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Topic 3. Simple Strain

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22 views25 pages

Topic 3. Simple Strain

Uploaded by

Quijano, “Jinja” Junrey C.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SIMPLE STRAIN

SIMPLE STRAIN

In general terms, strain is a geometric


quantity that measures the deformation of a
body.

Also known as unit deformation,


strain is the ratio of the change in
length caused by the applied force, to
where δ is the deformation
the original length.
and L is the original length,
thus ε is dimensionless.
TYPES OF STRAIN

There are two types of strain: normal


strain, which characterizes dimensional
changes, and shear strain, which describes
distortion (changes in angles). Stress and
strain are two fundamental concepts of
mechanics of materials. Their relationship to
each other defines the mechanical properties
of a material, the knowledge of which is of
the utmost importance in design.
AXIAL DEFORMATION: STRESS -STRAIN DIAGRAM

The strength of a material is not the only criterion that must be considered
when designing machine parts or structures. The stiffness of a material is
often equally important, as are mechanical properties such as hardness,
toughness, and ductility. These properties are determined by laboratory tests.
Many materials, particularly metals, have established standards that describe
the test procedures in detail. We will confine our attention to only one of the
tests—the tensile test of steel—and use its results to illustrate several
important concepts of material behavior.
The graph with the stress σ along the
y-axis and the strain ε along the x-axis
is called the stress-strain diagram. The
stress-strain diagram differs in form
for various materials.
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE'S LAW)

From the origin O to the point called


proportional limit, the stress-strain curve
is a straight line. This linear relation
between elongation and the axial force
causing was first noticed by Sir Robert
Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law
that within the proportional limit, the stress
is directly proportional to strain, thus
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE'S LAW)

where E is a material property known as the modulus of


elasticity or Young’s modulus. The units of E are the same as
the units of stress—that is, Pa or psi. For steel, E =29 x106 psi,
or 200 GPa, approximately.
ELASTIC LIMIT
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will
no longer go back to its original shape when the load is
removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e
developed such that there is no permanent or residual
deformation when the load is entirely removed.

The elastic limit is slightly larger than the proportional limit.


However, because of the difficulty in determining the
elastic limit accurately, it is usually assumed to coincide
with the proportional limit
YIELD POINT

Yield point is the point at which the material will have an


appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase in
load.

The point where the stress-strain diagram becomes


almost horizontal is called the yield point, and the
corresponding stress is known as the yield stress or yield
strength. Beyond the yield point there is an appreci able
elongation, or yielding, of the material without a
corresponding in crease in load.
YIELD POINT
For materials that do not have a well-defined
yield point, yield stress is determined by the
offset method. This method consists of
drawing a line parallel to the initial tangent of
the stress-strain curve; this line starts at a
prescribed offset strain, usually 0.2%. The
intersection of this line with the stress-strain
curve, shown, is called the yield point at 0.2%
offset.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain
diagram is the ultimate strength or tensile
strength.

- as it is often called, is the highest stress on


the stress-strain curve.
Rupture Stress

The rupture stress or rupture


strength is the stress at which failure
occurs.
AXIALLY LOADED BARS
Figure shows a bar of length L and
constant cross-sectional area A that is
loaded by an axial tensile force P. We
assume that the stress caused by P is
below the proportional limit, so that Hooke’s
law is applicable. Because the bar
deforms uniformly, the axial strain is ,
which upon substitution into Hooke’s law
yields
Therefore, the elongation of the bar is,
Notes on the Computation of Deformation
➢ The magnitude of the internal force P must be found from equilibrium analysis. Note that
a positive (tensile) P results in positive  (elongation); conversely, a negative P
(compression) gives rise to negative  (shortening).

➢ Care must be taken to use consistent units. It is common practice to let the units of E determine
the units to be used for P, L, and A. In the U.S. Customary system, E is expressed in psi or ksi. In
the SI system, where E is in Pa (N/m2), or MPa (N/mm2) or GPa.

➢ As long as the axial stress is in the elastic range, the elongation (or shortening) of a bar is very
small compared to its length. This property can be utilized to simplify the computation of
displacements in structures containing axially loaded bars, such as trusses.
EXAMPLE NO. 1

ANSWER:  = 0.01358 in (elongation)


EXAMPLE NO. 2
The compound bar carries the axial forces P and 2P. Find the maximum allowable value of
P if the working stresses are 40 ksi for steel and 20 ksi for aluminum, and the total
elongation of the bar is not to exceed 0.2 in.

Answer: Pmax = 4,000 lb


EXAMPLE NO. 3
The bar ABC is supported by
a pin at A and a steel wire at
B. Calculate the elongation
of the wire when the 36-lb
horizontal force is applied at
C. The cross-sectional area
of the wire is 0:0025 in2 and
the modulus of elasticity of
steel is 29x106 psi.

Answer:  = 0.0497 in
EXAMPLE NO. 4

The rigid bar AB is supported by two rods made of the same material. If the bar is horizontal
before the load P is applied, find the distance x that locates the position where P must act if
the bar is to remain horizontal. Neglect the weight of bar AB.

Answer: 2.5ft
EXAMPLE NO. 5
The rigid bar ABC is supported by a pin
at A and a steel rod at B. Determine the
largest vertical load P that can be
applied at C if the stress in the steel rod
is limited to 35 ksi and the vertical
movement of end C must not exceed
0.12 in. Neglect the weights of the
members.

Ans: P=5,800 lb
ASSIGNMENT (1/2 cw)
The rigid bar AB, attached to
aluminum and steel rods, is
horizontal before the load P
is applied. Find the vertical
displacement of point C
caused by the load P =150 kN.
Neglect all weights
EXAMPLE NO. 6

The rigid bars ABC and CD are


supported by pins at A and D and
by a steel rod at B. There is a roller
connection between the bars at C.
Compute the vertical displacement
of point C caused by the 50-kN
load.
ANSWER: c = 2.81mm
EXAMPLE NO. 7

The rigid bars AB and CD are supported by


pins at A and D. The vertical rods are made
of aluminum and bronze. Determine the
vertical displacement of the point where
the force P =10 kips is applied. Neglect the
weights of the members.

ANSWER: P = 0.115 in
EXAMPLE NO. 8

The steel bars AC and


BC, each of cross-
sectional area 120 mm2,
are joined at C with a pin.
Determine the
displacement of point C
caused by the 15-kN
load. Use E=200 GPa for
steel. ANSWER: C = 2.37mm
ASSIGNMENT (1/2 CW)

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