by Chinese company Espressif Systems in

2014. At the time, it was a relatively unknown product, but it quickly gained
popularity among hobbyists and developers due to its low cost and ability to
connect to Wi-Fi networks. The ESP8266 was originally designed as a low-cost
wireless chip for IoT devices, but its versatility and low power consumption soon
made it a popular choice for a wide range of projects.

Technical Specifications of the ESP8266

The ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi enabled microcontroller that has become popular for IoT
applications. It is based on the Tensilica Xtensa LX106 processor and runs at a
clock speed of 80 MHzthe chip has 64KB of instruction RAM, 96KB of data
RAM, and 4MB of flash memory for program storage.

The ESP8266 has built-in Wi-Fi capabilities, supporting 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi
standards. It also has a built-in TCP/IP stack, which allows it to connect to the
internet and communicate with other devices. The module supports a variety of
communication protocols, including MQTT, HTTP, and HTTPS, making it
compatible with a wide range of applications and platforms.

36
One of the standout features of the ESP8266 is its low power consumption. The
chip has a deep sleep mode that consumes only a few microamps of power,
making it ideal for battery-powered devices that need to conserve energy.

Applications of the ESP8266:

The ESP8266 has a wide range of potential applications, including:

 Home automation: The ESP8266 can be used to create smart home

devices that can be controlled remotely through a smartphone or other
device.

 Industrial IoT: The ESP8266 can be used in industrial applications to

monitor equipment and track data in real-time.

 Agriculture: The ESP8266 can be used to create smart irrigation systems

that can automatically adjust water usage based on soil moisture levels.

 Robotics: The ESP8266 can be used to create IoT-enabled robots that can
be controlled remotely and transmit data back to the user.

 Wearables: The ESP8266's low power consumption makes it a good

choice for wearable devices, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches.

 Education: The low cost and ease of use of the ESP8266 make it a
popular choice for educational projects, allowing students to experiment
with IoT technology.

The ESP8266 is a versatile and low-cost Wi-Fi module that has become a popular
choice for IoT applications.Its built-in Wi-Fi capabilities, low power
consumption, and support for a variety of communication protocols make it a

37
flexible and powerful tool for developers and hobbyists alike.

With its wide range of potential applications, the ESP8266 is sure to continue to
be a popular choice for IoT projects in the years to come.

Figure 1ESP8266 NODE MCU

5VRelay:A 5V relay is an electromechanical device that is commonly used in

electronic circuits to control high-power loads such as motors, lights, and
appliances. The relay works by using an electromagnetic coil to switch a set of
contacts on or off, allowing the current to flow or stop flowing through the load.

The 5V relay is an ideal component for controlling high-power loads with

microcontrollers such as the Arduino or Raspberry Pi. It can be easily connected

38
to the microcontroller's output pins and programmed to switch on or off based on
certain conditions or inputs.

Figure 2 5V RELAY

One of the primary advantages of using a 5V relay is that it provides electrical

isolation between the microcontroller and the load, which protects the
microcontroller from damage due to voltage spikes or surges. It also allows for
easy and safe switching of high-power loads, without the need for additional
circuitry.

In summary, the 5V relay is a crucial component in electronic circuits that require

the control of high-power loads. Its ease of use, electrical isolation, and
compatibility with microcontrollers make it an essential tool for hobbyists,
makers, and engineers.

39
Motor pump:A motor pump is an essential device used to transfer fluids, such as
water or other liquids, from one location to another. Motor pumps consist of a
motor and a pump, which work together to generate pressure and flow in the
liquid being transferred.

Motor pumps can be used for a variety of applications, including agriculture,

irrigation, industrial processes, and firefighting. They are available in different
sizes and capacities, ranging from small portable units to large industrial systems.

Figure 3 MOTOR PUMP

The primary advantage of motor pumps is their ability to move large volumes of
fluid over long distances, quickly and efficiently. They can also be used in
applications where gravity cannot be relied upon to move the fluid, such as in
uphill or remote locations.

In addition to their efficiency, motor pumps are also highly reliable and durable.
They can withstand harsh environmental conditions and require minimal
maintenance, making them a cost-effective solution for a wide range of
40
applications.

Overall, motor pumps are an essential component of many industries and

applications, providing efficient and reliable fluid transfer capabilities.

As technology advances, motor pumps are also becoming more energy-efficient,

reducing their environmental impact and increasing their appeal as a sustainable
solution.

Soil Moisture:A soil moisture sensor is an electronic device used to measure the
amount of water present in soil. It is a crucial tool for farmers, gardeners, and
other professionals who need to monitor the moisture content of soil in real-time
to ensure optimal plant growth and water usage.

Figure 4 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

41
Soil moisture sensors typically work by measuring the resistance of the soil to
electrical current. The higher the moisture content, the lower the resistance, and
vice versa.

This information is then transmitted to a microcontroller or other data logging

device, where it can be analyzed and used to inform irrigation scheduling and
other watering decisions.

The primary advantage of using a soil moisture sensor is its ability to provide
accurate, real-time data on soil moisture levels. This allows for more precise and
efficient watering, reducing water waste and lowering the risk of over or under-
watering plants.

In addition to their efficiency, soil moisture sensors are also highly versatile and
can be used in a variety of soil types and environments. They can also be
integrated with other sensor technologies, such as weather stations or humidity
sensors, to provide a more complete picture of soil moisture conditions.

Overall, soil moisture sensors are a crucial tool for those who depend on healthy
plant growth, providing accurate and real-time data on soil moisture levels. As
water becomes an increasingly scarce resource, the use of soil moisture sensors
can help to reduce water usage and ensure the sustainability of agricultural
practices.

Jumper Wire:Jumper wires are a crucial component in electronic circuits, used to

connect various components together. They consist of a thin wire with a connector
on each end, which can be easily inserted into breadboards or other circuit boards.

The primary advantage of using jumper wires is their versatility and ease of use.
They can be used to create a wide range of circuits, allowing for experimentation
and customization. Jumper wires also make it easy to troubleshoot circuits, as they

42
can be easily removed and replaced if a connection is incorrect or needs to be
modified.

Figure 5 JUMPER WIRES

Another advantage of jumper wires is their flexibility. They can be bent and
shaped to fit any circuit layout, making it possible to create complex circuits with
ease. They are also available in different lengths and colors, making it easy to
organize and differentiate between different connections.

One of the limitations of using jumper wires is the potential for loose connections
or interference. If not properly inserted, jumper wires can become loose or
disconnected, which can cause issues with the circuit. Additionally, if wires are
placed too closely together, they can create interference, which can impact circuit
performance.

Overall, jumper wires are an essential tool for electronic enthusiasts and
professionals, providing a versatile and easy-to-use solution for circuit

43
connections. While there are some limitations to their use, the advantages
outweigh the potential drawbacks, and they remain a critical component in the
world of electronics.
DHT11 Sensor: The DHT11 sensor is a low-cost temperature and humidity
sensor that is commonly used in various applications. It is a digital sensor that
uses a single-wire interface to communicate with microcontrollers like Arduino.
In this essay, we will discuss the working principle, specifications, applications,
and advantages of the DHT11 sensor.

Working principle, The DHT11 sensor works on the principle of capacitive

sensing. It consists of a humidity sensing element and a thermistor for measuring
temperature. The humidity sensing element is made up of two electrodes with a
moisture-absorbing material in between. When the moisture in the air changes, the
capacitance between the two electrodes changes, which is then converted into a
digital signal by the sensor's internal circuitry. The thermistor measures the
temperature by changing its resistance with the change in temperature.

The DHT11 sensor can measure temperature from 0 to 50°C with an accuracy of
±2°C and humidity from 20 to 90% with an accuracy of ±5%. It has a 3-pin
interface, including VCC, GND, and DATA. The sensor's operating voltage is 3.5
to 5.5V, and its power consumption is very low, making it ideal for battery-
powered projects. The sensor has a response time of 2 seconds for humidity and 5
seconds for temperature.

The DHT11 sensor is widely used in various applications, including weather

monitoring, home automation, and greenhouse automation. It can be used to
measure the temperature and humidity of the environment in which it is placed.

This information can then be used to control various devices like fans, heaters,
and air conditioners. The DHT11 sensor is also used in industrial applications
where temperature and humidity monitoring are critical. For example, it can be
used to monitor the temperature and humidity in data centers, where maintaining

44
an optimal environment is crucial.

Advantages The DHT11 sensor is an affordable and reliable sensor for measuring
temperature and humidity. It is easy to use and does not require any external
components or calibration, making it a popular choice for DIY enthusiasts and
hobbyists. The sensor's digital output makes it easy to interface with
microcontrollers like Arduino, and its low power consumption makes it ideal for
battery-powered projects. The sensor's compact size and lightweight make it easy
to integrate into various projects.

Conclusion In conclusion, the DHT11 sensor is an affordable and reliable sensor

for measuring temperature and humidity. Its simplicity and ease of use make it an
ideal choice for various applications.

The sensor's digital output, low power consumption, and compact size make it
easy to interface with microcontrollers and integrate into various projects. The
DHT11 sensor is a popular choice among DIY enthusiasts and hobbyists, and its
applications in various fields highlight its importance and usefulness.

Figure 6 DHT11 Sensor

45
Bread Board:

A breadboard, also known as a prototyping board, is a tool used in electronics to

build and test circuits. It is a plastic board with holes and conductive metal clips
that allow electronic components to be easily inserted and connected together
without soldering.

Breadboards are a popular choice among hobbyists, students, and professionals

alike due to their versatility and ease of use. They allow for quick and easy
experimentation with circuit designs, without the need for specialized equipment
or skills.

The board is usually made up of a plastic base with rows of holes, which are
connected together by metal strips underneath the plastic. These metal strips are
typically arranged in a pattern that follows the standard layout of an electronic
circuit, with a set of columns for power and ground, and rows for connecting
various components.

Breadboards come in a variety of sizes and configurations, ranging from small,

single-row boards to large, multi-row boards. The most common type of
breadboard is the standard 830-point board, which has two sets of 30 columns and
5 rows, for a total of 830 connection points.

To use a breadboard, electronic components such as resistors, capacitors, LEDs,

and transistors are inserted into the holes on the board. These components can be
connected together by placing jumper wires, which are thin wires with metal ends,
into the holes to create a circuit.

One of the advantages of using a breadboard is the ability to quickly modify or

change the circuit design by simply unplugging and rearranging components or

46
wires. This makes breadboards ideal for prototyping and testing new circuits, as
well as for educational purposes.

Figure 7 BREAD BOARD

3.1.2 Software Requirements:

Aurdino Software:Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on

simple software and hardware. It was designed to provide an easy-to-use and
affordable way for hobbyists, artists, and engineers to create interactive projects.
Arduino software is an essential part of the platform, providing a user-friendly
interface to program and control Arduino boards.

Arduino software is based on the Processing programming language and the

Wiring electronics platform. It runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux operating
systems and can be downloaded for free from the Arduino website. The software
includes a code editor, a compiler, a serial monitor, and a library manager, among
other features.

47
The code editor is where users write, edit, and save their Arduino sketches. The
sketches are written in a variant of the C programming language, which is easy to
learn and understand. The editor includes features such as syntax highlighting,
auto-indentation, and code completion, which make writing code more efficient.

Figure 8 IDE

The compiler is responsible for translating the Arduino sketch into machine code
that can be understood by the microcontroller on the Arduino board. The compiler
checks the syntax of the code, detects errors, and generates an executable file that
can be uploaded to the board. The compiler is integrated with the editor, which
means that users can compile their sketches with a single click.

The serial monitor is a tool that allows users to communicate with the Arduino
board through the USB port. It displays the data sent and received by the board in
real-time, which is useful for debugging and testing purposes. The serial monitor
also allows users to send commands and receive responses from the board, which
enables them to interact with their projects.

The library manager is a tool that simplifies the process of adding new
functionality to an Arduino project. It allows users to search, download, and

48
install libraries that provide pre-written code for common tasks such as
controlling motors, reading sensors, and communicating with other devices. The
library manager also ensures that the libraries are up-to-date and compatible with
the current version of the Arduino software.

Arduino software is a powerful and versatile tool that enables users to create
interactive projects with ease. Its user-friendly interface, rich features, and open-
source nature make it an ideal platform for hobbyists, artists, and engineers to
explore their creativity and turn their ideas into reality. With the help of Arduino
software, the possibilities are endless, and the only limit is one's imagination and
limits.

Installation steps for IDE:

Here are the steps to install the Arduino IDE on a Windows operating system:
1. First, visit the official Arduino website and navigate to the "Download"
page.
2. Select the appropriate version of the Arduino IDE for your operating
system. In this case, select the Windows version.
3. Once the download is complete, open the installer by double-clicking the
downloaded file.
4.

49
 Figure 9 AURDINO SETUP INSTALLATION

5. If you receive a security warning from your operating system, click "Run"
to proceed with the installation.
6. Follow the instructions provided by the installation wizard to complete the
installation process. This may include selecting a destination folder for the
software and choosing the appropriate language settings.

7. Once the installation is complete, launch the Arduino IDE by double-

clicking the desktop icon or navigating to the software in the Windows
Start menu.

Regardless of which operating system you are using, you may need to install
additional drivers for your Arduino board to communicate with your computer.
These drivers can typically be found on the Arduino website and can be installed
using the installation wizard provided by the manufacturer. Once the drivers are
installed, you should be able to connect your Arduino board to your computer and
begin using the Arduino IDE to program your projects.

Installation steps for USB Drivers in a system:

To install USB drivers for an Arduino board on a Windows operating system,

50
follow these steps:
1 Connect your Arduino board to your computer using a USB cable.
1 If you have not already done so, download and install the Arduino IDE
software from the official Arduino website.
2 Open the Device Manager on your computer by right-clicking on the "Start"
button and selecting "Device Manager" from the menu.
3 Look for a device named "Unknown device" or "Arduino" under the "Ports
(COM & LPT)" section of the Device Manager. If you do not see this
device, make sure that your Arduino board is properly connected to your
computer.
4 Right-click on the "Unknown device" or "Arduino" and select "Update
Driver Software" from the context menu.
5 In the next window, select "Browse my computer for driver software."
6 Navigate to the folder where you installed the Arduino IDE software and
select the "drivers" folder.
7 Click "Next" to start the installation process.
8 When the driver installation is complete, you should see a message
indicating that the driver was successfully installed.

51
 Figure 10 DRIVERS INSTALLATION

Note that some Arduino boards may use different USB-to-serial converter chips
that require different drivers. In this case, you should refer to the manufacturer's
documentation for specific installation instructions.

ThingSpeak:

ThingSpeak is an IoT platform that allows users to collect, analyze, and act on
data from IoT devices. It is a cloud-based platform that provides an easy-to-use
interface for collecting and analyzing data. The ThingSpeak API allows
developers to integrate ThingSpeak into their applications and devices, making it
a popular choice among IoT developers. In this essay, we will discuss the
ThingSpeak API, its features, and its benefits.

52
What is the ThingSpeak API?

The ThingSpeak API is a RESTful API that allows developers to interact with
ThingSpeak. It provides developers with a set of HTTPS(S) endpoints that allow
them to access and manipulate ThingSpeak resources, including channels, feeds,
and data. The ThingSpeak API uses a simple syntax and standard HTTP methods
to interact with ThingSpeak, making it easy to integrate into applications and
devices.

Figure 11 THING SPEAK API

Features of the ThingSpeak API:

The ThingSpeak API provides developers with several features that make it an
ideal choice for IoT developers.

Channel Creation: The ThingSpeak API allows developers to create channels to

collect data from IoT devices. Each channel has a unique channel ID and can have
up to 8 fields to store data.

53
 Figure 12 CHANNEL CREATION

Data Storage: The ThingSpeak API allows developers to store data from IoT
devices in ThingSpeak. Developers can store data in fields, which are columns in
a channel. Each field can store up to 255 characters of data.

Figure 13 DATA STORAGE

Data Visualization: The ThingSpeak API provides developers with several

visualization options, including charts, gauges, and maps. These visualizations

54
allow developers to easily analyze and understand their data.

Figure 14 DATA VISUALISATION

Data Access: The ThingSpeak API allows developers to access their data using
HTTP GET requests. Developers can retrieve data from ThingSpeak in a variety
of formats, including JSON, XML, and CSV.

Integration with Other Services: The ThingSpeak API allows developers to

integrate ThingSpeak with other services, including MATLAB, IFTTT, and
Zapier. This integration allows developers to create complex IoT workflows that
can automate processes and actions.

The ThingSpeak API provides developers with several benefits that make it an
ideal choice for IoT development. These benefits include using a simple syntax
and standard HTTP methods, making it easy to integrate into applications and
devices.

55
 Figure 15 DATA VISUALISATION

The ThingSpeak API provides developers with flexibility in terms of data storage,
data access, and data visualization. This flexibility allows developers to create IoT
applications and devices that meet their specific needs.

The ThingSpeak API provides developers with several customization options,

including custom visualization options and integration with other services. This
customization allows developers to create IoT applications and devices that are
tailored to their specific requirements.

The ThingSpeak API provides developers with several security features, including
HTTPS encryption and user authentication. These features ensure that data is
secure and protected from unauthorized access.

In conclusion, the ThingSpeak API is a powerful tool for IoT development. It

provides developers with several features and benefits that make it an ideal choice
for collecting, analyzing, and acting on data from IoT devices. The ThingSpeak
API's simplicity, flexibility, customization options, and security features make it a
popular choice among IoT developers.

56
DHT Library: The DHT library is a popular Arduino library used for interfacing
with DHT11, DHT21, and DHT22 humidity and temperature sensors. These
sensors are commonly used in environmental monitoring systems, HVAC
systems, and indoor gardening projects.

The library provides easy-to-use functions to read the sensor values and convert
them into meaningful units.

Figure 16 DHT SENSOR LIBRARY

The DHT sensors use a digital protocol to communicate with the microcontroller.
The library handles the communication protocol and returns the temperature and
humidity values as integers. The library also includes a function to convert the
integer values to floating-point numbers, making it easier to use the sensor
readings in calculations.

The DHT library is compatible with a wide range of Arduino boards, including
the popular Arduino UNO, Nano, and Mega boards.
57
ESP8266WiFi Library: The ESP8266WiFi library is a popular Arduino library
used for interfacing with the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. The ESP8266 is a low-cost
Wi-Fi module that can be used to add Wi-Fi connectivity to any Arduino project.

The module can be programmed using the Arduino IDE and can be used to
connect the Arduino board to the internet or to other Wi-Fi-enabled devices.

The ESP8266WiFi library provides easy-to-use functions to connect the ESP8266

module to a Wi-Fi network, send HTTP requests, and handle HTTP responses.
The library also includes functions to set up a Wi-Fi access point and to serve web
pages.

Figure 17 ESP8266 LIBRARY

The ESP8266WiFi library is compatible with a wide range of Arduino boards,

including the popular Arduino UNO, Nano, and Mega boards. The library can be
easily installed using the Arduino IDE library manager or by manually
downloading and adding the library files to the Arduino libraries folder.

58
Soil Moisture Sensor Library: The soil moisture sensor library is a popular
Arduino library used for interfacing with soil moisture sensors. Soil moisture
sensors are used to measure the moisture content in the soil, which is useful in
applications such as agriculture, gardening, and environmental monitoring.

The library provides easy-to-use functions to read the sensor values and convert
them into meaningful units. The library includes functions to calibrate the sensor
and to set the threshold values for different moisture levels.

Figure 18 SOIL MOISTURE LIBRARY

The soil moisture sensor library is compatible with a wide range of Arduino
boards, including the popular Arduino UNO, Nano, and Mega boards. The library
can be easily installed using the Arduino IDE library manager or by manually
downloading and adding the library files to the Arduino libraries folder.

In conclusion, these four libraries are essential tools for Arduino developers. They
provide easy-to-use functions to interface with different sensors, modules, and
devices, making it easier to develop Arduino projects. By using these libraries,
developers can save time and focus on the core functionality of their projects.

59
Chapter 4

4.1 Design:

4.1.1 Design Architecture:The architecture of the project can be broken down

into the following components:

Hardware: The physical components of the system include the ESP8266

microcontroller, a DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor, a moisture sensor, a
motor, and a relay. The moisture sensor is used to measure the soil moisture level
and the DHT11 sensor is used to measure temperature and humidity levels. The
motor is used to pump water from a reservoir to the plant and the relay is used to
control the water flow.

Software: The software component of the system includes the code running on
the ESP8266 microcontroller, which is responsible for reading sensor values,
controlling the motor and relay, and sending data to the Thingspeak cloud
platform. The code is written in C++ using the Arduino IDE and utilizes the DHT
and ESP8266WiFi libraries.

Communication: The ESP8266 microcontroller communicates with the

Thingspeak cloud platform over the internet using the HTTP protocol. The
microcontroller sends data to the cloud platform at a regular interval (every 10
seconds), which allows the user to remotely monitor the sensor readings in real-
time.

Cloud Platform: The Thingspeak cloud platform is used to store and visualize
the sensor data sent by the ESP8266 microcontroller. The platform provides
various features, such as real-time data visualization, data analysis, and integration
with other IoT platforms.

60
User Interface: The user interface for the system is provided by the Thingspeak
cloud platform, which allows the user to monitor the sensor readings and control
the watering system remotely.

Overall, the architecture of the system is designed to automate the process of

watering plants by monitoring the soil moisture level and controlling the water
flow using a motor and relay. The system provides real-time monitoring and
control capabilities through the Thingspeak cloud platform, which makes it easy
for users to remotely manage their plants from anywhere in the world.

These architectural connections of the legs are generally grounded on the

connectivity of the legs declared on the software and whenever the compendium
is done check whether the board is duly connected or not and also check out with
the motorists which could affect in some crimes if it isn't beenset up on the system
through which the compendium take place and after thatcompendium is
successfully over after theprosecution without anycrimesalso.

4.2 OverallArchitecture&ItsConnections:

The design of the ESP8266 grounded armature would generally depend up on the
program given through the rendering through the Arduino IDE(Integrated
Development Environment).
The connections of the hardware components for the project:

DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor:

VCC to 3.3V
GND to GND
Data pin to D2

Soil moisture sensor:

VCC to 3.3V

61
GND to GND
Signal pin to A0

Relay module:
VCC to 3.3V
GND to GND
Input pin to D4

DC motor:
Connect the positive terminal to the collector of a NPN transistor (e.g. 2N2222)
Connect the emitter of the transistor to GND
Connect the base of the transistor to D3

The motor and relay module should be powered by an external power supply (e.g.,
12V DC) since they require higher voltage and current than the ESP8266 can
provide.

ESP8266 NodeMCU board:

VCC to 3.3V
GND to GND

62
Chapter 5
5.1 Implementation:
5.2Tools Used

The open- source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write law and upload
it to the board. It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The terrain is written
in Java and grounded on Processing and other open- source software.

In this tackle design, we're being using the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) which is the general software used for all types of Micro Controller
boards from UNO to MEGA.

This software’s has a veritably easy and flexible platform to make the rendering
fluently and to check them by collecting formerly and after that uploading on to
the Arduino board takes place. This Arduino software generally uses java
grounded coding and also uses some introductory programing like C, C., So, we're
using this IDE to make the coding’s easier and more flexible.

5.2.1Required Tools and Driver Software’s:

Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

The open- source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write law and upload
it to the board. It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The terrain is written
in Java and grounded on Processing and other open- source software.

USB drivers required to complete this execution with Arduino IDE.

63
5.3System Design

The System is designed to read sensor data from a DHT11 temperature and
humidity sensor, as well as a soil moisture sensor connected to analog pin A0 on
an Arduino board. The program uses an ESP8266 Wi-Fi module to send this data
to the Thingspeak cloud platform for storage and analysis.

The first part of the program sets up the necessary libraries and global variables.
The DHT.h library is used to interface with the DHT11 sensor, and the
ESP8266WiFi.h library is used to communicate with the Wi-Fi module. The ssid,
password, and apiKey variables are used to configure the Wi-Fi network and the
Thingspeak API key, respectively. The program also sets the pin numbers for the
various sensors and actuators, and defines the intervals for serial output and
Thingspeak data transmission.

In the setup() function, the program initializes the serial communication, sets the
pin modes for the motor and relay, and turns them off. It then initializes the
DHT11 sensor and attempts to connect to the Wi-Fi network. If the connection is
successful, it prints a message to the serial monitor.

In the loop() function, the program checks the elapsed time since the last serial
output and sensor reading, and sends a new reading to the serial monitor if the set
interval has passed. It then checks the elapsed time since the last Thingspeak data
transmission and sends a new data point if the set interval has passed.

The program then checks the moisture level of the soil by reading the analog
value from the soil moisture sensor and converting it to a percentage. If the
moisture level is below 30%, the program turns on the relay and motor to water
the plant. Otherwise, it turns them off.

64
The readSensors() function reads the temperature, humidity, and soil moisture
levels from their respective sensors, and updates the global variables accordingly.

The printSensorReadings() function simply prints the current temperature,

humidity, and soil moisture readings to the serial monitor.

The sendThingspeakData() function creates an HTTP POST request to send the

current soil moisture, temperature, and humidity readings to the Thingspeak
platform. It first checks if the program is connected to Thingspeak, and if not, it
prints an error message and returns. It then constructs a string that includes the
API key and the sensor readings, and sends this string to the Thingspeak platform
via the Wi-Fi module. If the transmission is successful, it prints a message to the
serial monitor.

Overall, this program provides a simple way to monitor the temperature,

humidity, and soil moisture levels of a plant, and to automatically water the plant
if the soil becomes too dry. The data can also be graphed and analyzed on the
Thingspeak platform.

65
5.4Program Implementation

5.4.1ProgramDescription:

The program connects to a Wi-Fi network and ThingSpeak cloud service, reads
the moisture level of the soil using the soil moisture sensor and the temperature
and humidity using the DHT11 sensor. If the moisture level is below a threshold
value, the program activates a water pump using the relay to water the plants. The
program also sends the data to ThingSpeak for further analysis and visualization.

The program first includes the required libraries, defines the Wi-Fi settings,
sensor pins, and moisture threshold. It then initializes the motor driver pins and
ThingSpeak client. In the setup function, the program initializes serial
communication for debugging, the DHT sensor, and connects to the Wi-Fi
network and ThingSpeak.

In the loop function, the program reads the moisture level, temperature, and
humidity using the sensors, checks if the moisture level is below the threshold,
and turns on the motor using the relay to activate the water pump if it is. The
program then sends the data to ThingSpeak and waits for 5 seconds before turning
off the motor. If the moisture level is above the threshold, the program turns off
the motor and sends the data to ThingSpeak. The program repeats this process in a
loop.

5.4.2 ProgramImplementation:

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiClient.h>
#include <WiFiClientSecure.h>
66
#include <ThingSpeak.h>
#include <DHT.h>

const char* ssid = "your_SSID";

const char* password = "your_PASSWORD";
const char* server = "api.thingspeak.com";
const char* apiKey = "your_APIKEY";

const int moistureSensorPin = A0;

const int dhtPin = D4;

const int motor1A = D1;

const int motor1B = D2;

const int pumpPin = D3;

const int moistureThreshold = 400;

DHT dht(dhtPin, DHT11);

WiFiClient client;
WiFiClientSecureclientSecure;
ThingSpeakClientthingSpeak(client, clientSecure);

void setup() {
67
Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(motor1A, OUTPUT);
pinMode(motor1B, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(motor1A, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor1B, LOW);

pinMode(pumpPin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pumpPin, LOW);

dht.begin();

Serial.println("Connecting to Wi-Fi...");
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(1000);
Serial.println("Connecting...");
}
Serial.println("Connected to Wi-Fi!");

thingSpeak.begin(client);
}

void loop() {

int moistureLevel = analogRead(moistureSensorPin);

Serial.println("Moisture level: " + String(moistureLevel));
68
 float temperature = dht.readTemperature();
float humidity = dht.readHumidity();
Serial.println("Temperature: " + String(temperature) + "C");
Serial.println("Humidity: " + String(humidity) + "%");

if (moistureLevel<moistureThreshold) {
digitalWrite(pumpPin, HIGH);
Serial.println("Watering plants...");

thingSpeak.setField(1, String(moistureLevel));
thingSpeak.setField(2, String(temperature));
thingSpeak.setField(3, String(humidity));
thingSpeak.writeFields(1);

delay(10000);

digitalWrite(pumpPin, LOW);
Serial.println("Watering stopped.");
delay(5000);
}
else {

digitalWrite(pumpPin, LOW);
Serial.println("Plants do not need watering.");

69
thingSpeak.setField(1, String(moistureLevel));
thingSpeak.setField(2, String(temperature));
thingSpeak.setField(3, String(humidity));
thingSpeak.writeFields(1);

delay(10000);
}

Figure 19 verified code with no errors

The above screenshot shows that the below program is clear without any crimes in
them the coming step of this process is to make the system collected program to
be uploaded on the pall that's the Arduino board which would be performing in
the producing of the affair as the proper generation of the following program.

70
5.5 Data Visualisation on our Channel

71
Chapter6
6.1 Conclusion:

The key findings of this project suggest that IoT-enabled smart irrigation systems
have the potential to transform the way water is managed in agriculture. By
providing real-time data on soil moisture, weather conditions, and other relevant
parameters, smart irrigation systems can help farmers optimize water usage and
improve crop yields, while minimizing waste and reducing the impact of
agriculture on the environment. The literature review also highlighted the
limitations of the technology, including cost, cybersecurity concerns, connectivity
issues, and the need for specialized knowledge and skills.

One of the most significant findings of this project is that smart irrigation systems
offer several benefits over traditional irrigation techniques, including increased
water usage efficiency, improved crop yields, reduced labor and energy costs,
72
better decision-making, and enhanced sustainability.

By providing real-time data on soil moisture levels, weather conditions, and other
relevant parameters, smart irrigation systems allow farmers to irrigate their crops
precisely and efficiently, minimizing water waste and increasing yields. This has
important implications for food security and sustainability, as it can help ensure
that crops are grown efficiently and sustainably, even in areas where water is
scarce.

Another important finding of this project is that smart irrigation systems can help
farmers adapt to the effects of climate change, such as droughts and extreme
weather events. By providing real-time data on weather conditions and soil
moisture levels, smart irrigation systems can help farmers adjust their irrigation
practices to ensure that crops receive the water they need, even in challenging
conditions. This can help reduce the risk of crop failure and help farmers maintain
their livelihoods in the face of climate-related challenges.

However, there are also limitations to the use of IoT-enabled smart irrigation
systems. One of the main limitations is cost, as IoT devices can be expensive to
install and maintain. This may limit their adoption by small-scale farmers or those
with limited resources.

Another limitation is cybersecurity concerns, as IoT devices are vulnerable to

cyber-attacks, which can compromise the security of the irrigation system and the
data it collects. Further research is needed to develop robust cybersecurity
measures for smart irrigation systems.

Connectivity is also a limitation for smart irrigation systems, as they require

reliable internet connectivity to transmit data to the central hub or gateway. This
73
can be a challenge in rural areas, where internet connectivity may be limited or
unreliable. Research is needed to develop low-cost, reliable connectivity solutions
for smart irrigation systems, particularly in developing countries where the need
for efficient water management is greatest.

Overall, the findings of this project suggest that IoT-enabled smart irrigation
systems have the potential to revolutionize the way water is managed in
agriculture, by improving efficiency, sustainability, and crop yields.

However, there are also challenges and limitations to the technology, which must
be addressed through further research and innovation. Smart irrigation systems
offer a promising solution to the challenges of water management in agriculture,
but their adoption and implementation will depend on factors such as cost,
cybersecurity, connectivity, and user-friendliness.

Further research is needed to develop robust, affordable, and user-friendly smart

irrigation systems that can be adopted by farmers with limited resources and
technical expertise.

In conclusion, this project has highlighted the potential of IoT-enabled smart

irrigation systems to transform the way water is managed in agriculture. By
providing real-time data on soil moisture, weather conditions, and other relevant
parameters, smart irrigation systems can help farmers optimize water usage and
improve crop yields, while minimizing waste and reducing the impact of
agriculture on the environment.

However, there are also challenges and limitations to the technology, which must
be addressed through further research and innovation. The findings of this project
have important implications for the field of smart irrigation and water
74
management in agriculture, and underscore the need for continued research and
innovation in this area.

6.2 Result and Discussion:

A smart irrigation system using IoT has the potential to significantly improve
irrigation efficiency and reduce water waste. By integrating IoT technology, such
a system can provide real-time data on soil moisture levels, weather conditions,
and water usage, allowing for precise and timely irrigation scheduling.

One potential result of implementing such a system is a reduction in water usage.

By monitoring soil moisture levels and adjusting irrigation schedules accordingly,
the system can ensure that plants and crops receive the appropriate amount of
water without overwatering. This not only conserves water but can also improve
plant health and reduce the risk of soil erosion.

Another potential result of a smart irrigation system using IoT is increased crop
yield. By providing plants with the appropriate amount of water at the optimal
time, the system can promote healthy growth and increase the likelihood of a
successful harvest. This can ultimately lead to higher profits for farmers and a
more sustainable agricultural system.

However, there may also be limitations to such a system. One potential limitation
is the cost of implementing and maintaining the IoT technology. This may require
a significant investment upfront, which may not be feasible for all farmers or
gardeners.

Another limitation is the potential for technological failures or malfunctions. If the

system is reliant on sensors and other IoT devices, a malfunction could result in

75
incorrect irrigation scheduling or even crop loss.

In terms of further research, there is still much to be explored in the realm of

smart irrigation using IoT. Research could focus on optimizing irrigation
scheduling algorithms, improving the accuracy and reliability of soil moisture
sensors, and exploring the use of other IoT devices, such as drones or remote
sensing technology, to further enhance irrigation management practices.

Overall, a smart irrigation system using IoT has the potential to revolutionize
agricultural practices and improve the sustainability of our food systems.
However, careful consideration of potential limitations and further research is
necessary to ensure the effectiveness and feasibility of such a system.

76
Chapter 7

7.1 References

1. Al-Ali, A. R., & AL-Tahat, M. S. (2018). Smart irrigation system using

IoT and mobile application. International Journal of Engineering and
Technology, 10(4), 3059-3064.

2. Ashrafi, M., & Dadashpour, S. (2019). A comprehensive review of IoT in

agriculture: Current challenges and future directions. Computers and
Electronics in Agriculture, 161, 272-292.

3. Gómez, Á., & López, P. (2019). Smart irrigation system using IoT and
artificial intelligence techniques. Sensors, 19(19), 4272.

4. Hasanuzzaman, M., Tasnim, N., Khanam, R., & Uddin, M. S. (2020).

Smart irrigation system using IoT and machine learning. In Advances in
Intelligent Systems and Computing (pp. 571-580). Springer, Singapore.

5. Kandil, A. M., Ismail, M. H., & Zawawi, M. A. (2020). Design and

implementation of a smart irrigation system based on IoT technology.
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 10(2), 1424-
1435.

6. Kumar, P., & Khatkar, A. (2019). An IoT-based smart irrigation system

using machine learning algorithms. International Journal of Engineering
and Advanced Technology, 9(1), 406-411.

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 7. Mounir, A., & Sadik, A. S. (2019). (pp. 878-882). IEEE.

8. Nayeem, T., Sarma, J. K., & Singh, P. (2020). In 2019 3rd International
Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS) .Smart irrigation
using IoT and machine learning. (pp. 403-412). Springer, Singapore.

9. Patil, P., & Shah, R. (2019). Smart irrigation system using IoT and
machine learning. In 2019 3rd International Conference on Computing
Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC) (pp. 1322-1325). IEEE.

10. Sahoo, B. K., Nayak, P. K., & Behera, B. (2020). Smart irrigation system
using IoT and artificial intelligence. In Handbook of Research on Modern
Cryptographic Solutions for Computer and Cyber Security (pp. 357-369).
IGI Global.

11. Sarkar, A., & Mitra, S. (2019). IoT based smart irrigation system using
machine learning. In 2019 6th International Conference on Advanced
Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

12. Shah, S., Malik, S. A., & Choudhary, P. (2020). Smart irrigation system
using IoT and machine learning. In 2020 IEEE 6th International
Conference on Computing Communication and Automation (ICCCA) (pp.
1-5). IEEE.

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79