REFRIGERATION

• Refrigeration is “the science of providing and maintaining temperature

below that of the surrounding atmosphere”
• Refrigerating a region in reference to the human comfort is called air
conditioning. Thus, air conditioning refers to maintaining a space for the
human comfort i.e. temperature, humidity and ventilation are the
parameters to be controlled.
REFRIGERATION

• When refrigeration provides temperature below – 150ºC then this is known

as cryogenics.
• Equipment used for removing the heat continuously for maintaining low
temperature in a space is called ‘refrigerator’
• Cycles on which it operates are called ‘refrigeration cycles’.
• The working fluids used for carrying away heat are called ‘refrigerants’
which are used in both refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.
Equipment used for air conditioning are called air conditioners
REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS

 Household / domestic use

REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS

 Food processing, preservation and distribution

REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS

 Food processing, preservation and distribution

REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS

 Food processing, preservation and distribution

REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS

 Ice making
REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS

 Cryogenics/ liquefied gases

REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS

 Medical applications
REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS

 Building air conditioning applications

PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

• 𝑊𝑖𝑛 + 𝑄𝐿 = 𝑄𝐻
• 𝑊𝑖𝑛 = 𝑄𝐻 - 𝑄𝐿
• The performance of refrigerators
and heat pumps is expressed in
terms of coefficient of performance
(COP)
Performance Parameters For Refrigerators

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
• 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐿
• 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 = =
𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿
Performance Parameters For Heat Pumps

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
• 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 =
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻
• 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = =
𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿
Both COPR and COPHP can be larger than 1.
Under the same operating conditions, the COPs
are related by

COPHP = COPR + 1
Reversed Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
Reversed Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump

1-2 Isothermal Heat addition

2-3 Isentropic Compression
3-4 Isothermal Heat Rejection
4-1 Isentropic Expansion
Reversed Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump
𝑄𝐿 = ∫ 𝑇𝐿 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑇𝐿 Δ𝑆1−2
𝑄𝐻 = ∫ 𝑇𝐻 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑇𝐻 Δ𝑆3−4
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒈𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 operates on
Carnot cycle
𝑄𝐿 𝑄𝐿 𝑇𝐿
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 = = =
𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 operates on

Carnot cycle
𝑄𝐻 𝑄𝐻 𝑇𝐻
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 = = =
𝑊𝑖𝑛 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐿 𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝐿
Note that: Δ𝑆1−2 = Δ𝑆3−4
Relative efficiency (Refrigeration Efficiency)

• The relative efficiency (refrigeration efficiency) is a term used to describe the

efficiency of a refrigeration or air conditioning system. It is defined as the ratio of
the coefficient of performance (COP) of the actual cycle to its theoretical COP
(COP of Carnot cycle).

𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑓 =
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡
Units of Refrigeration

• Refrigeration effect (RE): is the amount of heat extracted by

refrigerator from refrigerated space . The higher capacity of
refrigerator means higher refrigeration effect.
kJ / kg or (∆ℎ) Per unit mass

• RE
kW or 𝑚ሶ ∗ ∆ℎ
Units of Refrigeration

• Ton of Refrigeration (TR):

is the amount of heat being removed from one ton of water at
0℃ to form one ton of ice at 0℃ within 24 hours

One ton of Refrigeration ( 1 TR = 3.52 kW = 50 kcal/min )

Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle

1 4

2 3
Vapor-compression Refrigeration Cycle

An ordinary household
refrigerator.
ACTUAL VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
(SELF-CONTAINED .VS. REMOTE CONDENSING UNITS)

Evaporators Condensing Units

ACTUAL VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
(SELF-CONTAINED .VS. REMOTE CONDENSING UNITS)

Evaporators Condensing Units

ACTUAL VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
(CONDENSERS)
The condensing temperature must be
designed to be higher than the surrounding
medium temperature

Air Cooled Refrigeration System

means Air Cooled Condenser
ACTUAL VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
(CONDENSERS)

Water cooled
condensing unit

Water Cooled Refrigeration System

means Water Cooled Condenser
ACTUAL VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
(EVAPORATORS)
 State Phase
1 Sat. Liquid or Subcooled
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑄ሶ 𝐻 2 Wet Refrigerant
3 Sat. Vapor of Superheated
4 Superheated Vapor
1
Condenser
4

Expansion
Valve
2
3
Evaporator Compressor

𝑄ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑄ሶ 𝐿
 T P
Pcond 4
Tcond

Pcond 1
Tcond 4
1 Pevap

Tevap 3
Pevap 3
2 2
Tevap

Temperature – Entropy Diagram S Pressure – Enthalpy Diagram h

Throttling In An Expansion Device(1-2) Expansion Valve

𝑞1−2 − 𝑤1−2 = ∆ℎ1−2

But 𝑞1−2 = 𝑤1−2 = 0
1

∴ ℎ1 = ℎ2
2
Constant Pressure Heat Addition (2-3) Evaporator

𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑤2−3 = ∆ℎ2−3

But 𝑤2−3 = 0 2 3

𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 = ∆ℎ2−3 = ℎ3 − ℎ2 kJ/kg

𝑄ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ ∆ℎ2−3
𝑄ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑄ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ≡ 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
≡ 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
b a
≡ 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦
a-b medium to cooled & 2-3 refrigerant which is evaporated
𝑸ሶ 𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝑸ሶ 𝒂𝒃
 To calculate the energy consumed when freezing food (Cold Rooms).

Energy Balance
Evaporator

Product Temperature [℃]

𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
The evaporator capacity is
calculated by the refrigerating 𝑇𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔
load of the served application
(e.g. conditioned air, food 𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 Above
below
Freezing Freezing
products, .. etc.) Freezing

𝑄𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑄𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 s [kJ/kg.K]

𝑀𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡
[𝑐 – Tfreezing) + L.Hfreezing + 𝑐below(Tfreezing – Tfinal)]
=
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒(T initial
Constant Pressure Heat Rejection (4-1) Condenser

𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 − 𝑤4−1 = ∆ℎ4−1

But 𝑤4−1 = 0 c d

𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = ∆ℎ4−1 = ℎ4 − ℎ1 kJ/kg

𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ ∆ℎ4−1
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟
𝑄ሶ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 ≡ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
≡ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
1 4
≡ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦
c-d medium to heated & 4-1 refrigerant which is condensed
𝑸ሶ 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 = 𝑸ሶ 𝒄𝒅
Compression (3-4) Compressor

𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑗)𝑐 − 𝑤3−4 = ∆ℎ3−4 4

𝑸ሶ 𝒓𝒆𝒋
Or 𝑄ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑗 − 𝑊ሶ𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 ∗ ∆ℎ3−4
𝑊ሶ𝑐 ≡ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 kW
𝑊ሶ𝑐 ≡ 𝐼𝑃 ≡ 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 kW 𝑊ሶ𝑐

𝑄ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑗 ≡ 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

3
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 in kW
Reciprocating Compressor

Commercial Refrigeration Compressor

Reciprocating Compressor

HERMETIC Refrigeration compressor or (fridge compressor)

Reciprocating Compressor
IPc EPc
BPc

Reciprocating
Motor
Compressor

IPc ≡ Indicated Power of Compressor

BPc ≡ Brake Power of Compressor
EPc ≡ Electrical Power of the motor
Reciprocating Compressor
IPc EPc
BPc

Reciprocating
Motor
Compressor

𝐼𝑃𝑐
𝜂𝑚 ≡ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐵𝑃𝑐
𝐵𝑃𝑐
𝜂𝑒 ≡ 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝐸𝑃𝑐
𝐼𝑃𝑐 𝐼𝑃𝑐
∴ 𝐵𝑃𝑐 = & 𝐸𝑃𝑐 =
𝜂𝑚 𝜂𝑒 𝜂𝑚
 Tsat = -10 ℃

Psat
=0.2
MPa
 P
Tcond=40℃
T1=30℃

Pcond=1 Mpa

Pevap
Tevap T3> Tevap

h1 h3 h
Pressure – Enthalpy Diagram
 Compression Process(3-4)

Adiabatic Polytropic
(Q=0) (Q≠0)

Adiabatic + Adiabatic +
Reversible Irreversible
(isentropic i.e S3=S4) (i.e S3≠S4)
 P
Isentropic Compression (S3=S4) Tcond

q – wc = Δh 4s
Pcond

But q = 0

wc = h4s – h3
Pevap
Tevap 3
𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝐼𝑃𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 (ℎ4𝑠 − ℎ3 )

h3 h4s h
Pressure – Enthalpy Diagram
 P
Adiabatic + Irreversible (S3≠S4) Tcond

q – wc = Δh 4s 4
Pcond
But q = 0 wc = h 4 – h 3

𝑊ሶ 𝑐 = 𝐼𝑃𝑐 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 (ℎ4 − ℎ3 )

𝜂𝑖𝑠 ≡ 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
≡ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 Pevap
≡ 𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 Tevap 3

𝑤𝑖𝑠 (ℎ4𝑠 − ℎ3 )
𝜂𝑖𝑠 = =
𝑤𝑎𝑐𝑡 (ℎ4 − ℎ3 ) h3 h4s h4 h
Pressure – Enthalpy Diagram
Polytropic Compression P
qrej – wc = Δh ----------- (1) Tcond

But q ≠ 0 4
Pcond
𝑃3 𝑣3𝑛 = 𝑃4 𝑣4𝑛
𝑃4 𝜌4 𝑛
Or 𝑃 =
3 𝜌3

𝑛 Pevap
wc = 𝑃4 𝑣4 − 𝑃3 𝑣3 Tevap 3
𝑛−1
𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃4 𝑛
Or = 𝑛−1 𝑃3 𝑣3 𝑃3
−1

To get qrej ------- Form equ # (1)

h3 h4 h
Pressure – Enthalpy Diagram
h4 is obtained from chart by intersecting
density line (𝜌4 ) with pressure line (P4)
Reciprocating Compressor
d c
Clearance Volume ≡ 𝑉𝑑 Pcond = P4
Stroke Volume ≡ 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑑
𝑉𝑑
Clearance ratio ≡
𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑑
3
Pc ≈ Pd ≡ pressure in the cylinder during Pevap = P3
exhaust process a b
v
Pa ≈ Pb ≡ pressure in the cylinder during TDC BDC

intake process
Volumetric efficiency (𝜂𝑣 )
It the ratio of the actual mass of vapor
compressed to the mass of vapor that could be d c
compressed if the intake volume equaled the Pcond = P4
piston displacement and the state of vapor at
the beginning of compression were equal to
state (3)
3
𝑚ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝜌𝑏 𝑉𝑏 −𝑉𝑎 𝜐3 𝑉𝑏 −𝑉𝑎
Pevap = P3
𝜂𝑣 = = = a b
𝑚ሶ 𝑡ℎ 𝜌3 𝑉𝑏 −𝑉𝑑 𝜐𝑏 𝑉𝑏 −𝑉𝑑
v
𝜐3 𝑉𝑏 −𝑉𝑑 +𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑎 𝜐3 𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑎 TDC BDC
= = 1+
𝜐𝑏 𝑉𝑏 −𝑉𝑑 𝜐𝑏 𝑉𝑏 −𝑉𝑑
 𝜐3 𝑉𝑑 −𝑉𝑎
𝜂𝑣 = 1+
𝜐𝑏 𝑉𝑏 −𝑉𝑑
𝜐3 𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑎 d c
= 1+ 1− Pcond = P4
𝜐𝑏 𝑉𝑏 −𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑑

𝜐3 𝑉𝑎
= 1+𝑐 1−
𝜐𝑏 𝑉𝑑
1 1
𝑉𝑎 𝑃𝑑 𝑛 𝑃𝑐 𝑛 3
𝑏𝑢𝑡 = = as 𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶
𝑉𝑑 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑏 Pevap = P3
a b
1
𝑃𝑐 𝑛 𝜐3 v
𝜂𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 * TDC BDC
𝑃𝑏 𝜐𝑏

Where
𝜐3 ≡ 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜐𝑏 ≡ 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 𝑚ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝜂𝑣 =
𝑚ሶ 𝑡ℎ

𝑚ሶ 𝑟𝑒𝑓 d c
𝜂𝑣 = Pcond = P4
𝑃.𝐷 ∗𝜌3
Where
𝑃. 𝐷 ≡ 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑚3/𝑠 3
Pevap = P3
𝜋 𝑁
𝑃. 𝐷 = 𝐷2 𝐿 𝑍 a b
4 60
v
TDC BDC
L = Stroke in m
D = Diameter (bore) in m
Z = Number of cylinders
N = Compressor rpm
a-3 ≡ 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 P
3-3’ ≡ 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒
3’ -3" ≡ 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 Tcond
4-4’ ≡ 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 4
Pcond 1
3 ≡ Beginning of suction 4'
3" ≡ end of Suction
(beginning of compression)
1
𝑃4 𝑛 𝜌3"
Pevap a 3
𝜂𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 *
𝑃3" 𝜌3
2
For adiabatic compression 3' 3"
n=γ Ex: γ = 1.13 R-12 Tevap
γ = 1.31 ammonia
Pressure – Enthalpy Diagram h
γ = 1.26 R-1341
LIQUID-SUCTION HEAT EXCHANGER

4′ 4 3
𝑃𝑐

P [MPa]
Energy Balance 𝑃𝑒
1 2 2′

ℎ4 − ℎ4 ′ = ℎ 2 ′ − ℎ2
h [kJ/kg]
 LIQUID-SUCTION HEAT EXCHANGER

For the same designed refrigerating

capacity:
4′ 4 3
𝑃𝑐
Refrigerating Effect , so 𝑚𝑟
P [MPa]

But suction density , so compressor

𝑃𝑒
1 2 2′ specific work (𝑤𝐶 = − ∫ 𝑣. 𝑑𝑃 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑃)
𝜌

h [kJ/kg] So
𝑊𝐶 ⇕⇕= 𝑚˙𝑟 𝖴 𝑤𝐶 ⇑
LIQUID-SUCTION HEAT EXCHANGER
LIQUID-SUCTION HEAT EXCHANGER