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Loops and Flow Control

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Vineeta D
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9 views

Loops and Flow Control

Uploaded by

Vineeta D
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Loops and Flow Control

Loops in R
I In R the for loop is used perform a task for each element in a set.
I Example:
I Given a set of integers:
> 1:3
[1] 1 2 3
I Let a variable i run through the set and print i + i:
> for(i in 1:3) {
+ cat(i, "+", i, "=", i+i, "\n")
+ }
1 + 1 = 2
2 + 2 = 4
3 + 3 = 6
I The sequence to loop through is not limited to a vector of integers. For
example, we could let a variable run through a list, data.frame or matrix.
I Example:
I > d <- data.frame(a = 1:2, b=2:3)
I Print column sums of d:
> for(x in d) {
+ cat("Column sum:", sum(x), "\n")
+ }
Column sum: 3
Column sum: 5
Flow Control: if and if else statements

I if(cond) expr:
> for(i in 1:3){
+ if (i==2) cat("This index is even:","\n")
+ cat(i,"\n")
+ }
1
This index is even:
2
3
I if(cond) cond.expr else alt.expr:
> for(i in 1:3){
+ if (i==2) cat("The index is 2","\n") else
+ cat("The index is not 2","\n")
+ }
The index is not 2
The index is 2
The index is not 2
Flow charts for if and if else statements

Enter if statement Enter if else statement

Break?

FALSE TRUE FALSE


Test expr. Test expr.

TRUE
1st body 2nd body
Body of if of if else of if else
While and repeat loops

The while loop:


I while(cond) expr

The repeat loop:


I repeat expr

The repeat loop has to be exited manually.

Flow controllers:
I next: Halts the execution of the current iteration of the loop and advances
to the next
I break: Exits the loop
Flow charts for repeat and while loops

Enter repeat loop Enter while loop

Body of Yes
Break? Exit while loop
loop
No

No Body of
Break?
loop
Yes

Exit repeat loop


While loop example

Storing of machine parts

> k<-0 # number of big parts (>2)


> y<-abs(rnorm(1000)) # simulated part size
> i<-0 # index of parts
> # loop:
> while(k<3 & i<1000){
+ i<-i+1
+ temp<-y[i]
+ k<-k+(temp>2)
+ }
> rm(temp)
> i
[1] 42
Repeat loop example

Selection of persons without blue or yellow eyes

> eye.colors<-c("brown","blue","green","yellow","grey")
> eyecolor<-data.frame(personId=1:100,color=
+ sample(eye.colors,100,rep=T))
> i<-0
> list.of.ids<-numeric(0) # patient ID list
> #loop:
> repeat {
+ i<-i+1
+ if(eyecolor$color[i]=="yellow" |
+ eyecolor$color[i]=="blue") next
+ list.of.ids<-c(list.of.ids,eyecolor$personId[i])
+ if(i==100 | length(list.of.ids)==20) break
+ }
> list.of.ids
[1] 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 15 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 28
[19] 29 30
Loops and run times

When the amount of data is large, loops can significantly increase run time:
> y<-matrix(rnorm(1000000),nrow=1000)
> z<-0*y
> time1<-as.numeric(Sys.time())
> #loop:
> for(i in 1:1000){
+ for(j in 1:1000){
+ z[i,j]<-y[i,j]^2
+ }
+ }
> time2<-as.numeric(Sys.time())
> # using object form in R:
> z<-y^2
> time3<-as.numeric(Sys.time())
> # run time increase factor:
> (time2-time1)/(time3-time2)
[1] Inf
lapply() and sapply()

I Functions which apply functions are to vectors, matrices, arrays or lists.


I The lapply() and sapply() function apply functions to the input.
I The lapply() and sapply() are similar, except that:
I The output from lapply() is a list;
I The output from sapply() is a vector or a matrix.
lapply() and sapply examples

A simple example: Sum the colums of a data frame.


> my.data<-data.frame(data1=rnorm(10),data2=rnorm(10),data3=rnorm(10))
> lapply(my.data,sum)
$data1
[1] 3.189681

$data2
[1] 2.711566

$data3
[1] -3.247268
> sapply(my.data,sum)
data1 data2 data3
3.189681 2.711566 -3.247268
lapply() and sapply() examples

A less simple example: Applying lapply() and sapply() to lists.


> A<-matrix(1:9,nrow=3);B<-matrix(1:16,nrow=4);C=matrix(1:8,nrow=4)
> my.list<-list(A=A,B=B,C=C); my.list
$A
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 4 7
[2,] 2 5 8
[3,] 3 6 9

$B
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 5 9 13
[2,] 2 6 10 14
[3,] 3 7 11 15
[4,] 4 8 12 16

$C
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 5
[2,] 2 6
[3,] 3 7
[4,] 4 8
lapply() and sapply() examples

Now let’s suppose that we want to extract the second column of each of these
matrices. We can do this with the square bracket function:

> lapply(my.list,"[",,2)
$A
[1] 4 5 6

$B
[1] 5 6 7 8

$C
[1] 5 6 7 8

sapply() cannot do this job!

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