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PLANT AND ANIMAL KINGDOM
• Organisms are classified based on body design, hierarchy in developing, relation to
evolution.
• Charles Darwin first described the idea of evolution in 1859 in his book “The Origin of
Species”.
• The Whittaker proposed five kingdoms:
o Monera:
• They are unicellular.
• They are Prokaryotic in nature.
• The mode of nutrition is autotrophic or heterotrophic.
o Protista:
• They have unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
• The body is covered by cilia, flagella for locomotion.
• The mode of nutrition is autotrophic or heterotrophic.
o Fungi:
• These are multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms with cell wall, made up of Chitin.
• They do not perform Photosynthesis.
• The fungi living with algae forms Lichen indicating Symbiotic Association.
o Plantae:
• These are multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms with cell wall which is made up of
Cellulose.
• Plants are autotrophic in nature.
• The kingdom Plantae is further classified as
➢ Thallophytes:
▪ The plants do not have well defined body design, commonly called as “Algae”, mostly
aquatic. Ex. Spirogyra, Ulothrix.
➢ Bryophytes:
▪ These are commonly called as the “Amphibians of Kingdom”.
▪ The plant body is differentiated into roots like, stem like and leaf like structures.
▪ There are no specialized tissues for the conduction of water and food.
➢ Pteridophytes:
▪ These are commonly called as the “First vascular land plants”.
▪ They have specialized tissues for the conduction of water and food are developed in
these plants.
➢ Gymnosperms:
▪ These are commonly called as “Naked seed-bearing plants”.
▪ They are usually perennial, evergreen and woody.
➢ Angiosperms:
▪ These are commonly called as “Enclosed seed-bearing plants”.
▪ Plants with seeds having a single cotyledon are called as” Monocotyledons or
Monocots”.
▪ Plants with seeds having two cotyledons are called as “Dicots”.
o Animalia:
• These are multi-cellular eukaryotic organisms without cell wall.
• They are heterotrophic in nature.
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• They are classified as follows:
➢ Non-Chordates:
▪ Porifera:
• The word Porifera” means organisms with holes”.
• They are non-motile with cellular level of organization and mainly marine organisms
with hard outer coat called as Skeleton.
• They are commonly called as Sponges.
▪ Coelenterata:
• They are radially symmetrical, Diploblastic, commonly called as Cnidarians.
▪ Platyhelminthes:
• They are bilaterally symmetrical Triploblastic.
• No true Coelom is present - Acoelomates.
▪ Nematoda:
• They are bilaterally symmetrical and Triploblastic.
• The false Coelom is called as Pseudocoelome.
▪ Arthropoda:
• They are bilaterally symmetrical Triploblastic.
• The Coelom is blood filled called as Haemo Coelom.
• They have jointed legs.
▪ Mollusca:
• They are bilaterally symmetrical, Triploblastic.
▪ Echinodermata:
• They are radially symmetrical and Triploblastic.
• They have coelomic cavity.
• They are exclusively free-living marine animals.
➢ Chordates:
▪ Chordates are further divided into the following groups:
• Protochordata:
o They have rudimentary notochord.
o They are bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastc organisms with a Coelomic cavity.
• Vertebrata:
o Notochord is replaced by vertebral column and internal skeleton.
o They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and segmented having paired
gill pouches.
o They are further divided into five groups which are given below as follows:
▪ Pisces: These are commonly called as “fishes”. Body is streamlined and a tail for
locomotion. They have gills for respiration. The heart is two chambered. These
organisms are cold blooded.
▪ Amphibians: They can live both on land and in water. These are cold blooded
animals. The heart is three chambered.
▪ Reptilia: These are cold blooded animals which have three chambered heart except
crocodile which has four chambered heart. They have scales all over the body.
▪ Aves: These organisms respire through lungs and are warm blooded in nature. The
heart of these organisms is four chambered. They lay eggs.
▪ Mammalia: These are warm blooded animals which have four chambered heart. They
have mammary glands and produce their young ones.
