汉林学院 – Mr.

Zhao
Chapter 2 Analytic Geometry

The coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment are the means of the coordinates of the endpoints. The formula (𝒙, 𝒚) =
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐 ∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
( , ) can be used to calculate the coordinates of a midpoint. The slope of a line segment can be found by 𝒎 = =
𝟐 𝟐 ∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏

The median of a triangle is a line segment joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side, thus bisecting that side.
The mid-segment of a quadrilateral is a line segment that connects the midpoints of two adjacent sides in a quadrilateral

Example
Determine the midpoint of a line segment with endpoints 𝐴(10, 2) and 𝐵(6, 8).

Example
Line segment EF has an endpoint at 𝐸(2, −3). Its midpoint is located at 𝑀(1, −1). Determine the coordinates of endpoint F.

Example
A triangle has vertices at 𝐴(−3, −1), 𝐵(3, 5), and 𝐶(7, −3). Determine an equation for the median from vertex A.

Perpendicular (right) bisector is the line that bisects the line segment and perpendicular to the line.

Example
A waste management company is planning to build a landfill in a rural area. To balance the impact on the two closest towns, the
company wants the landfill to be the same distance from each town. On a coordinate map of the area, the towns are at 𝐴(1, 8) and
𝐵(5, 2). Describe all the possible locations for the landfill.

Practice
1. Determine the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment with each pair of endpoints.
a) 𝐴(−1, 3) and 𝐵(5, 7)
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b) 𝐽(−2, 3) and 𝐾(3, 4)
c) 𝑋(6, −2) and 𝑌(−2, −2)
d) 𝑃(2, −4) and 𝐼(−3, 5)
1 3 5 1
e) 𝑈 ( , − ) and 𝑉 (− , − )
2 2 2 2

f) 𝐺(1.5, −2.5) and 𝐻(−1, 4)

2. 𝑃(−3, −1) is one endpoint of 𝑃𝑄. 𝑀(1, 1) is the midpoint of 𝑃𝑄. Determine the coordinates of endpoint 𝑄. Explain your
solution.

3. A quadrilateral has vertices at 𝑃(1, 3), 𝑄(6, 5), 𝑅(8, 0), and 𝑆(3, −2). Determine whether the diagonals have the same midpoint.

4. A radius of a circle has endpoints 𝑂(−1, 3) and 𝑅(2, 2). Determine the endpoints of the diameter of this circle. Describe any
assumptions you make.

5. A triangle has vertices at 𝑃(7, 7), 𝑄(−3, −5), and 𝑅(5, −3).
a) Determine the coordinates of the midpoints of the three sides of ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅.
b) Calculate the slopes of the mid-segments of ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅.
c) Calculate the slopes of the three sides of ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅.
d) Compare your answers for parts b) and c). What do you notice?

*6. ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 has vertices at 𝐴(−4, 4), 𝐵(−4, −2), and 𝐶(2, −2).
a) Determine the equation of the median from B to AC.
b) Is the median for part a) also an altitude? Explain how you know.

7. Determine an equation for the perpendicular bisector of a line segment with each pair of endpoints.
a) 𝐶(−2, 0) and 𝐷(4, −4)
b) 𝐴(4, 6) and 𝐵(12, −4)
c) 𝐿(−2, −4) and 𝑀(8, 4)
d) 𝑄(−5, 6) and 𝑅(1, −2)
e) 𝑀(−5, 2) and 𝑁(2, −2)

8. A committee is choosing a site for a county fair. The site needs to be located the same distance from the two main towns in the
county. On a map, these towns have coordinates (3, 10) and (13, 4). Determine an equation for the line that shows all the possible
sites for the fair.

*9. A quadrilateral has vertices at 𝐴(−7, −4), 𝐵(−3, 1), 𝐶(4, 2), and 𝐷(−2, −7). Two lines are drawn to join the midpoints of the
non-adjacent sides in the quadrilateral. Determine the coordinates of the point of intersection of these lines.

10. A point is one-third of the way from point 𝐴(1, 7) to point 𝐵(10, 4). Determine the coordinates of this point. What if the point is
one-fourth of the way.

11. Verify that the point 𝑃(−6, 21) lies on the perpendicular bisector of line segment 𝐴(−6, 4) 𝐵(−2, 6).

The distance, d, between the endpoints of a line segment, 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), can be calculated using the distance formula:

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𝒅 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 .

Example
Determine the length of the line segment with each pair of endpoints.
a) 𝐴(2, 6) and 𝐵(5, 6)
b) 𝐺(−7, 8) and 𝐻(−7, −5)
c) 𝑃(−4, 7) and 𝑄(3, 1)

Example
A triangle has vertices at 𝐴(2, 2), 𝐵(−4, 4) and 𝐶(0, −4). Calculate the length of the median line from vertex A to side BC.

The distance between a point and a line is the shortest distance between them. It is measured on a perpendicular line from the point
to the line.

Example
Calculate the distance between point 𝐴(6, 5) and the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3

Practice
1. For each pair of points below:
i) Draw the line segment joining the points.
ii) Calculate the length of the line segment.
iii) Which line segments are vertical? Which are horizontal?
a) 𝐴(2, 6) and 𝐵(5, 2)
b) 𝐶(−3, 4) and 𝐷(3, 2)
c) 𝐸(−6, 8) and 𝐹(−6, −9)
d) 𝐺(0, −7) and 𝐻(1, 3)
e) 𝐼(−3, −3) and 𝐽(5, −4)
f) 𝐾(−10, −2) and 𝐿(6, −2)
g) (2, 2) and (7, 4)
h) (−3, 0) and (8, −5)
i) (2, 9) and (−5, 9)
j) (9, −3) and (12, −4)

2. A coordinate system is superimposed on a billiard table. Gord has a yellow ball at 𝐴(2, 3). He is going to “bank” it off the side rail
at 𝐵(6, 5), into the pocket at 𝐶(2, 7). How far will the yellow ball travel?

3. A forest fire is threatening two small towns, Mordon and Bently. On a map, the fire is located at (10, −11), the fire hall in Mordon
is located at (26, 77), and the fire hall in Bently is located at (12, −88). Which fire hall is closer to the fire?

4. A builder needs to connect a partially built house to a temporary power supply. On the plan, the coordinates of the house are
(20, 110) and the coordinates of the power supply are (105, 82). What is the least amount of cable needed?

5. Calculate the distance between each line and the point. Round your answer to one decimal place.
a) 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2, (−3, 3)
b) 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 5, (−1, −2)
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c) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6, (7, 6)
d) 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 10, (2, 4.5)
e) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 4, (−4, 4)

6. A musician decides to attach a microphone to her guitar at a right angle to her strings. If the top string has endpoints (1, 6) and (3,
–4) and the microphone is located at (5, 4), what is the shortest distance from the microphone to the string of the guitar?

7. A new amusement park is going to be built near two major highways. On a coordinate grid of the area, with the scale 1 unit
represents 1 km, the park is located at 𝑃(3, 4). Highway 401 is represented by the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5. Determine the coordinates
of the exits that must be built on the highway to result in the shortest road to the park.

Using the distance formula, you can show that the equation of a circle with center (0, 0) and radius 𝑟 is 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

The equation of a circle with center (𝑎, 𝑏) and radius 𝑟 is (𝒙 − 𝒂)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒃)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

Example
A circle is defined by the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25. Find the 𝑥- and 𝑦-intercepts and then sketch a graph of this circle.

Example
A circle has its center at (0, 0) and passes through point (8, −6).
a) Determine the equation of the circle.
b) Determine the other endpoint of the diameter through (8, −6).

Example
Determine whether each point is on, inside, or outside the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 45.
a) (6, −3)
b) (−1, 7)
c) (−3, 5)
d) (−7, −2)

Example
A circle has its center at (3, −2) and passes through point (0, −6).
a) Determine the equation of the circle.
b) Determine the other endpoint of the diameter through (0, −6).

Practice
1. A circle centered at the origin and passes through the point P (9, –13).
a) Determine the radius.
b. State the equation of the given circle.

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2. Write the equation of a circle with center (0, 0) and radius r.
a) 𝑟 = 3
b) 𝑟 = 50
1
c) 𝑟 = 2
3

d) 𝑟 = 400
e) 𝑟 = 0.25

3. a) Determine the radius of a circle that is centered at (0, 0) and passes through
i) (−3, 4)
ii) (5, 0)
iii) (0, −3)
iv) (8, −15)
v) (5, 12)
b) Write the equation of each circle in part a).
c) State the coordinates of two other points on each circle.
d) Sketch the graph of each circle.

4. Determine the equation of a circle that has a diameter with endpoints (−8, 15) and (8, −15).

*5. A line segment has endpoints 𝐴(6, −7) and 𝐵(2, 9).
a) Verify that the endpoints of AB are on the circle with equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 85.
b) Determine the equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB.
c) Explain how you can tell, from its equation, that the perpendicular bisector goes through the center of the circle.

6. The point (−2, 𝑘) lies on the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 20. Determine the value of 𝑘.

7. Don has designed a circular vegetable garden with a diameter of 24.0 m, as shown in the sketch at the left. He has included a
circular flowerbed, 6.0 m in diameter, at the center of the garden, as well as paths that are 1.5 m wide. Don needs to make a plan on
grid paper for the landscape gardeners, who will create the garden. Determine the equations of all the circles he needs to draw.
Assume that the center of the garden is (0, 0) and all noncircular gardens are of equal width.

8. Two satellites are orbiting Earth. The path of one satellite has the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 56250000. The orbit of the other satellite is
200 km farther from the center of Earth. In one orbit, how much farther does the second satellite travel than the first satellite?

*9. Determine the center, and radius for each circle

a) 9𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 16
b) (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 4)2 = 9
c) 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −1

*10. A truck with a wide load, proceeding slowly along a secondary road, is approaching a tunnel that is shaped like a semicircle. The
maximum height of the tunnel is 5.25 m. If the load is 8 m wide and 3.5 m high, will it fit through the tunnel?

11. A circle has center 𝑂(−4, 5) and also passes through the point 𝑃(4, −1).
a) Calculate the length of the radius of the circle.

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b) State the equation of the circle.
c) Line segment PQ forms a diameter of the circle (passing through the center O). Find the coordinates of point Q.
d) Is the point (−6, −3) inside, outside or on the circle? Justify your answer.

12. A circle is centred at (3, −2) and the point (8, 10) lies on the circle. Find the equation of the circle.

13. Two satellites are orbiting Earth. The path of one has the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2250000 while the orbit of the other is 250 km
farther from the center of the Earth. In one orbit, how much farther does the second satellite travel than the first one?

Analytic geometry is the geometry that uses the 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠, algebra, and equations to describe relations and positions of geometric
figures

When a geometric figure is drawn on a coordinate grid, the coordinates of its vertices can be used to calculate the slopes and lengths
of the line segments, as well as the coordinates of the midpoints.

Triangles and quadrilaterals can be classified by the relationships between their sides and their interior angles. Parallel lines have the
same slope. Perpendicular lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals.

Example
Classify the type of triangle (scalene, isosceles or equilateral) for a triangle with vertices A (2, 5), B (–2, 6) and C (–2, –4). Show your
work.

Example
a) Show that EFGH, with vertices at 𝐸(−2, 3), 𝐹(2, 1), 𝐺(0, −3), and 𝐻(−4, −1), is a square
b) Show that the diagonals of EFGH are perpendicular to each other

Example
Tony is constructing a patterned concrete patio that is in the shape of an isosceles triangle, as requested by his client. On his plan, the
vertices of the triangle are at 𝑃(2, 1), 𝑄(5, 7), and 𝑅(8, 4). Each unit represents 1 m.
a) Confirm that the plan shows an isosceles triangle.
b) Calculate the area of the patio.

Practice
1. The following points are the vertices of triangles. Predict whether each triangle is scalene, isosceles, or equilateral.
a) 𝐴(3, 3), 𝐵(−1, 2), 𝐶(0, −2)
b) 𝐴(2, −3), 𝐵(−2, −4), 𝐶(6, −6)
c) 𝐴(−1, 3), 𝐵(−2, −2), 𝐶(2, 0)
d) 𝐴(2, 5), 𝐵(5, −2), 𝐶(−1, −2)
e) 𝐴(1, 1), 𝐵(−2, −1), 𝐶(3, −2)
f) 𝑃(−7, 1), 𝑄(−8, 4), 𝑅(−1, 3)
g) 𝑃(−7, 0), 𝑄(2, 1), 𝑅(−3, 5

2. Determine the type of quadrilateral described by each set of vertices.

a) 𝐽(−5, 2), 𝐾(−1, 3), 𝐿(−2, −1), 𝑀(−6, −2)
b) 𝐸(−5, −4), 𝐹(−5, 1), 𝐺(7, 4), 𝐻(7, −1)
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c) 𝐷(−1, 3), 𝐸(6, 4), 𝐹(4, −1), 𝐺(−3, −2)
d) 𝑃(−5, 1), 𝑄(3, 3), 𝑅(4, −1), 𝑆(−4, −3)
e) 𝐴(−5, 4), 𝐵(4, 9), 𝐶(9, 0) 𝐷(0, −5)
f) 𝐴(−1, 1), 𝐵(3, 4), 𝐶(8, 4), 𝐷(4, 1)
g) 𝑊(−3, 2), 𝑋(2, 4), 𝑌(6, −1), 𝑍(1, −3)
h) 𝑅(−5, 1), 𝑆(5, 3), 𝑇(2, −1), 𝑈(−8, −3)
i) 𝐴(−2, 3), 𝐵(−2, −2), 𝐶(2, 1), 𝐷(2, 6)
j) 𝑅(−3, 2), 𝑆(−1, 6), 𝑇(3, 5), 𝑈(1, 1)

*3. Points 𝑃(4, 12), 𝑄(9, 14), and 𝑅(13, 4) are three vertices of a parallelogram. Determine the coordinates of the fourth vertex, S.

4. A triangle has vertices at 𝐿(−7, 0), 𝑀(2, 1), and 𝑁(−3, 5). Verify that it is a right isosceles triangle.

*5. Determine the type of triangle that is formed by the lines 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11, 𝑥 – 𝑦 = 1, and 𝑥 – 3𝑦 = 3. Justify your decision.

The centroid of a triangle is the intersection of the triangle's three triangle medians.

The orthocenter is the intersection of the altitudes of each side.

The circumcenter is the center of the circle such that all three vertices of the circle are the same distance away from the circumcenter.
It is the intersection of the perpendicular bisector of each side.

Example
Show that the mid-segments of the quadrilateral, with vertices at 𝑃(−7, 9), 𝑄(9, 11), 𝑅(9, −1), and 𝑆(1, −11) , form a
parallelogram.

Example
A triangle has vertices at 𝑃(−2, 2), 𝑄(1, 3), and 𝑅(4, −1). Show that the mid-segment joining the midpoints of PQ and PR is
parallel to QR and half its length.

Example
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A rectangle has vertices at 𝐽(10, 0), 𝐾(−8, 6), 𝐿(−12, −6), and 𝑀(6, −12). Determine the centroid of the triangle.

Example
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 has vertices at 𝐴(3, 4), 𝐵(−2, 0), and 𝐶(5, 0). Determine its area.

Practice
1. ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 has vertices at 𝑃(−2, 1), 𝑄(1, 5), and 𝑅(5, 2). Show that the median from vertex Q is the perpendicular bisector of PR.

2. A rectangle has vertices at 𝐽(10, 0), 𝐾(−8, 6), 𝐿(−12, −6), and 𝑀(6, −12). Show that the diagonals bisect each other.

3. A rectangle has vertices at 𝐴(−6, 5), 𝐵(12, −1), 𝐶(8, −13), and 𝐷(−10, −7). Show that the diagonals are the same length.

4. Show that the mid-segments of a quadrilateral with vertices at 𝑃(−2, −2), 𝑄(0, 4), 𝑅(6, 3), and 𝑆(8, −1) form a rhombus.

5. Show that the mid-segments of a rhombus with vertices at 𝑅(−5, 2), 𝑆(−1, 3), 𝑇(−2, −1), and 𝑈(−6, −2) form a rectangle.

6. Show that the mid-segments of a square with vertices at 𝐴(2, −12), 𝐵(−10, −8), 𝐶(−6, 4), and 𝐷(6, 0) form a square.

7. A trapezoid has vertices at 𝐴(1, 2), 𝐵(−2, 1), 𝐶(−4, −2), and 𝐷(2, 0).
a) Show that the line segment joining the midpoints of BC and AD is parallel to both AB and DC.
b) Show that the length of this line segment is half the sum of the lengths of the parallel sides.

8. A triangle has vertices at 𝐴(−2, 7), 𝐵(−4, 2), 𝐶(6, −2)

a) Show that ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right triangle.
b) Show that the midpoint of the hypotenuse is the same distance from each vertex.

9. A quadrilateral has vertices at 𝐽(10, 0), 𝐾(8, 6), 𝐿(12, 6), and 𝑀(14, 0). Show that the diagonals bisect each other.

10. Triangle ABC has vertices 𝐴(3, 4), 𝐵(−5, 2), and 𝐶(1, −4). Determine an equation for
a) The median from A to BC, B to AC, C to AB.
b) The altitude from A to BC, B to AC, C to AB.
c) The right bisector of AC, B to AC, C to AB.
d) Find the centroid, circumcenter, and orthocenter for the triangle.

*11. A university has three student residences, which are located at points 𝐴(2, 2), 𝐵(10, 6), and 𝐶(4, 8) on a grid. The university
wants to build a tennis court an equal distance from all three residences. Determine the coordinates of the tennis court.

*12. Triangle LMN has vertices at 𝐿(3, 4), 𝑀(4, −3), and 𝑁(−4, −1). Use analytic geometry to determine the area of the triangle.

13. A triangle has vertices at 𝑃(12, 6), 𝑄(−4, 0) and 𝑅(8, −6). S is the midpoint of PR, and T is the midpoint of PQ. Find the ratio
of the following: length of ST: length of QR.

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*14. The formula for the area of a triangle is 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ . Calculate the area of the triangle XYZ given the vertices
2

𝑋(−8, 1), 𝑌(2, 3), 𝑍(−2, −3). Please use side XY as the base.

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