MODULE–1

A. DC CIRCUITS
OHMS LAW:
STATEMENT: The current flowing through the conductor is:
# Directly proportional to the applied voltage(V) between the two ends of
the conductor ie., 𝐼 ∝ 𝑉
I 1⁄𝑅
# Inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor(R) ie.,
-- Provided the temperature is maintained constant.
Combining both, we have 𝐼 = 𝑉⁄𝑅 at constant temperature.

𝑉
OHM’S Law relation: ( a) 𝐼 = Ampere (A)
𝑅
(b) 𝑉 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝑅 Volts(V)
𝑉
(c) 𝑅 = Ohms(Ω)
𝐼

LIMITATIONS OF OHM’S LAW:

• It is applicable only for Linear Circuits(Having straight line characteristics
with Resistance, Inductance & capacitance).
• It is applicable only at constant temperature.
• It is applicable for circuits excited by independent voltage source.
• Not applicable for non-linear elements such as Diode, Transistor,Vacuum
Tubes etc.
NOTE: OHM’s law is applicable for both dc & ac circuit.

CONCEPT OF NORMAL CIRCUIT, OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT

R SHORT CKT
OPEN CKT
I I I V
V V

CLOSED CIRCUIT( 𝐼 = 𝑉⁄𝑅 ) OPEN CIRCUIT(I=0, R=) SHORT CIRCUIT(R=0,I=)

Page 1 of 14
 R=5Ω
EX. 1) 𝐼 = 𝑉⁄𝑅= 20⁄5 =4A
20V If R=1000Ω, 𝐼 = 20⁄1000 =20*10−3 =20mA

2) A I=4A B VAB=𝐼 ∗ 𝑅 = 4 ∗ 20 = 80 𝑉
R=20Ω
IF R=40Ω, VAB=𝐼 ∗ 𝑅 = 4 ∗ 40 = 160 𝑉

R=?
3) I=5A 𝑅 = 𝑉⁄𝐼 =10⁄5=2Ω

10V 𝐼𝑓 𝐼 = 10𝐴, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅 = 10⁄10 = 1𝛺

SERIES CIRCUIT: When number of circuit elements (R/L/C/V) are connected in

such a way that ‘finishing end’ of one element is connected to ‘starting end’ of
next element and so on, to form chain connection, it constitute Series Circuit.

V1 V2 V3
R1 R2 R3 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 , but V=IR
I 1
(𝐼 ∗ 𝑅𝑒𝑞)=(𝐼 ∗ 𝑅1) + (𝐼 ∗ 𝑅2) + (𝐼 ∗ 𝑅3)
V
Hence, 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3)

CONCEPT: I = Same V=∑𝑛0 𝑉k Req= ∑𝑛

0 𝑅𝑘 = Sum of Individual Resistance

Example:
If V=100V, R1=6Ω, R2=4Ω, R3=10Ω
V1 V2 V3 then Req= (6+4+10)=20 Ω
R1 R2 R3
and, I=𝑉⁄𝑅 =100⁄20 = 5𝐴.
1 1
I
𝑉1 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝑅1 = 5 ∗ 6 = 30𝑉
V
𝑉2 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝑅2 = 5 ∗ 4 = 20𝑉
𝑉3 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝑅3 = 5 ∗ 10 = 50𝑉

CHECK: 𝑉 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 𝑉 = 30 + 20 + 50 = 100𝑉

NOTE: Applied Voltage is equal to Sum of the voltages across each

resisitor connected in series.

Page 2 of 14
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT : When number of circuit elements (R/L/C/V) are connected in such a
way that ‘starting end’ of one element is connected to ‘starting end’ of next
element, fininishing end being connected finishing end and so on, tt constitute
Parllel Circuit.

I1 R1 𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3, 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 , I=𝑉⁄𝑅
𝑉⁄ 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
I2 𝑅𝑒𝑞= ⁄𝑅1+ ⁄𝑅2 + ⁄𝑅3
` 1
I3
R2 𝑉 [𝑅𝑒𝑞]=𝑉((1⁄𝑅1) + (1⁄𝑅2) + (1⁄𝑅3))
1⁄ 1 1 1
R3 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = ⁄𝑅1 + ⁄𝑅2 + ⁄𝑅3
I 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 1
` V ⁄𝑅1+1⁄𝑅2+1⁄𝑅3

CONCEPT: V = Same I=∑𝑛0 𝐼 k Geq= ∑𝑛

0 𝐺𝑘 = Sum of Individual Conductance
NOTE: 1. Conductance 𝐺 = 1⁄𝑅 , 𝐺1 = 1⁄𝑅1 , 𝐺2 = 1⁄𝑅2 , 𝐺3 = 1⁄𝑅3 , 𝐺𝑒𝑞 = 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 + 𝐺3.
𝑅1∗𝑅2
2. If 2-Resistors are in parallel, 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = . If R1=R2=R, 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅⁄2
𝑅1+𝑅2
3. If 3- equal Resisitors are in parallel, 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅⁄3
4. If n- equal Resisitors are in parallel, 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅⁄𝑛 .

𝑉
CONCEPT OF VOLTAGE DIVIDER : 𝐼=
𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅3

R1 R2 R3
𝑉∗𝑅1
V1 V2 V3 𝑉1 = 𝐼𝑅1 =
I 𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅3
𝑉∗𝑅2
v 𝑉2 = 𝐼𝑅2 =
𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅3
𝑉∗𝑅3
𝑉3 = 𝐼𝑅3 =
𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅3

CONCEPT OF CURRENT DIVISION RULE :

𝐼2∗𝑅2
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 & 𝐼1 ∗ 𝑅1 = 𝐼2 ∗ 𝑅2 ∴ I1=
I1 R1 𝑅1
𝐼2∗𝑅2 𝑅2
= +𝐼2 = 𝐼2 ( + 1)
𝑅1 𝑅1
I I2 R2 𝑅1+𝑅2
= 𝐼2 ( )
𝑅1
𝐼 ∗ 𝑅1 𝐼 ∗ 𝑅2
V Hence, 𝐼2 = 𝑅1+𝑅2 and 𝐼1 = 𝑅1+𝑅2

Page 3 of 14
ELECTRICAL WORK DONE, ENERGY AND POWER:
Electrical Work Done = E=Elect. Charge * Potential diff.=( 𝑄 ∗ 𝑉) & 𝑄 = (𝐼 ∗ 𝑡)
Hence, 𝐸 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼 ∗ 𝑡 in Joules or Watt-hour.
𝑉∗ 𝐼∗ 𝑡
Electric Power= Rate of doing Electrical work = 𝐸⁄𝑡 = =𝑉∗𝐼
𝑡

VARIOUS POWER EQUATIONS:

2
𝑃 =𝑉 ∗ 𝐼 = 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼2 𝑅 V in Volts, I in amps, R in ohms and P is in watts

KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW ( Point Law / Junction Law / Node Law)

SUM OF CURRENTS ENTERING A NODE IS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF

CURRENTS LEAVING THE NODE.
OR

ALGEBRAIC SUM OF ALL THE CURRENTS MEETING AT A POINT/ NODE TAKEN

WITH PROPER SIGN WOULD ADD UPTO ZERO.

EQUATION 1 (𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 + 𝐼4) = (𝐼5 + 𝐼6 + 𝐼7 + 𝐼8)

I1 I2
I8
EQUATION 2 (𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 + 𝐼4 − 𝐼5 − 𝐼6 − 𝐼7 − 𝐼8) = 0

NOTE:( For statement -2)

1. In the present example : I3
I7
# Current entering the NODE is taken as +VE
# Current leaving the NODE is taken as -VE
I6 I4
2. Reverse polarity can also be considered.
I5
# Current entering the NODE can be taken as -VE
# Current leaving the NODE can be taken as +-VE.
Under this condition :
EQUATION 2 (−𝐼1 − 𝐼2 − 𝐼3 − 𝐼4 + 𝐼5 + 𝐼6 + 𝐼7 + 𝐼8) = 0

3. Equation-2 under both considerations are equivalent.

Page 4 of 14
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (Loop Law / Mesh Rule)

IN A CLOSED CIRCUIT / MESH /LOOP, ALGEBRAIC SUM OF ALL THE EMF

SOURCES AND INDIVIDUAL POTENTIAL DROPS TAKEN WITH PROPER SIGN
WILL ADD-UP TO ZERO.

ALT1 EQUATION: Moving from A-B-C-D-E-F-A (clockwise current)

B V1 C
𝑉(𝐴𝐵) + 𝑉(𝐵𝐶) + 𝑉(𝐶𝐷) + 𝑉(𝐷𝐸) + 𝑉(𝐸𝐹) + 𝑉(𝐹𝐴) = 0 R1
E1
+𝐸1 − 𝐼𝑅1 − 𝐼𝑅2 − 𝐸2 − 𝐼𝑅3 − 𝐼𝑅4 = 0 V2
1 R2
NOTE: A I D
(1) A to B : from –ve to +ve : potential rise- Hence +E1
V4
(2) (B to C), (C to D), (E to F) & (F to A): +ve to –ve, drop R4
E2
Hence ( -IR1), (-IR2),(-IR3), (-IR4). R3
F
(3) D to E : from +ve to –ve : drop Hence (-E2) V3
E

ALT2 EQUATION: Moving from A-F-E-D-C-B-A (Anti-clockwise current)

𝑉(𝐴𝐹) + 𝑉(𝐹𝐸) + 𝑉(𝐸𝐷) + 𝑉(𝐷𝐶) + 𝑉(𝐶𝐵) + 𝑉(𝐵𝐴) = 0

+ 𝐼𝑅4 + 𝐼𝑅3 + 𝐸2 + 𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝑅1 − 𝐸1 =0
NOTE:
(1) (A to F), (F to E), (D to C) & (C to B): -ve to +ve, Potential Rise,
Hence ( +IR4), (+IR3),(+IR2), (+IR1).
(2) E to D : from -ve to +ve : Potential rise Hence (+E2)
(3) B to A : from +ve to -ve : Drop in potential- Hence (-E1)

BOTH EQUATIONS( ALT1 & 2) ARE EQUIVALENT.

Page 5 of 14
PROBLEM 1: For the given network, find I, I1, I2, I3, V1, V2, V3, P1 to P5 & Pt.
Given, V=100V, R1=2Ω, R2=30Ω ,
R3=20Ω, R4=12Ω, R5=2Ω. I3 R4=12Ω
SOL: R34= R3//R4= 20//12= 7.5Ω,
I2 R3=20Ω
R24= R2//R4= 30//12= 8.57Ω
R1=2Ω R2=30Ω R5=2Ω
R23= R2//R3= 30//20= 12Ω I1 I
R234= (30 //20//12) Ω = 6Ω . V1 V2 V3
Rtotal=R12345 = R1 + R234 + R5 =(2 +6+2)Ω = 10Ω. I
𝐼 = 𝑉⁄𝑅 = 100⁄10 =10A. V=100V

METHOD 1 to calculate I1, I2 & I3

( Using Branch Current Formula)
I1=(10 * R34)/ (R2+R34)=(10*7.5)/ (37.5)=2A
I2= (10 * R24)/ (R3+R24)=(10*8.57)/ (28.57)=3A
I3= (10 * R23)/ (R4+R23)=(10*12)/ (24)=5A
CROSS CHECK: I1 + I2 + I3 = (2 + 3 + 5) A= 10A = I ( KCL)

𝑉2 = 𝐼1 ∗ 𝑅2 = 𝐼2 ∗ 𝑅3 = 𝐼3 ∗ 𝑅4 = 2 ∗ 30 = 60𝑉 ( 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑅𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒)

𝑉1 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝑅1 = 10 ∗ 2 = 20𝑉, 𝑉3 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝑅5 = 10 ∗ 2 = 20𝑉
CROSS CHECK: V1 + V2 +V3 = (20 +60 +20) V= 100V =V ( KVL)

P1= 𝐼 2 𝑅1 = 100 ∗ 2 = 200𝑊, P2 = 𝐼12 𝑅2 = 4 ∗ 30 = 120𝑊,

P3 = 𝐼22 𝑅3 = 9 ∗ 20 = 180𝑊 P4 = 𝐼32 𝑅4 = 25 ∗ 12 = 300𝑊
P5 = 𝐼 2 𝑅5 = 100 ∗ 2 = 200𝑊
𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 𝑃𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 = 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 + 𝑃4 + 𝑃5 = 1000𝑊.

CROSS CHECK: NET VOLTAGE= 100V, NET CURRENT=10A, TOTAL POWER= V*I=100*10=1000W

I3 R4=12Ω
METHOD 2 to calculate I1, I2 & I3 :
Using OHM’s Law & KVL: I2 R3=20Ω
R1=2Ω R2=30Ω R5=2Ω
I1
Total current is computed as I=10A V1 V2 V3
STEP1: 𝑉1 = (𝐼 ∗ 𝑅1) = 20𝑉, 𝑉3 = (𝐼 ∗ 𝑅5) = 20𝑉 I
I
STEP2: 𝑊. 𝐾. 𝑇, 𝑉 = (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3) V=100V
∴ 𝑉2 = (𝑉) − (𝑉1 + 𝑉3) 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑉2 = (100 − 40) = 60𝑉
∴ 𝐼1 = 𝑉2⁄𝑅2 = 60⁄30 = 2𝐴 , 𝐼2 = 𝑉2⁄𝑅3 = 60⁄20 = 3𝐴, 𝐼3 = 𝑉2⁄𝑅3 = 60⁄12 = 5𝐴

Page 6 of 14
PROB 2: Find ‘R’ & Total current in the circuit if the Total Power dissipated is 16W.
SOL:
4𝑅 R2=4Ω R4=2Ω
Reff(1)=4//R=
4+𝑅
2∗8
R R3=8Ω
Reff(2)=2//8= = 1.6𝛺
2+8 I 1 2
4𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓(1) + 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓(2) = 4+𝑅 + 1.6
V=8V
Given, 𝑃𝑡 = 16 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝐼 = 16⁄8 = 2𝐴
4𝑅 4𝑅
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑉⁄𝐼 = 8⁄2 = 4𝛺. 𝑖𝑒. , 4 = 4+𝑅 + 1.6 𝑖𝑒. , 4+𝑅 = 2.4 . Solving, R=6Ω

PROBLEM 3: For the given network, find Effective Resistance between (P) & (Q).
SOL:
RA=10Ω R2=14Ω R6=7Ω
R89= R8//R9=6//6=3Ω
P R7
R789= R7+ R89=2+3=5Ω R5
6Ω 2Ω
R6789=R6+R789=12Ω
R34=R3//R4=12//12=6Ω R1
R345=R5+R34=6+6=12Ω 20Ω R8 R9
R3 R4
R3456789=R345//R6789 12Ω 12Ω 6Ω 6Ω
= 12//12=6Ω Q
R23456789=R2+R3456789
=14+6=20Ω RB=5Ω
R123456789=R1//R23456789
=20//20= 10Ω RPQ= RA+R123456789+RB=10+10+5=25Ω

PROBLEM 4: For the given network, find current in all the branches.
SOL: 80A
Let the current thro’ A-B =IAB=I 0.02Ω A 0.02Ω
KCL @ B, IBC=(I-60) I-80
I 60A
KCL @ C, ICD=(I-60+60)=I 30A
F B
KCL @ D, IDE=(I-120)
0.01Ω
KCL @ E, IEF=(I-120+70)=(I-50) I-60 0.01Ω
KCL @ F, IFA =(I-50-30)=(I-80)
I-50
KCL @ A, IAB= (I-80+80)= I C
E 60A
( same as assumed earlier) 70A I
Apply KVL for, A-B-C-D-E-F-A I-120
0.03Ω
{−(𝐼)(0.02) − (0.01)(𝐼 − 60) − (𝐼)(0.03) 0.01Ω D
−(𝐼 − 120)(0.01) – (𝐼 − 50)(0.01) −(𝐼 − 80)(0.02)} = 0 120A

Page 7 of 14
{0 + 0.6 + 0 + 1.2 + 0.5 + 1.6) = (0.02𝐼 + 0.01𝐼 + 0.03𝐼 + 0.01𝐼 + 0.01𝐼 + 0.02𝐼)
𝑖𝑒. , 0.1𝐼 = 3.9 𝑖𝑒. , 𝑰 = 𝟑𝟗𝑨
∴ IAB=39A, IBC=(39-60)= - 21A, ICD=39A, IDE=(39-120)= - 81A, IEF=(39-50)= -11A, IFA=(39-80)= - 41A.

NOTE: -ve sign indicates current flows in opposite direction ie., C to B, E to D, F to E & A to F.

80A 80A
A A
.02Ω .02Ω
.02Ω .02Ω
30A 60A 30A 60A
41 39 41 39
B F B
.01Ω F .01Ω .01Ω .01Ω
21 21
11 11

E C E C
70A .03Ω 70A .03Ω 60A
81 39 60A 81 39

.01Ω D .01Ω D

120A 120A

ASUMED DIRECTIONS OF IBC,IDE,IEF & IFA IS WRONG CORRECT DIRECTIONS OF IBC,IDE,IEF & IFA

PROBLEM 5: For the given network, find the voltage between X-Y & also X-c
SOL: R1=2Ω V3=4V
Apply KVL to Loop1: X b
+2 − 3𝐼1 − 2𝐼1 = 0 𝑖𝑒. , 𝐼1 = 2⁄5 = 0.4𝐴 V1
R2 R3 R5
Apply KVL to Loop1: 2V 3Ω 2Ω 5Ω
+4 − 2𝐼2 − 𝐼2 − 5𝐼2 = 0 𝑖𝑒. , 𝐼2 = 4⁄8 = 0.5𝐴 V2=4V I2
I1
VXY= VXa+ Vab + VbY= (−3𝐼1 − 4 + 2𝐼2) a Y c
R4=1Ω
= (−1.2 − 4 + 1) = −4.2𝑉 2
VXc= VXa+ Vab + VbY + VYc = (−3𝐼1 − 4 + 2𝐼2) + 𝐼2)
= (−1.2 − 4 + 1 + 0.5) = −3.7𝑉

Page 8 of 14
PROBLEM 6: For the given network, find the current drawn from battery, current
in each branch & PD across A-B. I Q
SOL: I1 I2
Apply KVL to loop1 & Loop2. V R4
R2
Loop1 (P-Q-A-S-P): 10V 6Ω
2Ω
+𝑉 − (𝑋 + 𝑌)(𝑅2) − (𝑋 + 𝑌)(𝑅3) − ((𝑋)(𝑅1) = 0
10 − (𝑋)(9) − (𝑌)(5) = 0 𝑖𝑒. ,9𝑋 + 5𝑌 = 10− (1) X Y
P A B
Loop2 (B-Q-A-S-B)): 1
−(𝑌)(𝑅4) − (𝑋 + 𝑌)(𝑅2) − (𝑋 + 𝑌)𝑅3 − (𝑌)(𝑅5) = 0
−(𝑋)(5) − 𝑌(19) = 0 𝑖𝑒., 5𝑋 + 19𝑌 = 0− (2) R1 R3 R5
Solving equation (1) & (2), X=1.3A & Y=-0.34A 4Ω 3Ω 8Ω
Hence, Battery current I=X=1.3A,
S
I1=(X+Y)=0.96A, I2= - Y = + 0.34A
VAB= VAS + VSB= + (I1*R3) - (I2*R5) = (0.96*3) - (0.34*8), VAB = 0.16V

PROBLEM 7: 3-Nos of 60W/120V bulbs are connected across 120V supply as shown. Find
Voltage across each bulb, Power dissipated in each bulb & current flowing thro’ each bulb.

2 2 2 IA RA
A 𝑃 = 𝑉 ⁄𝑅 ∴ 𝑅 = 𝑉 ⁄𝑃 = 120 ⁄60 IB IC
120V RA=RB=RC= 240Ω 120V
B C RB RC
240∗240
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑅𝐴 + (𝑅𝐵 //𝑅𝐶 ) = (240 + 240+240) = 360𝛺 ∴ 𝐼𝐴 = 120⁄360 = 1⁄3 𝐴
1⁄ 1 1
3
𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐶 = 240+240 (240) = 1⁄6 𝐴 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘: 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶 = + = 1⁄3 = 𝐼𝐴
6 6
𝑉𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴 ∗ 𝑅𝐴 = 1⁄3 ∗ 240 = 80 𝑣 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝑐 =1⁄6 ∗ 240 = 40𝑉
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 = 80 + 40 = 120𝑉 = 𝑉𝐴
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼 𝑃𝐴 = 1⁄3 ∗ 80 = 26.6𝑊, 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶 = 1⁄6 ∗ 40 = 6.6𝑊
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐵 + 𝑃𝐶 = 40𝑊.

PROBLEM 8: Find I2 , I3, I4 , R2,Effective Resistance & net voltage across the circuit.
SOL: Given R1=6Ω, R3=30Ω, R4=15Ω, I=10A & I1=5A. I
𝑉 = 𝐼1 ∗ 𝑅1 = 5 ∗ 6 = 30𝑉 I1 I2 I3 I4
𝑉 𝑉
𝐼3 = 𝑅3 = 30⁄30 = 1𝐴, 𝐼4 = 𝑅4 = 30⁄15 = 2𝐴 V=?
R3 R4
R1 R2
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 + 𝐼4 ∴ 𝐼2 = 𝐼 − (𝐼1 + 𝐼3 + 𝐼4)
𝐼2 = 10 − (5 + 1 + 2) = 2𝐴 ∴ 𝑅2 = 30⁄2 = 15𝛺
1 1 1 1
𝐺𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑅4 = 1⁄6 + 1⁄15 + 1⁄30 + 1⁄15 = 1⁄3 𝑚ℎ𝑜
∴ 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1⁄𝐺𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 3𝛺 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = (𝑉 ∗ 𝐼) = (30 ∗ 10) = 300𝑊

Page 9 of 14
PROBLEM 9: Using KVL, find current thro’ 5Ω resistor in the circuit shown.
SOL:
Apply KVL to Loop-1( a-b-c-d-a): 3Ω 2Ω
b c e
50 − 3𝐼1 − 5(𝐼1 − 𝐼2) − 6𝐼1 = 0
𝑖𝑒. , −14𝐼1 + 5𝐼2 = −50 1 50V I1 5Ω I2 25V
Apply KVL to Loop-2( c-e-f-d-c):
−2𝐼2 − 25 − 8𝐼2 − 5(𝐼2 − 𝐼1) = 0 a 6Ω d 8Ω f
𝑖𝑒. , 5𝐼1 − 15𝐼2 = +25 2 f
′
Solving (1)& (2), I1 = 3.37A & 𝐼2 = 0.54𝐴 ∴ 𝐼(𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜 5𝛺 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟) = (𝐼1 − 𝐼2) = 2.83𝐴

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM: The maximum power transfer theorem states
that, to obtain maximum external power from a source with a finite internal resistance, the
resistance of the load must equal the resistance of the source as viewed from its output
terminals. This is an essential tool for ensuring successful system design.

RS is the source
S resistance & RLis
Rs O L
U the load resistance.
POWER O
R RL Max. Power is
A
+ C transferred from
E D
E
source to Load
–
when RS=RL.

PROOF:
𝐸
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡, 𝐼 = 𝑅
𝑆 +𝑅𝐿
2 𝐸
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐿 = (𝑅 )2 ∗ 𝑅𝐿
𝑆 +𝑅𝐿
𝐼𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡, 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 & ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑅𝐿 .
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑, 𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎/𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑎.
𝐸
𝑑(𝑃) 𝜕(( ) 2 ∗ 𝑅𝐿 ) [(𝑅𝑆 +𝑅𝐿 )2 ∗1]−[𝑅𝐿 (2)(𝑅𝑆 +𝑅𝐿 )]
𝑅𝑆 +𝑅𝐿
𝑖𝑒. , 𝑑𝑅 = =𝐸∗
𝐿 𝜕𝑅𝐿 (𝑅𝑆 +𝑅𝐿 )4
𝑑(𝑃)
𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑, 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 =0
𝑑𝑅𝐿
[(𝑅𝑆 +𝑅𝐿 )2 ∗1]−[𝑅𝐿 (2)(𝑅𝑆 +𝑅𝐿 )]
∴ 𝐸∗ = 0 , 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑅𝑆 + 𝑅𝐿 ) − (2𝑅𝐿 ) = 0, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑅𝐿 .
(𝑅𝑆 +𝑅𝐿 )4
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒.

Page 10 of 14
PROB 1: For the circuit shown, find the value of R3 to have maximum power transfer? Also find
the current I, I1(thro R1), I2(thro R2), I3(thro R3) & I4(thro R4) , Max. Power & Power dissipated
in R3, under maximum power transfer condition.
SOLUTION:
𝑅 𝑅 3∗6 𝑅 𝑅 5𝑅
I 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅 1+𝑅2 = 3+6 = 2𝛺 & 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅 3+𝑅4 = 5+𝑅3
1 2 3 4 3
s R1 As per Max. Power Transfer theorem,
Rs o RA R2
u
3Ω R6Ω 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅𝐿
4Ω B
r 𝑖𝑒. , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝐿 = 𝑅𝑠 = 4𝛺 = 𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 = 2 + 𝑅𝐵
E c 5𝑅3
8V R4 ∴ 𝑅𝐵 = (4 − 2) = 2𝛺 = . 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑅3 = 3.33𝛺
e R3 RB 5+𝑅3
5Ω 𝐸 8
𝐼= = = 1𝐴
𝑅𝑆 +𝑅𝐿 4+4

𝑅2 6 𝑅1 3
𝐼1 = 𝐼 ∗ = 1 ∗ = 0.666𝐴, 𝐼2 = 𝐼 ∗ = 1 ∗ = 0.333𝐴
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 9 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 9
𝑅4 5 𝑅1 3.333
𝐼3 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝑅 = 1 ∗ 8.333 = 0.6𝐴, 𝐼2 = 𝐼 ∗ 𝑅 = 1 ∗ 8.333 = 0.4𝐴
3 +𝑅4 1 +𝑅2
2
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼 𝑅𝐿 = 1 ∗ 4 = 4𝑊
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑅3 = 𝐼32 ∗ 𝑅3 = 0.62 ∗ 3.33 = 1.2𝑊
PROB 2: For the circuit shown, find the value of RA, RB, RC, RD, RE under maximum power
transfer condition? Also find the current I, I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6 & I7 under maximum power transfer
condition and Max. Power transferred.
R RA

I1 I2
I
RB R R

s
Rs o
5Ω u
I3 I4 I5
r
c RC R R R
E e
10V

I6 I7
RD R R

R
RE

Page 11 of 14
SOLUTION:
𝑅∗𝑅 𝑅
𝑅𝐵 = = ⁄2 , 𝑅𝐶 = 𝑅⁄3 , 𝑅𝐷 = 𝑅⁄2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑇 = [𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 + 𝑅𝐶 + 𝑅𝐷 + 𝑅𝐸 ]
𝑅+𝑅
𝑖𝑒. , 𝑅𝑇 = [𝑅 + 𝑅⁄2 + 𝑅⁄3 + 𝑅⁄2 + 𝑅] = 20𝑅⁄6
As per Max. Power Transfer theorem,
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑠 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑖𝑒. , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑅𝑇 = 5𝛺 = 20𝑅⁄6 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅 = 1.5𝛺
∴ 𝑅𝐴 = 1.5𝛺, 𝑅𝐵 = 0.75𝛺, 𝑅𝐶 = 0.5𝛺, 𝑅𝐷 = 0.75𝛺, 𝑅𝐸 = 1.5𝛺
𝐸 10
𝐼 = 𝑅 +𝑅 = 5+5 = 1𝐴, 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼⁄2 = 0.5𝐴, 𝐼3 = 𝐼4 = 𝐼5 = 𝐼⁄3 = 0.33𝐴, 𝐼6 = 𝐼7 = 𝐼⁄2 = 0.5𝐴
𝑆 𝑇

𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐼 2 ∗ 𝑅𝑇 = 12 ∗ 5 = 5𝑊

I
PROB3: Find the value of Resistance ‘R4’in the circuit shown
so that the current drawn from Battery is 250mA. Given R4
R1=30Ω , R2=40Ω, R3=40Ω. V=5V R1
SOL: R3
40∗𝑅4
STEP1: R3 & R4 are in parallel. 𝑅34 = 40+𝑅4
R2
STEP2: R2 is in series with R34.
40∗𝑅4
𝑅234 = (𝑅2 + 𝑅34) = (40 + 40+𝑅4) STEP-1 STEP-2
I
=(
1600+80𝑅4
) I
40+𝑅4

V=5V R1 R234
STEP-3: R1 & R234 are in parallel. V=5V
R34 R1
(30)∗(1600+80𝑅4)/(40+𝑅4)
𝑅1234 = (30)+(1600+80𝑅4)/(40+𝑅4)
R2
(30)∗(1600+80𝑅4)
𝑅1234 = (30)(40+𝑅4)+(1600+80𝑅4) STEP-3
𝑉 5 I
𝐵𝑢𝑡, 𝑅𝐸𝑓𝑓 = = = 20𝛺 = 𝑅1234
𝐼 0.25
(30)∗(1600+80𝑅4) R1234
∴ 20 = (30)(40+𝑅4)+(1600+80𝑅4) V=5V

(3)∗(1600+80𝑅4)
𝑖𝑒, 2 = (30)(40+𝑅4)+(1600+80𝑅4)
(2400 + 60𝑅4 + 3200 + 160𝑅4) = (4800 + 240𝑅4)
𝑖𝑒. , (5600 − 4800) = (240𝑅4 − 220𝑅4)
∴ 20𝑅4 = 800 𝑖𝑒. , 𝑅4 = 40𝛺

Page 12 of 14
PROB4: Find the value of Eq.Resistance ‘RAD’ in the circuit shown

RAB=(10//5//2) & RBC=(6//4) 2Ω 5Ω

6Ω
1 1 1 8
𝐺𝐴𝐵 = ( + + ) = (10) 5Ω
2 5 10 A B C 1.35Ω D
1 4Ω
𝑖𝑒. , 𝑅𝐴𝐵 = 𝐺𝐴𝐵
= 10⁄8 = 1.25𝛺 10Ω
6∗4 𝑅𝐴𝐵 𝑅𝐵𝐶 𝑅𝐶𝐷
𝑅𝐵𝐶 = ( ) = 2.4𝛺 , 𝑅𝐶𝐷 = 1.35𝛺
6+4
∴ 𝑅𝐴𝐷′ = ( 𝑅𝐴𝐵 + 𝑅𝐵𝐶 + 𝑅𝐶𝐷 ) = 5𝛺 5Ω
∴ 𝑅𝐴𝐷 = (𝑅 ′ //5) = (5//5) = 2.5𝛺 A B C D
𝐴𝐷
RAB1.25Ω RBC2.4Ω RCD1.35Ω

I1 R1=5Ω I3 R3=5Ω I5 R5=5Ω

PROB5: Find the Voltage I6
drop across 4Ω resistor. I2 R6=3Ω
I4
V=100V R2=10Ω
R4=10Ω I7 I8
R7 R8
4Ω 4Ω

I1 R1=5Ω I3 R3=5Ω I5 R5=5Ω

STEP1: R7 & R8 are in parallel. I6
∴R78=(4/2)=2Ω. I2 I4 R6=3Ω

V=100V R2=10Ω
R4=10Ω
R78
2Ω

I1 R1=5Ω I3 R3=5Ω I5

I2 I4 R5678
STEP2: R5, R6 & R78 are in =10Ω
V=100V R2=10Ω
Series.∴ R5678=(5+3+2)=10Ω. R4=10Ω

Page 13 of 14
 I1 R1=5Ω I3 R3=5Ω
R
I2 4
STEP3: R4 & R5678 are in parallel. 5
V=100V R2=10Ω 6
∴ R45678=(10//10)=5Ω 7
8
=
5
Ω

I1 R1=5Ω

I2 R
3
4
STEP4: R3 & R45678 are in series. V=100V R2=10Ω 5
∴ R345678=(5+5)=10Ω 6
7
8

STEP5: R2 & R345678 are in parallel. STEP6: R1 & R2345678 are in series.
∴ R2345678=(10//10)=5Ω R12345678=(5+5)=10Ω

I1 R1=5Ω
(a) Hence, 𝐼1 = 100⁄10 = 10𝐴.
(b) Also, R2= R345678, Hence, I2=I3=(I1/2)=5A

V=100V R2345678 (c ) Also, R4= R5678, Hence, ,I4=I5=(I2/2)=2.5A

5Ω
(d) Also, I5=I6=2.5A
(e) Also, R7= R8, Hence, I7=I8=1.25A
(f) ∴ VR8=( I8* R8)=(1.25*4)=5V.

------------------- END OF MODULE 1(A) ---------------------------------

Page 14 of 14