Land Use Planning

Introduction
 The term land use is meant to signify the use of land and water
bodies as well as super and under structures built on land. It
signifies the various ways the land has been utilized.
 Land use plan is a tool applied to direct, facilitate, permit or delimit
certain type of urban use of land as a means of assuring the common good
and maintaining a workable city as it grows.
 Land Use Planning (LUP) is planning the land for future use. The
land is divided into certain categories on the basis of its use so that it will
help to achieve the desired goal of the planner.
 A land-use plan provides a vision for the future possibilities of
development in neighborhoods, districts, cities, or any defined planning
area.
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 Introduction
 Land use planning must be supported by policy guidelines
and legal backup for its effective implementation.

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 Principles of LUP
 Land use planning aims at sustainability balancing social,
economic and environmental needs;
 Land use planning results in a legally binding land use plan
and/or legally binding land use rules.
 Land use planning is future-oriented (“visionary”) and iterative
 Land use planning is an all inclusive process ; it is based on inter-
disciplinary cooperation and requires sector coordination (“horizontal
integration”) and integrates bottom-up aspects with top-down aspects
(“vertical integration”).
 Land use planning relates to spaces and places (“spatial
orientation”)
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 Factors affecting LUP
• Social use values – express the weight that people give to
various arrangements of land uses as settings for living their life – sees
land use as a facilitator of desirable activity>> community live their
life satisfactorily.
– E.g. Land near cremation ground owes low social value for residential
use.
– Land with easy road access will have more social value for residence
than those without.
• Ecological values – express the weight that people give to the
natural systems.
• Market values – express the weight that people give to land as
a commodity – ‘profit medium’
• E.g. commercial / institutional uses than agricultural
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 LUP
 For making Land use plan, one has
1. To understand the Locational attributes of land uses:

– What the use of the land is?

– Where is it situated? (Physical /social, economic/ecological, adjacent
uses, etc.)
– How its serviced by transportation?
– How is other infrastructural services availability?
– How may it expand?
2. To project how they are likely to change or should change in
public interest
3. To apply it to establish locational requirement of particular/most
important/expected land uses.
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 LUP
 Land use considerations:
1. Identification of objectives and principles pertaining to different
uses of land and enumeration of existing standards for each use.
2. Foresee change pattern and growth: Focusing on the nature and
pattern of development within the existing city boundaries. Descriptive data
can be in this session provides the basis for answering in part questions as to
what changes in the pattern of land use are needed and how much growth
can be accommodated within the existing area of urban development .
3. Looking in detail at the area of land surrounding the city, the
city’s area of influence. Existing use of land are identified, and the factors
affecting the land’s suitability for future development are discussed.
Standards for new development and transportation are proposed.

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 LUP
4. Bringing together the analysis and results of the preceding sections
and proposes a coordinated, comprehensive land use plan for both the city
and its area of influence, including all necessities, facilities and amenities
required to serve the people.
5. Exploring and identifying tools (like zoning, subdivision regulations)
that could be used to implement the proposed plan.

Thus, Land use plan is just a basic guiding document consisting of

plans, development regulations and procedural requirements
for implementation.

It has to be backed up by other plans as related to economic

development, transportation, service provision etc. also to be effective.

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 Levels of LUP
 National Level: Land use planning at higher planning levels focuses
mainly on strategic aspects. General laws and regulations on
implementation are passed, development objectives are set and budgets are
assigned to the projects.
 Regional Level: Land use planning at the regional level has a kind of
“linking function” between national strategic planning and
implementation at local level. Plans at regional or district level are not
absolutely clear-cut as far as the delimitation of the areas is concerned.
 Municipal level: At municipal level, all planning activities are targeted
towards their practical implementation. Hence, measures need to be
specific and institutions capable of implementing them.
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 Comprehensive LUP
 A guide to orderly city development to promote the health,
safety, welfare and convenience of the people of the community. >>
Master plan
 Its a process that determines community goals and
aspirations in terms of community development
 It sets basic policies :
➢ to organizes and coordinates the complex relationship between urban
land uses and many civic activities.
➢ to plan the growth and change.
➢ for the preparation of specific plans and budgeting
➢ It must be far sighted, anticipating the needs and desires of community.

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 Comprehensive LUP
 Basic components /elements of comprehensive plan
1) Plan for land use
2) Plan for circulation
3) Plan for the infrastructure
4) Capital improvement budgeting

• supported by complete documentary evidence, the social, physical

and economic facts and premises.
• Besides, it possess vision and mission statement for desired
development of entire town, plan implementation strategy and
update mechanism with legal backing as well

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 Comprehensive LUP
 Characteristics
• Focus on physical development
• Long range
• Comprehensiveness
• Clearness in relation to major physical
• design to plan / polices
• Legal backing
 Strategic Influences
land use Plan > affects public and private decisions and investments >>
influence on growth rate, character, quality and pattern of city's physical
development.
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 LUP Process
1. Situation analysis:
• “Diagnosis before treatment or plan” as advocated by Patrick Geddes.
• It involves :
–Gathering data, organizing data, analyzing into information and
disseminating information
2. Plan making
• Formulating goals based on facts and values
• Defining desirable future land use patterns that balance social, market and
ecological values
• Designing plans, policies and implementation mechanism [legislation,
rules, regulations and process]
• Designing public investment pattern (economic development plans and
infrastructure development plans)

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 LUP Process
3. Implementation / monitoring and control
• implementing plans, policies and regulations through
institutional body like municipality and others
• Providing necessary resources , both human and financial
• Monitor the implementation process and control for standards

4. Evaluation and analysis of result / indicators and feed back

to plans

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 LUP Process
 Eight Steps of comprehensive land use planning:
 Identifying issues
 Stating goals
 Collecting data
 Preparing the plan
 Creating implementation plans
 Evaluating alternatives
 Adopting a plan
 Implementing and monitoring the plan

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 Data Collection
The specific information and data needed for land use planning
depends on the characteristics of the planning area as well
as on the planning objectives.
Information and data can be categorized in the following way:
 Population, demographic trends, migration;
 Actors and institutions;
 Land and other resources, including information on
biodiversity, conservation values, ecosystem services etc.
 Environment, e.g., availability of water, climate trends, natural
hazards;

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 Data Collection
 Past, present and future land use;
 Production and trends;
 Infrastructure;
 Social services;
 Topographic references;
 Administrative boundaries.

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 Methods of Data Collection
 Stakeholder (actor) analysis;
 Interpretation of aerial photographs;
 (Computerized) analysis of satellite images;
 Desk research (assessment of laws, by-laws, plans, programs,
reports, studies etc.);
 Inventories: e.g. socio-economic, ecological;
 Surveys based on questionnaires;
 Interviews;
 Group discussions;

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 Methods of Data Collection
 Action research;
 Participatory Rural Appraisal;
 Topographic surveys;
 Analysis of existing maps (e.g., road maps, cadastral maps, maps
from the facility cadastre);
 Project planning tools.

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 Data Analysis
 Modern spatial planning tools such as GIS (Geographic
Information Systems), GPS (Global Positioning System) and
remote sensing are used more frequently by planning
authorities to monitor land cover changes
 Maps, aerial photos, satellite images and GPS are key tools
for any land use planning. They can be used individually or in
combination.
 Aerial photographs and satellite images can be used as base
maps.
 Features can be derived from them manually or by computer.

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 Data Analysis
 GIS systems contain layers of graphic information and their
relational databases that may be projected into maps that allow the
user to view a composite of a specific area, adding an array of
graphically oriented decision-making tools to the
planning process.
 GIS has the unique capacity to merge spatial information from
different sources, synthesize new spatial data sets and present the
outcome of spatial analysis in various forms such as maps,
graphs or 3-D illustrations.

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 Zoning
 Zoning regulates the types of activities that can be
accommodated on a given piece of land, as well as the
amount of space devoted to those activities,
 It describes the control by authority which designates legal areas in
a municipality to permit and prohibit land uses
 zoning also is used to prevent new development from interfering
with existing uses and/or to preserve the "character" of a community.
 It may include regulation of the kinds of activities which will be
acceptable on particular lots

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 Zoning
 Urban zones fall into one of five major categories:
 residential,
 mixed residential-commercial,
 commercial,
 Industrial and
 spatial (e. g. power plants, sports complexes, airports, shopping
malls etc.)

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 LUP Proposals
 Land use plan always consists of maps and an explanatory
text.
 It generally includes tables, graphs etc. for illustration.
 The cartographical part can consist of several maps and plans:
1. Base map;
2. Land units/zones;
3. Map on environmental damage;
4. Map on present land use;
5. Map on agreed favored land use based on land units;
6. Land use plan (proposed land use).

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 Settlement Pattern of Chautara

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 Cadastral Ownership map of Chautara

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 Land Use Map of Chautara Municipality

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