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Week 1 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER Notes

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Week 1 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER Notes

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Jane Erica Cantay
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GENERAL CHEMISTRY I

MODULE 2
Classifications of Matter
• Substances and Mixtures
• Elements and Compounds

Reference:
Chang, Raymond. General chemistry: the essential concepts / Raymond Chang. — 6th ed. / Jason
Overby

Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, NY 10020.

Prepared by:

ALLAH DELLE R. TOLEDO, LPT


SST II/Chemistry Teacher

1
Classifications of Matter

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass, and


chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. All
matter, at least in principle, can exist in three states: solid, liquid, and
gas. Solids are rigid objects with definite shapes. Liquids are less rigid
than solids and are fluid—they are able to flow and assume the shape
of their containers. Like liquids, gases are fluid, but unlike liquids, they
can expand indefinitely.
The three states of matter can be interconverted without
changing the composition of the substance. Upon heating, a solid (for
example, ice) will melt to form a liquid (water). (The temperature at
which this transition occurs is called the melting point.) Further heating will convert the liquid
into a gas. (This conversion takes place at the boiling point of the liquid.) On the other hand,
cooling a gas will cause it to condense into a liquid. When the liquid is cooled further, it will
freeze into the solid form. Figure 1.2 shows the three states of water. Note that the
properties of water are unique among common substances in that the molecules in the liquid
state are more closely packed than those in the solid state.

2
Substances and Mixtures

A substance is matter that has a definite or constant composition and distinct


properties. Examples are water, silver, ethanol, table salt (sodium chloride), and carbon
dioxide. Substances differ from one another in composition and can be identified by their
appearance, smell, taste, and other properties. At present, over 20 million substances are
known, and the list is growing rapidly.

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain


their distinct identities. Some examples are air, soft drinks, milk, and cement. Mixtures do
not have constant composition. Therefore, samples of air collected in different cities would
probably differ in composition because of differences in altitude, pollution, and so on.

Mixtures are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. When a spoonful of sugar dissolves


in water, the composition of the mixture, after sufficient stirring, is the same throughout the
solution. This solution is a homogeneous mixture. If sand is mixed with iron fi lings, however,
the sand grains and the iron fi lings remain visible and separate (Figure 1.3). This type of
mixture, in which the composition is not uniform, is called a heterogeneous mixture. Adding oil
to water creates another heterogeneous mixture because the liquid does not have a constant
composition.

Any mixture, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous, can be created and then


separated by physical means into pure components without changing the identities of the
components. Thus, sugar can be recovered from a water solution by heating the solution and
evaporating it to dryness. Condensing the water vapor will give us back the water component.
To separate the iron-sand mixture, we can use a magnet to remove the iron fi lings from the
sand, because sand is not attracted to the magnet (see Figure 1.3b ). After separation, the
components of the mixture will have the same composition and properties as they did to start
with.

3
Elements and Compounds
A substance can be either an element or a compound. An element is a substance that
cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. Today, there are 118 elements
on the periodic table, Four with atomic numbers –113 (Nihonium), 115 (Moskovi), 117 (Tennesin)
and 118 (Oganesson) – were added in 2016.

Chemists use alphabetical symbols to represent the names of the elements. The first
letter of the symbol for an element is always capitalized, but the second letter is never
capitalized. For example, Co is the symbol for the element cobalt, whereas CO is the formula
for carbon monoxide, which is made up of the elements carbon and oxygen. Table 1.1 shows
some of the more common elements. The symbols for some elements are derived from their
Latin names—for example, Au from aurum (gold), Fe from ferrum (iron), and Na from natrium
(sodium)—although most of them are abbreviated forms of their English names.
Figure 1.4 shows the most abundant elements in Earth’s crust and in the human body. As
you can see, only five elements (oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, and calcium) comprise over 90
percent of Earth’s crust. Of these five elements, only oxygen is among the most abundant
elements in living systems.
Most elements can interact with one or more other elements to form compounds. We
define a compound as a substance composed of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions. Hydrogen gas, for example, burns in oxygen gas to form water, a compound whose
properties are distinctly different from those of the starting materials. Water is made up of
two parts of hydrogen and one part of oxygen. This composition does not change, regardless
of whether the water comes from a faucet in the United States, the Yangtze River in China,
or the ice caps on Mars. Unlike mixtures, compounds can be separated only by chemical means
into their pure components.

4
The relationships among elements, compounds, and other categories of matter are
summarized in Figure 1.5 .

Think first!
ANSWERS:
Elements: b, d (composed of 1 type of atom)
Compounds: a, c (composed of two types of atom)
5

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