Exercise-I

0 1 0 0 0 0
Q.1 If, E = 0 0 1 and F =  1 0 0  calculate the matrix product EF & FE and
 
0 0 0 0 1 0
   
2 2
show that E F + FE = E .
0 1 0   0 0 0 
Sol. EF  0 0 1  1 0 0
0 0 0   0 1 0 
  
 0  1  0 0  0  0 0  0  0
  0  0  0 0  0  1 0  0  0
 0  0  0 0  0  0 0  0  0
 
 1 0 0
EF   0 1 0 
 0 0 0
 
 0 0 0   0 1 0  0 0 0 
FE  1 0 0   0 0 1   0 1 0 
 0 1 0   0 0 0  0 0 1 
    
LHS E 2 F  FE 2  E(EF)  (FE)E
0 1 0  1 0 0  0 0 0  0 1 0 
 0 0 1  0 1 0   0 1 0  0 0 1 
0 0 0  0 0 0  0 0 1  0 0 0 
     
 0 1 0  0 0 0 
  0 0 0   0 0 1   E
 0 0 0  0 0 0 
   

Q.2 Find the number of 2 × 2 matrix satisfying

2 2
(i) aij is 1 or –1 ; (ii) a11 + a12 = a 221 + a 222 = 2 ; (iii) a11 a21 + a12 a22 = 0
 a11 a 12 
Sol.  a 2 a 22  , a ij  {1,1}
2 2 2 2
a11  a12  a 21  a 22 2 and
a11a 21  a12 a 22  0
a11  1, a 21  1, a12  1  a 22 
two
a12  1  a 22
a11  1, a 21  1, a12  1  a 22 
two
a12  1  a 22
Similarly for, more
Total 8 matrices

108
  3 2  3 3
   y y
Q.3 Find the value of x and y that satisfy the equations. 3 0  = 3y 3y 
 2 4   x x  10 10 
   
 3 2  3 3
Sol.  3 0   y y   3y 3y 
 2 4   x x  10 10 
   
 3y  2x 3y  2x   3 3 
 3y 3y   3y 3y 
 2y  4x 2y  4x  10 10 
   
3y  2x  3, 2y  4x  10
y  2x  5
3
y  2, x 
2

a b p 0
Q.4 Let A =   and B =      . Such that AB = B and a + d = 5050. Find the value
c d  q  0
of (ad – bc).
Sol. AB = B
(A  I)B  O
AI O or BO
a 1 b
0
c d 1
(a  1)(d  1)  bc  0
ad  bc  a  d  1  0
ad  bc  a  d  1 = 5049
0 1 0
Q.5 define A =   . Find a vertical vector V such that (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I)V =  
 3 0  11
 
(where I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix).
0 1   0 1   3 0 
Sol. A2     3I
 3 0   3 0 0 3
A 4  (A 2 ) 2  9I, A 6  (A 2 )3  27I, A8  (A 4 ) 2  81I
0
(A8  A 6  A 4  A 2  I)V   
11
121 0   a   0 
 0 121  b   11
121a  0, 121b  11
a=0 b=1

109
  1 0 2
Q.6 If, A =  0 2 1  , then show that the matrix A is a root of the polynomial f (x) = x3 – 6x2 +
 2 0 3
 
7x + 2.
Sol. Characteristic equation A  I  0
1  0 2
0 2 1 0
2 0 3
1     2    3     1  2    2   0
1     2  5  6   4  8  0
 3  6 2  7  2  0
Matrix A satisfies the above equation

Q.7 For a non zero  , use induction to prove that : (Only for XII CBSE)
 n n(n  1) n 2 
n
  n n 1  
 1 0  2
(a) 0  1 =  0 n n n 1

0 0   n
 , for every n  N
  0 0  
 

 n n(n  1) n 2 
 n n n 1  
 1 0  2
 
Sol. Let P(n)   0  1  =  0 n n n 1 
0 0 
  0 0 n 
 

 1 0   1 0 
P(1)   0  1    0  1  is true
0 0  0 0 
   
Let P(k) is true
 k k(k  1) k  2 
k
  k k 1  
 1 0  2
0  1   0 k k k 1

…..(1)
 0 0   
  0 0 k 
 
Now check for n  k  1
k 1 k
 1 0   1 0    1 0 
 0  1   0  1   0  1 
0 0  0 0   0 0  
     
from equation (1)

110
  k k(k  1) k 2 
 k k 1  
2  1 0 
 k 1  
0 k k  0  1 
k
0 0   0 0 
 

 k 1 k(k  1) k 1 
  k  k k k k 1   
2
 
 0  k 1  k  k k 
 0 0  k 1 
 

 k 1 k(k  1) 
 (k  1) k  k 1
2 
 
 0  k 1 (k  1) k 
 0 0  k 1 
 
10(k  1) is true

0 1
(b) If, A =   , then (aI + bA) = a I + na b A, where I is a unit matrix of order 2,  n  N.
n n n1

 0 0 
Sol. for n = 1
(aI  bA)1  aI  1.a bA
 aI  bA (true for n = 1)
Let true for n = k
(aI  bA) k  a k I  ka k 1bA …..(1)
Check for n  k  1
(aI  bA)k 1  (aI  bA) k (aI  bA)

  a k I  ka k 1ba   aI  bA 

 a k 1I  a k bA  ka k bA  ka k 1b 2 A 2
0 1   0 1 
 a k 1I  (k  1)a k bA  ka k 1b 2 
0 0   0 0 
 a k 1I  (k  1)a k bA  0
true for n  k  1

111
 1 2 a b 
Q.8 If the matrices A =  and B =
3 4  c d 
db
(a, b, c, d not all simultaneously zero) commute, find the value of . Also show that
a cb
   2 3
the matrix which commutes with A is of the form 
   
Sol. Given AB = BA
1 2  a b   a b  1 2
3 4  c d  =  c d  3 4

 a  2c b  2d   a  3d 2a  4b 
3a  4c 3b  4d    c  3d 2c  4d 
a  2c  a  3b, b  2d  2a  4b,3a  4c  c  3d,3d  4d  2c  4d
2c  3b,3b  2a  2d, a  c  d, 3b  2c
If c  , d
2
b ,a   
3
2 2
 
db 3 3 1
now  
a  c  b      2 2

3 3
a b 
Q.9 If   is an idempotent matrix. Find the value of f(a), where f(x) = x– x 2 , when
 c 1  a 
bc = 1/4. Hence otherwise evaluate a.
a b 
Sol. A
 c 1  a 
A2  A
a b  a b  a b 
 c 1  a   c 1  a    c 1  a 

 a 2  bc ab  b  ab  a b 
 ac  c  ac bc  (1  a) 2    c 1  a 
   
a 2  bc  a, bc  (1  a) 2  (1  a)
1
when bc 
4
1 1
a 2   a,  (1  a)2  (1  a)
4 4
1
a  a2 
4

112
 1
f (a) 
4
1
a2  a  0
4
2
 1 1
a    0 a 
 2 2

1 1
Q.10 If the matrix A is involuntary, show that (I + A) and (I – A) are idempotent and
2 2
1 1
(I + A)· (I – A)=O.
2 2
Sol. A2  I …(1)
IA
Now let B 
2
(I  A)(I  A) I  A  A  A 2
B2  
4 4
I  2A  I I  A
B2   B
4 2
IA
Let C
2
1 I  A  A  A2
C 2  (I  A)(I  A) 
4 4
IA
C2  C
2
 I  A  I  A 
Also BC    
 2  2 
1
  I  A  A  A 2 
4
=0
1 0
Q.11 Show that the matrix A =  can be decomposed as a sum of a unit and a nilpotent
 2 1 
2007
1 0
matrix. Hence evaluate the matrix  .
 2 1 
1 0  1 0 0 0
Sol. A  
 2 1   0 1   2 0
A  IB
0 0
where B  
 2 0 

113
  0 0   0 0  0 0
B2    0
 2 0   2 0  0 0
Nilpotent matrix
A 2007  (I  B) 2007
 I  2007 GI2006 B  O
1 0   0 0
 I  2007 B   
0 1   4014 0 


 1 0

 4014 1 
1 x 1  3 3 z 
Q.12 Given matrices A = x 2 y ; B =  3 2 3

1 y 3   z 3 1 
  
Obtain x, y and z if the matrix AB is symmetric.
Sol. (AB)T  BT A T  BA {A and B are sym.}
if AB is sym. them (AB)T  AB
AB  BA
 1 x 1   3 3 z   3 3 z   1 x 1
 x 2 y   3 2 3   3 2 3  x 2 y
 1 y 3   z 3 1   z 3 1   1 y 3 
    
 3  3x  z 3  2x  3 z  3x  1 
3x  6  yz 3z  4  3y xz  6  y 
 3  3y  3z 3  2y  9 z  3y  3 
 
 3  3x  z 3x  6  yz 3  3y  3z 
  3  2x  3 3x  4  3y 3  2y  9 
 z  3x  1 xz  6  y z  3y  3 

2x  6  3x  6  yz  x  yz  0 ….(1)
3x  z  1  3  3y  3z  3x  3y  2z  2 ….(2)
2y  12  xz  y  6  y  xz  6 ….(3)
put x   yz in equation (2), (3)
3yz  3y  2z  2
6
y  yz 2  6  y
1  z2
 6   6 
3z  2 
 3 2 
 2z  2
 1 z  1 z 
18z  18  2z(1  z 2 )  2(1  z 2 )
2z 3  2z 2  16z  16  0
z3  z 2  8z  8  6

114
 (z  1)(z 2  8)  0  z  1, z  2 2
for z  1, y3 x3
2 4 2
z  2 2, y , x
3 3
2 4 2
z  2 2, y , x
3 3

 0 1 1
Q.13 Let X be the solution set of the equation Ax = I, where A =  4 3 4  and I is the
 3 3 4 
 
x
corresponding unit matrix and x Í N then find the minimum value of  (cos   sin x ) , q 
R.
 0 1 1  0 1 1
Sol. A   4 3 4   4 3 4 
2

 3 3 4   3 3 4 
  
1 0 0 
A 2  0 1 0   I
0 0 1 
 
A3  A, A 4  I, A 6  I........
x  {2, 4, 6,.....}
  cos x
  sin x  
cos 2  sin 2 
2
 2
 cot 2   tan 2 
1  cos  1  sin 
minimum value 2.

 3 a 1  d 3 a 
Q.14 A = 2 5 c is Symmetric and B = b  a e 2b  c  is Skew Symmetric, then find
  
b 8 2   2 6 f 
  
AB. Is AB a symmetric, Skew Symmetric or neither of them. Justify your answer.
Sol. A is symmetric so
a = 2, b = –1, c=8
B is skew symmetric so
d  0, b  a  3, a  2, e  f  0, 2b  c  6
 3 2 1  0 3 2 
AB   2 5 8   3 0 6 
 1 8 2   2 6 0 
  

115
  4 3 6 
  31 54 26  neither symmetric nor skew symmetric
 28 9 50 
 
1 2 5
Q.15 Express the matrix  2 3  6  as a sum of a lower triangular matrix & an upper triangular
 1 0 4 
 
matrix with zero in its leading diagonal. Also Express the matrix as a sum of a symmetric
& a skew symmetric matrix.
1 2 5 
Sol. A   2 3  6
1 0 4 
 
0 2 5   1 0 0 
  0 0 6    2 3 0 
 0 0 0   1 0 4 
   
lower triangular uppertriangular
1 1
Also A  (A  A T )  (A  A T )
2 2
1 2 2   0 0 3 
  2 3 3   0 0 3
 2 3 4   3 3 0 
   
Symmetric skew Symmetric

Q.16 A is a square matrix of order n.

l = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular matrix
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal matrix
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix
If l + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the matrix.
 a11 a12 ...... a1n 
a a 22 ...... a 2n 
Sol. A   21 

 
a n1 a n 2 ...... a nn 
Total elements = n2, diagonal elements = n
n2  n
elements in each side of diagonal 
2
n2  n n2  n
n 1  1
2 2
n2  n
m  n  1, p 
2
  5  p  2m

116
 n2  n n2  n
6  2n  2
2 2
n 2  n  12  n 2  n  4n  4
n4

Q.17 If A is an idempotent non zero matrix and I is an identity matrix of the same order, find the
n
value of n, n  N, such that  A  I  = I + 127 A.
Sol. A 2  A  A  A3  .....
(A  I) n  A n  n C1A n 1  n C 2 A n  2  ...  n C n 1A  n Cn I
 A 1  n C1  n C 2  ... n Cn 1   I
 (2n  1)A  I
2n  127  1  2n  128
n=7
1 2 5
Q.18 Consider the two matrices A and B where A =   ; B =   . If n(A) denotes the
 4 3  3
number of elements in A such that n(XY) = 0, when the two matrices X and Y are not
conformable for multiplication. If C = (AB)(B'A); D = (B'A)(AB) then, find the value of


 n C D 2  n  D
   .
 n  A   n  B 
 
Sol. order of A is 2  2 , order of B is 2  1
C  ABB'A , D  B ' AAB
 1 2 1 2 
C  A 22 B21B '12 A 22 A2  
 4 3  4 3 
9 8
 A 22 (BB ')22 A 22 
16 17 
9 8  5 
order of C. 2 × 2 D   5 3 
16 17   3
 21
n(C) = 4  5 3  
 29 
D  [18]

now
 2
n(c) D  n(D) 
n(A)  n(B)
4(324  1)
  2  325
2
= 650

117
 Exercise-II
a b
Q.1 If A =  then prove that value of f and g satisfying the matrix equation
 c d 
A2 + f A + g I = O are equal to – tr (A) and determinant of A respectively. Given a, b, c, d
1 0  0 0
are non zero reals and I =   ; O = .
 0 1   0 0 
a b
Sol. A= 
 c d 
A  I  0
a  b
 0   2  (a  d)  ad  bc  0
c d
 2  tr(A)  A  0
A2  tr(A)A  A I  0
f   tr(A) g A

Q.2 A3 × 3 is a matrix such that | A | = a, B = (adj A) such that | B | = b. Find the value of (ab2 +
1 a a 2 a3
a2b + 1)S where S =  3  5  ...... up to , and a = 3.
2 b b b
Sol. B  adjA
2
B  adjA  A
b  a2
a  3, b  9
1 1 1 1
S  1  4  7  ....
2 3 3 3
1
S 9 9
 3  S
2 1 1 26 13
27
9
(ab 2  a 2 b  1)S  (243  81  1)  25  9  225
13

 4 4 5 
Q.3 For the matrix A =  2 3 3 find A–2.
 3 3 4 
 
1
Sol. A 1  adjA, A  4(12  9)  4(8  9)  5(6  9)
A

118
 A  12  4  15  1
3 1 3
A 1    1 1 2
 3 0 4 

3 1  3  3 1  3 
(A )   1
1 2
1 2   1 1 2 
 3 0 4   3 0 4 

 17 4 19 
 10 0 13 

 21 3 25 
 

 1 1 1
 2 3 1 0 1 
Q.4 Given A =  2 4 1 , B =   . Find P such that BPA = 
 2 3 1  3 4  0 1 0 
 
Sol. B  8  9  1, A  1  0  2  1
1 0 1 
BPA   = C (let)
0 1 0 
PA  B 1C
1 1
P  B1CA 1  (adjB)C adjA
B A
1
P (adjB)C(adjA)
A B
 1 2 3
4 3 1 0 1  
P   0 1 1 
 3 2  0 1 0   2 1 2 
 
 1 2 3
 4 3 4  
 0 1 1 
 3 2 3  2 1 2 
 
 4 7 7 

 3 5 5 

 1 3 5 
Q.5 Given the matrix A =  1 3 5 and X be the solution set of the equation Ax = A,
 1 3 5 
 
 x3  1 
where x  N – {1}. Evaluate   x 3  1  where the continued product extends  x  X.
 

119
  1 3 5   1 3 5   1 3 5 
Sol. A   1 3 5  1 3 5   1 3 5
2

 1 3 5   1 3 5   1 3 5 
    
A2  A, A3  A 2  A
X  {2, 3, 4,....}
(x  1)(x 2  x  1) 3  3 4  7 5 13
 (x  1)(x 2  x  1)  1 7  2 13  3  21  ....
3 x(x  1)
  2
1 2 (x  x  1)
3
as x  ,
2

 cos x  sin x 0 
Q.6 If F(x) =  sin x cos x 0  then show that F(x). F(y) = F(x + y)
 0 0 1 

Hence prove that [ F(x) ]–1 = F(– x).
cos x  sin x 0 cos y  sin y 0 
Sol. F(x)F(y)   sin x cos x 0  sin y cos y 0 
 0 0 1   0 0 1 

 cos x cos y  sin x sin y  cos x sin y  cos ysin x 0 
 sin x cos y  cos x sin y cos x cos y  sin x sin y 0 
 0 0 1 

 cos(x  y)  sin(x  y) 0 
  sin x  y cos x  y 0   f (x  y)
 0 0 1 

1 1
 F(x)   adj(F(x))
F(x)
cos x sin x 0 
1 
  sin x cos x 0 
(1)  0 0 1 

1
 F(x)   F(  x)

Q.7 If A is a skew symmetric matrix and I + A is non singular, then prove that the matrix
 0 5
B = (I – A)(I + A)–1 is an orthogonal matrix. Use this to find a matrix B given A =  .
 5 0 
Sol. I  A  0, A T   A
B  (I  A)(I  A)1

120
 BT  (I  A) 1 (I  A)T
(I  A)(I  A)  I  A 2
(I  AT )1 (I  A)T  2
(I  A)(I  A)  I  A
BT  (I  A)1 (I  A)
BBT  (I  A)(I  A)1 (I  A) 1 (I  A)
 (I  A)(I  A)1 (I  A)(I  A)1
 (I  A)(I  A)1  I
B is orthogonal.
 0 5
B(I  A)(I  A)1 for A  
 5 0 
1
 1 5   1 5 

5 1   5 1
1 5  1  1 5
  
5 1   26  5 1 
1  24 10

26  10 24
1  12 5 

13  5 12 

Q.8 Use matrix to solve the following system of equations.

xyz3
(i) x  2y  3z  4
x  4y  9z  6
1 1 1 x  3
Sol. A  1 2 3 , X   y  , B   4 
1 4 9 z 6 
     
AX = B
A  1(18  12)  1(9  3)  1(4  2)
 66 2  0
1
X  A 1B  (adjA)B 
A
6 5 1   3 
1 
X  6 8 2   4 
2  2 3 1   6 
  
4
1  
 2
2 0 
 

121
 x  2, y  1, z  0

x yz6
(ii) x  y  z  2
2x  y  z  1
1 1 1  6
Sol. A  1 1 1  , B   2
 2 1 1 1
   
A  1(1  1)  1( 1  2)  1(1  2)  6  0
0 2 2  6
1 1
X  A 1B  (adjA)B   3 3 0  2 
6 6  3 1 2   1 
  
6 1
1    
 12  2
6 18   3
   
x  1, y  2, z  3
xyz3
(iii) x  2y  3z  4
2x  3y  4z  7
1 1 1  3
Sol. A  1 2 3 , B  4 
 
 2 3 4 7
   
AX = B
A  1(8  9)  1(4  6)  1(3  4)  0
 1 1 1   3  0 
(adjA)B   2 2 2   4   0 
 1 1 1  7  0 
    
infinite solution
x  y  3 k y  1  2k
Let z  k, 
x  2y  4  3k x k2

xyz3
(iv) x  2y  3z  4
2x  3y  4z  9
1 1 1   3 
Sol. A  1 2 3  , B  4 
2 3 4 9
   
A 0

122
  1 1 1   3  2 
(adjA)B   2 2 2   4   4   0
 1 1 1   9   2 
    
no solution

Q.9 Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a11 = a33 = 2 and all the other aij = 1. Let
A–1 = xA2 + yA + zI then find the value of (x + y + z) where I is a unit matrix of order 3.
2 1 1 
Sol. A  1 1 1 
1 1 2
 
2 1 1
A  I  1 2 1 0
1 1 2
(2   )  (1   )(2   )  1  1(2    1)  1(1  1   )  0
(2   )  2  3  1  (1   )    0
2 2  6  2  3  3 2    1      0
3  5 2  5  1  0
A3  5A 2  A  I  0
A2  5A  5I  A 1  0
A1  A 2  5A  5I
x  1, y  5, z  5
x  y  z 1
1 2 2  2 1 1 10 
Q.10 Given that A= 2 2 3 , C= 2 2 1 , D= 13 and that Cb=D. Solve the matrix
   
 1 1 3   1 1 1 9
     
equation Ax=b.
Sol. C  2(2  1)  1(2  1)  1(2  2)
 2 1  0  1  0
Cb  D  b  C1D
1
b  (adjC)D
c
 1 0 1 10  1
b   1 1 0  13   3
 0 1 2   9   5 
    
Ax  b
A  1(6  3)  2(6  3)  2( 2  2)

123
  9  6  8  5  0
1
x  A 1b  (adjA)b
5
9 8 2  1 
1 
  3 1 1  3
5  4 3 2  5
  
5 1
1    
 5  1
5  5  1 
   

 2 1 3 2   2 4 
Q.11 Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation,   .A.  = .
 3 2  5  3  3  1
2 1 3 2  2 4 
Sol. Let    B,    C,  D
 3 2   5  3  3 1
BAC = D
AC  B1D
A  B1DC1
1 1
 (adjB)(D) (adjC)
B C
1
 (adjB)D(adjC)
BC
1  2 1  2 4   3 2 
A
19  3 2   3 1  5 3 
1  2 1  26 8 
A
19  3 2   4 9 
1  48 25 

19  70 42

k m
Q.12 If A =   and kn  lm ; then show that A2 – (k + n)A + (kn – lm) I = O.
 l n 
–1
Hence find A .
Sol. A  I  0
k  m
0
 n
(k  )(n  )  m  0
 2  (k  n)  nk  m  0

124
 A satisfies this
A2  (k  n)A  (nk  m)I  0
A  (k  n)I  (nk  m)A 1  0
(A  (k  n)I)
A 1 
(m  kn)
 1  n m 
A 1  
 m  kn     k 

 2 1 9 3
Q.13 Given A=   ; B=  . I is a unit matrix of order 2. Find all possible matrix X in the
 2 1  3 1
following cases.
(i) AX = A
Sol. AX  A
 2 1 a b   2 1
 2 1  c d    2 1

 2a  c 2b  d   2 1
 2a  c 2b  d    2 1
2a  c  2, 2b  d  1
c  2  2a, d  1  2b
 a b 
X , a, b  R
 2  2 1  2b 

(ii) XA = I
Sol. XA = I
 a b   2 1 1 0 
 c d   2 1  0 1 

 2a  2b a  b  1 0 
 2c  2d c  d    0 1 
2a  2b  1, a  b  0, 2c  2d  0, c  d  1
1
a  2  , a  b  0, c  d  0, c  d  1
2
not possible

(iii) XB = O but BX  O.

Sol. XB = O but BX  O
 a b  9 3
 c d  3 1  O

125
 9a  3b 3a  b  0 0 
 9c  3d 3c  d   0 0 
3a  b  0, 3c  d  0
 a 3a 
 c 3c   X, a, c  R

9 3  a b 
BX  
 3 1  c d 
9a  3c 9b  3d 

 3a  c 3b  d 
3a  c  0, 3b  d  0
 5 1 3 1 1 2
Q.14 Find the product of two matrices A & B, where A =  7 1  5 & B =  3 2 1  and
 1 1 1   2 1 3
   
use it to solve the following system of linear equations,
x + y + 2z = 1 ; 3x + 2y + z = 7 ; 2x + y + 3z = 2 .
1 1 2 1 
Sol. BX  C where B  3 2 1 , C  7 
 
2 1 3 2
   
B  1  (6  1)  1(9  2)  2(3  4)
 572  0
X  B1C
1
X  (adjB)C
B
5 1 3 1 
1 
X 7 1 5  7 
4  1 1 1  2 
  
8 2
1    
 4  1
4  4   1
   

1 2
Q.15 If A =  then, find a non-zero square matrix X of order 2 such that AX = O. Is XA = O.
 2 4 
1 2
If A =  , is it possible to find a square matrix X such that AX = O. Give reasons for
2 3 
it.
 1 2  a b
Sol.  2 4  c 0
d 

126
  a  2c b  2d   0 0 
 2a  4c 2b  4d    0 0 
a  2c  0, b  2d  0
 2c 2d 
X , c, d  R  {0}
 c d 
 2c 2d  1 2 
XA  
 c d   2 4 
 2c  4d 4c  8d 

 c  2d 2c  4d 
XA = 0 is c + 2d = 0
1 2
is A  
 2 3 
AX = 0
 1 2   a b  0 0 
 2 3   c d   0 0 

 a  2c b  2d  0 0 
 2a  3c 2b  3d   0 0 
a  2c  0, b  2d  0
2a  3c  0, 2b  3d  0

possible only when a = b = c = d = 0

X is zero matrix
so not possible

 3 2 1   x   b 
Q.16 Determine the values of a and b for which the system  5 8 9   y    3 
 2 1 a   z   1
    
(i) has a unique solution ; (ii) has no solution and (iii) has infinitely many solutions
3 2 1
Sol. (i) unique solution  5 8 9  0
2 1 a
3(8a  9)  2(5a  18)  1(6  16)  0
14a  42  0  a  3, b  R

(ii) no solution  A  0, adjA  B  0

a  3, (adjA)  B

127
 15 5 10   b 
 33 11 22   3 
 21 7 14   1
  
 15b  5 
 33b  11  0
 21b  7 
 
1
b
3

(iii) for infinite solution

1
a  3, b 
3
1 2 3 1  1 2 x x2 
Q.17 If A =  ; B = ; C = and X =  1 then solve the following matrix
3 4  1 0    2 4 x3 x 4 
equation.
(a) AX = B – I (b) (B – I)X = IC (c) CX = A
Sol. (a) AX = B – I
1 2   x1 x 2   2 1 
3 4   x 3 x 4   1 1

 x1 x 2   1   4 2   2 1 
 x 3 x 4    2   3 1   1 1
1  6 6 
 
2  5 4 
 3 3
X5 
 2
2 
(b) (B – I)X = IC
2 1  1 2
 1 1 X   2 4 
1  1 1  1 2 
X
3  1 2   2 4 
1  3 6 

3  3 6 
1 2
X
 1 2 
(c) CX = A
c  0, (adjC)A

128
  4 2  1 2  2 0
  0
 2 1  3 4  1 0
No solution

Q.18 If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP where P is a non singular matrix then show that the
matrix PB–1 is also orthogonal.
Sol. AA T  A T A  I, B  AP, P 0
B1  P 1A 1
PB1  PP1A 1
PB1  A 1  A T
(A T )T (A T )  AA T  I
AT is orthogonal
3 4  a b
Q.19 Consider the matrices A =  and B =  0 1  and let P be any orthogonal matrix and
1 1
Q = PAPT and R = PTQKP also S = PBPT and T = PTSKP
Column I Column II
(A) If we vary K from 1 to n then the first row (P) G.P. with common ratio a
first column elements at R will form
(B) If we vary K from 1 to n then the 2nd row 2nd (Q) A.P. with common difference 2
column elements at R will form
(C) If we vary K from 1 to n then the first row first (R) G.P. with common ratio b
column elements of T will form
(D) If we vary K from 3 to n then the first row (S) A.P. with common difference – 2.
nd
2 column elements of T will represent the
sum of
Sol. PPT  P T P  I, Q  PAP T
R  P T Q k P, S  PBP T , T  P TSK P
R  AK
3 4  3 4   5 8
A2   
1 1 1 1  2 3
 5 8 3 4  7 12 
A3   
 2 3 1 1  3 5 
(A) 315171......... an A.P. with C.D = 2
(B) 1, 3, 5..... an A.P. with C.D = –2
T  PT (PBP T )(PBP T )(PBP T ).....(PBP T ) P
  
k times
K
TB

129
  a b  a b  a 2 ab  b 
B2   
 0 1  0 1   0 1 
 a 2 ab  b   a b  a 3 a 2 b  ab  b 
B2   
0 1   0 1   0 1 

(C) a, a 2 , a 3 ..... an G.P. with C.R = a
a 3 a 2  b  ab  b  a b 
B4    0 1 
0 1 
a 4 a 3 b  a 2b  ab  b 
 
0 1 
a 2 b  ab  b, a 3 b  a 2 b  ab  b1.....
each term represents the sum of G.P. of C.R.a.

130
 EXERCISE-III
a b c
Q.1 If matrix A =  b c a  where a, b, c are real positive numbers, abc = 1 and AT A = I, then
c a b
 
find the value of a + b + c3.
3 3 [JEE 2003, Mains-2 out of 60]
Ans. (4)
Sol. abc  1
ATA  I
ab  bc  ca  0, a 2  b2  c 2  1, (a  b  c) 2  a 2  b 2  c2
a 3  b3  c3  3abc  (a  b  c)(a 2  b 2  c2  ab  bc  ca)
 3  (1)(1)  4

 2
Q.2 If A =  and  then  =
 2  
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 0
[JEE 2004(Scr)]
Ans. (A)
Sol. A  2  4  5
2  9
  3

Q.3 If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MTM = I and det (M) = 1, then prove that det (M – I) = 0.
[JEE 2004, 2 out of 60]
Sol.   MI
  M  MTM
  M I  MT  I  MT
  IM   MI
MI   MI  MI 0

a 1 0 a 1 1  f  a 2  x
Q.4      
A = 1 b d , B = 0 d c , U = g , V = 0 , X =  y .
 
1 b c  f g h  h    z
      0  
If AX = U has infinitely many solution, then prove that BX = V cannot have a unique
solution. If further afd 0, then prove that BX = V has no solution.
[JEE 2004, 4 out of 60]
Sol. AX = U has infinite Solution
A  0 and (adj A) U = 0

131
a(bc  bd)  (c  d)  0  bc  bd c d  f 
(c  d)(ab  1)  0 ,  d c ac ad   g 
c  d or ab  1  0 1  ab ab  1  h 

 fb(c  d)  cg  dh  0 
 f (d  c)  acg  adh   0  ……(2)
 g(1  ab)  h(ab  1)  0 
   
 cg  ch   0 
if c =d   acg  ach    0 
 (ab  1)(h  g)   0 
   
g=h
now for
BX = V
a 1 1
B  0 d c  a(hd  cg)  f (c  d)
f g h
=0
So BX =V can not have unique solution
2
 hd  gc g  h c  d   a 
Adj BV   cf ah  f ac   0 
 df  
 f  ag ad   0 

a 2 (dh  gc) 
  a 2 cf 
 2

 a df 
So if afd  0 then (adjA) U  0
bf (c  d)  cg  dh  0 ….(1)
f (c  d)  acg  adh  0 ….(2)
(a)  a  abf (c  d)  acg  adh  0 same
B  a(dh  cg)  cf  df
from equation (2)
B  f (c  d)  f (c  d)  0
so BX  V no unique solution
a 2 (dh  gc) 
adj BV   a 2 cf 
 2

 a df 
adf  0 then (adj B) V  0 no solution

132
 1 0 0 1 0 0  1
Q.5 A = 0 1 1 , I =  0 1 0  and A–1 = (A 2  cA  dI) , then the value of c and d are
 0 2 4  0 0 1  6
   
(A) –6, –11 (B) 6, 11 (C) –6, 11 (D) 6,–11
[JEE 2005(Scr)]
Ans. (C)
1  0 0
(  1)( 2  5  4) 3  5 2  4   2  5  4
Sol. A  I  0 1   1 
0 2 4   1     (1  )(4  )  2
(  6 2  9  4)  2  2   3  6 2  11  6
A satisfies the equation 3  6 2  11  6  0
 A3  6A 2  11A  6I  0
A2  6A  11I  6A 1  0
1

A1  A 2  6A  11I
6

 3 1 
 2 
Q.6 If P = 
2  , A = 1 1 and Q = PAPT and x = PTQ2005 P, then x is equal to
  0 1
 1 3
  2 2 
1 2005   4  2005 3 6015 
(A)   (B)  
0 1   2005 4  2005 3 
1 2  3 1  1  2005 2  3 
(C)   (D)  
4  1 2  3 4  2  3 2005 
[JEE 2005 (Screening)]
Ans. (A)
 3 1  3 1 
   
Sol. PT P   2 2  2 2   1 0
 1 3 1 3  0 1 
 2 
2   2 2 
PT (PAP T )(PAPT )(PAP T )....(PAP T )P
x
2005 times
x  (P T P)A(P T P)A.......(P T P)A(P T P)
 A 2005
1 1 1 1 1 2 3  1 3
A2    ,A  
0 1 0 1  0 1   0 1
1 2005 
A 2005  
0 1 

133
Comprehension (3 questions)
1 0 0  1   2
Q.7 A   2 1 0  , U1, U2 and U3 are columns matrices satisfying. AU1 =  0  ; AU2 = 3  ,
3 2 1 0 0 
     
 2
AU3 = 3  and U is 3 × 3 matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the following
1 
 
questions
(a) The value of | U | is
(A) 3 (B) – 3 (C) 3/2 (D) 2

(b) The sum of elements of U–1 is

(A) – 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3
3
(c) The value of  3 2 0 U  2  is
0
 
(A) 5 (B) 5/2 (C) 4 (D) 3/2
[JEE 2006, 5 marks each]
Ans. (a)(A) (b)B (c)A
 a1  a 2  a 3 
Sol. Let U1  b1 , U 2  b 2 , U 3   b3 
   
c  c  c 
 1  2  3
1 
AU1  0   a1  1, 2a1  b1  0,3a1  2b1  c1  0
0 
 
b1  2, C1  1
2
AU 2   3  a 2  2, 2a 2  b 2  3,3a 2  2b2  c 2  0
0
 
b 2  1, C2  4
2
AU 3  3   a 3  2, 2a 3  b3  3,3a 3  2b3  c3  1
1 
 
b3  1, c3  3
1 2 2
(a) U   2 1 1  U  1(3  4)  2(6  1)  2(8  1)
 1 4 3
 
  1  14  18  3
1
(b) U 1  adh(U)
U

134
 1 2 0 
1 
 7 5 3
3 9 6 3 

Sum of elements = 0
1 2 2   3
(c)  3 2 0  2 1 1  2 
 1 4 3  0 
  
7
=  3 2 0   8 
 5 
 
  21 16  0  [5]
5 5 
Q.8 Let A = 0  5 . If |A2| = 25, then || equals. [AIEEE 2007]
0 0 5
(A) 1/5 (B) 5 (C) 52 (D) 1
Ans. (A)
2
Sol. A  25
2
5(5)  25
(25)2  2  25
1 1
2  
25 5

Q.9 Match the statements / Expression in Column-I with the statements / Expressions in
Column-II and indicate your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix
given in OMR.
Column-I Column-II
2
x  2x  4
(A) The minimum positive value of is (P) 0
x2
(B) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of real numbers, (Q) 1
where A is symmetric, B is skew-symmetric, and
(A + B)(A – B) = (A – B)(A + B). If (AB)t = (–1)kAB, where (AB)t
is the transpose of the matrix AB, then the possible values of k are
a
(C) Let a = log3 log32. An integer k satisfying 1 < 2(  k 3 ) < 2, must be (R)
2
less than
1 
(D) If sin  = cos , then the possible values of       are (S) 3
 2
[JEE 2008, 6]
Ans. (A)R (B)Q,S (C)R,S (D)P,R
x 2  2x  4
Sol. (A) y
x2

135
 x 2  x(2  y)  4  2y  0
D  0  y 2  4y  4  16  8y  0
y 2  4y  12  0
(y  6)(y  2)  0
y  (, 6]  [2, )
(B) (A  B)(A  B)  (A  B)(A  B), A T  A, BT   A
A 2  AB  BA  B2  A 2  AB  BA  B2
AB  BA
(AB)T  BT A T
 BA
k
(1)  1  k is add
a
(C) 1  2 k  3  2
 la3la3 2
1  2 k  3 2
 k  la 2 3
1 2  2  1  2 k  3  2
3
 2k  3
2
k=1
 
(D) sin   cos   cos d  cos    
2 
   
  2n         d  2n  or   Q  2n 
2  2 2
1 1
 2n or  2n
 
2 or 2  even integer

Paragraph for Question Nos. 10 to 12

Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of
these entries are 1 and four of them are 0.
Q.10 The number of matrices in A is
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 3
Ans. (A)
Q.11 The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations
 x  1 
A  y    0
 z   0
   
has a unique solution, is
(A) less than 4 (B) at least 4 but less than 7
(C) at least 7 but less than 10 (D) at least 10
Ans. (B)

136
Q.12 The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations
 x  1 
A  y    0
 z   0
   
is inconsistent, is
(A) 0 (B) more than 2 (C) 2 (D) 1 [JEE 2009, 4+4+4]
Ans. (B)
Q.13 The number of 3 × 3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system
 x  1 
A  y    0  has exactly two distinct solutions, is [JEE 2010]
 z   0 
(A) 0 (B) 29 – 1 (C) 168 (D) 2
Ans. (A)
Sol. 111110000
1 x x 1 x x  0 x   0  
10.  x 1 x  or  x 0 x  or   1   or   0  
x x 1 x x 0   0    1 
       
3  3  3  3  12
11. For unique solution A  0
1 a b
(a) a 1 c  1(1  c 2 )  a(a  bc)  b(ac  b)
b c 1
 1  c2  a 2  2abc  b2
 1  (a 2  b 2  c 2 )
here two of the three among a, b, c are zero and other is 1
so  1  (a 2  b 2  c 2 )  0 always
1 a b
(b) a 0 c  1(c 2 )  a( bc)  b(ac)
b c 0
 c2  2abc
here two of the a, b, c are 1 and remaining is 0.
So c2  2abc  0
for c  1,a  0, b  1
c  1,a  1, b  0
two such matrix are possible similarly for
0 a b
(c) a 1 c  a(bc)  b(ac  b)
b c 0
 2abc  b2
b  1,a  1,c  0
b  1,a  0,c  1

137
 two matrices
0 a b
(d) a 0 c  a(a  bc)  b(ac)
b c 1
 2abc  a 2
a  1, b  1,c  0
a  1, b  0,c  1
two matrices
so total 6 such matrices are there for which A  0
12. Inconsistent is equation has no solution
A  0 and (adjA)B  0
 1 a b   x  1 
(a)  a 1 c   y    0
 b c 1   z   0
    
 1  c2 bc  a ac  b 2  1 
adjAB   a  bc 1  b 2 c  ab  0 
 2
 
 ac  b ab  c 1  a 2  0 
 1  c2 
  bc  a   0
 2
ac  b 
for (a, b, c) = (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0)
two such matrices
1 1 1   x  1 
(b) 1 0 0   y   0 
1 0 0   z  0 
    
 0 0 0  1 
adjAB   0 1 1  0 
 0 1 1  0 
  
0
  0  infinite solution
0
 
 0 1 0   x  1 
(c)  1 1 1   y   0 
 0 1 0   z  0 
    
 1 0 1  1 
(adjA)B   0 0 0  0 
 1 0 1 0 
  
 1
00
1
 
no solution.

138
  0 0 1  x  1 
(d)  0 0 1  y   0 
 1 1 1  z  0 
    
 1 1 0 1 
(adjA)B   0 1 0 0 
 0 0 0 0 
  
 1
00
0
 
no solution
so total 4 matrices A for which no solution

13. System of linear equation either can have unique solution or infinite solution so no value as A
for two solution

Paragraph for Questions 14 to 16

Let P be an odd prime number and TP be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices :
 a b 
TP =  A    ; a, b, c  {0,1, 2,...., P  1} [JEE 2010]
 c a  

Q.14 The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det(A)
divisible by p is
(A) (p – 1)2 (B) 2(p – 1) (C) (p – 1)2 + 1 (D) 2p – 1
Ans. (D)
Sol. A  a 2  bc, a, b,c {0,1, 2,.....,p  1}
If A is symmetric then b = c
A  a 2  b2
 (a  b)(a  b)
(a  b)(a  b) is divisible by p if a  b  0 or a  b  0
a = b has p options
a  b  p has (p 1) options so total no. of A is 2p  1
If A is skew sym. then
a=0,b+c=0
A  0  bc  b 2
b2 is div. by p if b = 0
in this case a = b = c = 0 which is already counted in symmetic
so total no .of A such that A is div. by p and A sym or skew sym is 2p  1

139
Q.15 The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det(A) is divisible by
p is
[Note : The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.]
(A) (p – 1)(p2 – p + 1) (B) p3 – (p – 1)2
(C) (p – 1)2 (D) (p – 1)(p2 – 2)
Ans. (C)
a b 
Sol. A  ,Tr (A)  2a
c a 
2a is not div. by p for a a = 1, 2 p –1
(p –1) values
now A  a 2  bc div, by p
Let r is remainder when a2 is divided by p so when we divide bc by p it should leave reminder
r.
(p –1) choices for a, (p –1) choices for b only 1 choice for c.
so total no. or matrices = (p  1) 2

Q.16 The number of A in Tp such that det(A) is not divisible by p is

(A) 2p2 (B) p3 – 5p (C) p3 – 3p (D) p3 – p2
Ans. (D)
Sol. Number of A if A is div by p total no of ways if A is div. by p
 p3  (p 1) 2  p  p  1
 p3  p 2  2p  1  2p  1
 p3  p 2

Paragraph for Questions 17 to 19

1 9 7
Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying [a, b, c  8 2 7  = [0 0 0] ........(C)
 7 3 7 
[JEE 2011]
Q.17 If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (E), lies on the place 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of
7a + b + c is
(A) 0 (B) 12 (C) 7 (D) 6
Ans. (D)
Q.18 Let  be a solution of x3 – 1 = 0 with Im() > 0. If a = 2 with b and c satisfying (E), then the
3 1 3
value of a  b  c is equal to
  
(A) –2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) –3
Ans. (A)

140
Q.19 Let b=6, with a and c satisfying (E). If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx
 n
 1 1
+ c = 0, then     is
n 0   
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 6/7 (D) 
Ans. (B)
Sol. a  8b  7c  0 ……(1)
9a  2b  3c  0 …… (2)
7a  7b  7c  0 ……(3)
17. 2a  b  c  1
(3) – (1)  6a  b  0
b  6a
Put in (2)  9a  12a  3c  0
c  7a
so, 2a  6a  7a  1  a  1, b  6,c  7
7a  b  c  7  7  7  6
1  i 3
18. w
2
a  2, b  12, c  14
3 1 3 3 1 3
a
 b  c  2  12  14
w w w w w w
19. b  6, a  1, c  7
b

1 1    b 6 6
   a   
   c c 7 7
a
 n
6 1
 7 
n 0  
6
7
1
7

Q.20 Let M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If PT
denotes the transpose of P, then M2N2(MTN)–1(MN–1)T is equal to [JEE 2011]
(A) M 2 (B) –N 2 (C) –M 2 (D) MN
Ans. (Bouns)
Sol. Skew sym. matrix of odd order is always singular so question was bonus.

Q.21 Let  1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form
 1 a b
  2
  1 c  , where each of a, b and c is either  or  . Then the number of distinct matrices
 2  1 
 
in the set S is

141
 (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 8 [JEE 2011]
Ans. (A)
Sol. A  1(1  cw)  a(w  cw 2 )  b(w 2  w 2 )
 cw  aw  acw 2
A  1  w(a  c)  acw 2 , a, c  (w, w 2 )
if a  c  w, A  1  2w 2  w  0
a  c  w2 , A  1 2  w6  0
if a  w 2 , c  w, A  1  w  w 2  0
if a  w, c  w 2 , A  0
total no. of non singular matrix = 2
(b can take any value)

Q.22 Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix satisfying

0   1  1  1  1  0 
M 1    2  , M   1  1  and M 1   0 
0   3   0   1 1 12
Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is [JEE 2011]

Ans. (9)
 a1 a 2 a 3 
Sol. Let M   b1 b 2 b3 
 c1 c 2 c3 
a  1, b  2, c  3
2 2 2
a1  a 2  1, b1  b 2  1, c1  c 2  1
a1  0, b1  3,c1  2
a1  a 2  a 3  0, b1  b 2  b3  0, c1  c 2  c3  12
a 3  1, b3  5, c3  7
a1  b 2  c3  0  2  7  9

Q.23 Consider the following relation R on the set of real square matirces of order 3.
R={(A, B)|A = P–1 BP for some invertible matrix P}.
Statement - 1 : R is an equivalence relation.
Statement - 2 : For any two invertible 3 × 3 martices M and N, (MN)–1 = N–1M–1
[AIEEE - 2011]
(A) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-
1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
statement-1.

142
 (D) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
Ans. (C)
Sol. R={(A, B)|A = P–1 BP for some invertible matrix P}
For Statement 1

(i) Reflexive
ARA  A  P 1AP, which is true only, if P = I.
Since, A = P–1 BP for some invertible matrix P.
 We can assume P = I
 ARA  A  I 1AI  A  A
 R is Reflexive
(ii) Symmetric
ARB  A  P 1BP
 PAP 1  P  P 1BP  P 1

 PAP 1   PP 1  B  PP 1 

 B  PAP 1
Since, for some invertible matrix P, we can let Q = P–1
1
 B   P 1  AP 1

 B  Q 1AQ  BRA
 R is symmetric.
(iii) Transitive
ARB and BRC
 A = P–1BP
and B = P–1CP
 A = P–1 (P–1CP)P
= (P–1)2 C(P)2
So, ARC, for some P2 = P
 R is transitive
So, R is an equivalence relation.
For Statement II – It is always true that
1
 MN   N 1 M 1

143
 Hence, both statements are true but second is not the correct explanation of first.

Q.24 Let P = [aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij] where bij = 2i+jaij for 1  i, j  3. If the
determinant of P is 2, then the determinant of the matrix Q is [JEE 2012]
(A) 210 (B) 211 (C) 212 (D) 213
Ans. (D)
Sol. bij  2i  j a ij
 4a11 8a12 16a13   a11 2a12 4a13 
Q   8a 21 16a 22 32a 23   4.8.16  a 21
 2a 22 4a 23 
16a 31 32a 32 64a 33   a 31 2a 32 4a 33 
 22.23.2.22 p
 213

Q.25 If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transposes of P and I is the 3 × 3

 x  0 
identity matrix then there exists a column matrix X =  y   0  such that [JEE 2012]
 z  0 
0
(A) PX =  0  (B) PX = X (C) PX = 2X (D) PX = – X
 0 
Ans. (D)
Sol. PT  2P  I
P  2PT  I
P  2(2 P  I)  I
P  4P  2I  I
3P  3I  0  P  I
PX   X
1 4 4
Q.26 If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is  2 1 7  , then the possible value(s) of the determinant
 1 1 3 
of P is(are)
(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2 [JEE 2012]
Ans. (AD)
Sol. adjP  1(3  7)  4(6  7)  4(2  1)
 4  4  4  4
2
P  4  P  2 or  2

144
 1  3
Q.27 If P =  1 3 3  is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then is equal t o
 2 4 4 
[IIT Main 2013]
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 11 (D) 5
Ans. (C)
2
Sol. P  A  16
1(12  12)  (4  6)  3(4  6)  16
2  22    11

Q.28 For a 3 × 3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are) NOT correct?
(A) NTM N is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or skew
symmetric
(B) M N – N M is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(C) M N is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(D) (adj M) (adj N) = adj(M N) for all invertible matrices M and N [IIT Adv. 2013]
Ans. (CD)

Sol. (A) (N T MN)T  N T M T (N T )T

 NTMT N
if M is symmetric N T MN is symmetric
if M is skew sym. N T MT is symmetric
(B) (MN  NM)T  (MN)T  (NM)T
= NT M T  M T NT
 NM  MN {M, N are sym.}
MN  NM is skew sym.
(C) (MN)T  N T M T
if M, N are sym.
(MN)T  NM  MN not sym
(D) adj(MN)  adjN.adjM .
so D is not correct

Q.29 If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA' = A'A and B = A 1 A' ; then BB' equals
(A) ( B 1 )' (B) I + B (C) I (D) B 1
[IIT Main 2014]
Ans. (C)
Sol. B  A 1A1
B1  (A 1A1 )1  A(A 1 )1

145
 BB1  A 1A1  (A 1 )1  A 1 (A1A)(A 1 )1
 A 1AA1 (A 1 )1
I

Q.30 Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. Then M is invertible if

[JEE Adv. 2014]
(A) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row of M
(B) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column of M
(C) M is a diagonal matrix with non-zero entries in the main diagonal
(D) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not the square of an integer
Ans. (CD)
a b 
Sol. Let M   
c d
M  ac  b 2
M is invertible if M  0
 a  b 
(A)      if a = b, b = c M  0
b c 
(B) [b c]  [a b]
b  a,c  b
M 0
a 0
(C) M   ,a  0
0 a 
M 0
(D) M  ac  b 2
if ac  k 2 , k  z
then M  0
So C, D are correct.

Q.31 Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. Further, if M  N 2 and M 2 = N4,
then
(A) determinant of ( M 2 + M N 2 ) is 0 [JEE Adv. 2014]
2 2
(B) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that ( M + M N )U is the zero matrix
(C) determinant of ( M 2 + M N 2 )  1
(D) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if ( M 2 + M N 2 )U equals the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix
Ans. (AB)
Sol. MN = NM, M  N2 , M2  N 4

146
 M 2  N4  0
(M  N 2 )(M  N 2 )  0 or M N  NM
M  N 2 so either a non zero ,matrix U such that (M 2  MN 2 ) U is zero matrix

1 2 2 
Q.32 If A =  2 1 2  is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9I, where I is 3 × 3 identity
 a 2 b 
matrix, then the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to [JEE Main 2015]
(A) (–2, –1) (B) (2, –1) (C) (–2, 1) (D) (2, 1)
Ans. (A)
 1 2 2  1 2 a 
Sol. AA   2 1 2   2 1 2 
T

 a 2 b   2 2 b 
 9 0 a  4  2b 

 0 9 2a  2  2b   9I
a  4  2b 2a  2  2b a 2  4  b 2 
a  2b   4 a 2  b2  5
a  b  1
a  2,b  1

Q.33 Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary
3 × 3, non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is(are) skew
symmetric? [JEE Adv. 2015]
3 4 4
(A) Y Z – Z Y 3 44 44 4
(B) X + Y (C) X Z – Z X 3 3 4 23
(D) X + Y 23

Ans. (CD)
4 3 3 4
Sol. (A)  Y 2 Z 4  Z 4 Y 3    Z T   Y T    Y T   Z T 
Z4 Y 3  Y 3 Z4 not skew sym
T 44 44
(B)  X 44  Y 44    X T    Y T    X 44  Y 44  sym.
T 3 4 4 3
(C)  X 4 Z 3  Z3 X 4    Z T   X T    X T   Z T 
Z3X 4  X 4 Z3 sym
T 23 23
(D)  X 23  Y 23    X T    Y T    X 23  Y 23 skew

5a b T
Q.34 If A =   and A adj A = AA , then 5a + b is equal to [JEE Main 2016]
 3 2 
(A) –1 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 13

147
Ans. (B)
5a b  2 b  5a b   5a 3
Sol.  3 2  3 5a    3 2   b 2
     
10a  3b 0   25a 2  b 2 15a  2b 
 0  
 3b  10a   15a  2b 13 
15a  2b, 3b  10a  13
2b
3b  10   13
15
2
b  3, a 
5
5a  b  5

 1 0 0
Q.35 Let P =  4 1 0  , where R. Suppose Q = [qij] is a matrix such that PQ = kI, where k
16 4 1 
k k2
 R, k  0 and I is the identity matrix of order 3. If q 23 = – and det(Q) = , then
8 2
[JEE Adv. 2016]
(A)  = 0, k = 8 (B) 4 – k + 8 = 0
(C) det(P adj(Q)) = 29 (D) det(Q adj(P)) = 213
Ans. (BC)
Sol. PQ  KI
Q  KP 1
k3 k 2
Q 
P 2
P  2k
3(5)  1(3)  2(10)  2k
12   20  2k
k k
q 23   3  4 
P 8
P  8  3  4 
12   20  24   32
12    12
  1
k4
P(adjQ)  P (adjQ)

148
 2
 (8) Q  8  (8) 2  23  26  29

 3 1 2 
Q.36 Let P =  2 0   and I be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q = [qij] is a matrix such that
 3 5 0 
q q
P50 – Q = I, then 31 32 equals [JEE Adv. 2016]
q 21
(A) 52 (B) 103 (C) 201 (D) 205
Ans. (B)
Sol. Q  P50  I
 1 0 0  1 0 0
P   4 1 0   4 1 0 
2

16 4 1  16 4 1 
 1 0  0 0  0  0 0  0  0  1 0 0

  440  
0  1  0 0  0  0   4  2 1 0 
16  16  16 0  4  4 0  0  1  16  3 4  2 1 
 1 0 0  1 0 0   1 0  0 000 0  0  0
3 
P   4 2 1    
0  4 1 0    4  2  4  0 0 1 0 0  0  0 
16  3 4  2 1  16 4 1  16  3  16  2  16 0  4  2  4 0  0  1 
 1 0 0

  43 1 0 
 6  16 4  3 1 
6
 1 0 0  1 0 0
50
P  50  4 1  
0   200 1 0
(1  2  ...  50) 16 50  4 1  51 25 16 200 1
 0 0 0

Q   200 0 0   q ij 
51 25  16 200 0 
q31  q32 51 25  16  200

q 21 200
= 103

149
 1  3 i  ( z) r z 2s 
Q.37 Let z = , where i = 1 and r, s  {1, 2, 3}. Let P =  2s  and I be the
2  z z r 
2
identity matrix of order 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r, s) for which P = – I is
[JEE Adv. 2016]
Ans. (1)
( z)r z 2s   ( z)r z 2s 
Sol. P 2   2s  
 z z r   z 2s zr 
 z 2r  z 4r (1) r z r  2s  z r  2s 
 r r  2s   I
 (1) z z 4s  z 2r 
2r 4s r r  2s
z  z  1, ((1)  1) z 0
r  1 or 3
if r  1, z 4s  1  z 2
z 4s  ( z)  z
s 1
if r = 3, z 4r  1  1
z 4r  2 not possible
Only one ordered pair is possible

 2 3  2
Q.38 If A =   , then adj (3A + 12A) is equal to [JEE Mains 2017]
 4 1 
 73 84  51 63  51 84   72 63
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
63 51  84 72 63 72 84 51 
Ans. (B)
 2 3  2 3  2 3
Sol. 3A 2  12A  3      12  
4 1   4 1   4 1 
 16 9  24 36
 3 
 12 13  48 12 
 72 63

 84 51 
51 63
adj  3A 2  12A    
84 72

Q.39 How many 3 × 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are there, for which the sum of the
diagonal entries of M T M is 5? [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) 135 (B) 198 (C) 162 (D) 126
Ans. (B)

150
  a11 a12 a13 
Sol. M   a 21 a 22 a 23 
 a 31 a 32 a 33 
Sum of diagonal entries of M T M
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5  a11  a12  a13  a 21  a 22  a 23  a 31  a 32  a 33
where a ij  {0,1, 2}
9
C1  8 C1  9 C5  72  126
 198

Q.40 Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 3 × 3 matrix with real entries?
[JEE Adv. 2017]
1 0 0  1 0 0   1 0 0  1 0 0 

(A)  0 1 0   
(B)  0 1 0   
(C)  0 1 0   (D)  0 1 0 
 0 0 1  0 0 1  0 0 1  0 0 1 
Ans. (AC)
Sol. A  1, B  1, C  1, D 1
A and C are not possible

1  2   x   1 
 
Q.41 For a real number,  if the system   1    y    1 of linear equation, has infinitely
 2  1   z   1 

2
many solutions, then 1 +  +  = [JEE Adv. 2017]
Ans. (1)
Sol. AX  B
for infinite solution A  0 and adjA B = 0
A  (1   2 )(  3 )   2 ( 2   2 )  0
  4  2 2  1  ( 2  1)2  0
  1
 1   2 3   0   1   0
 3 
(adjA) B     1        1  0
4 3
   
 0 3 2 
    1     1  0
1   2  3    0 3    1   4  3    0
2 4 3 3    1   2  0
(1  )   (1  )  0   2  2  1  0
(  1)(1   2 )  0
(1   2 )(1  )  0 ( 2  1)  2  1  2   0
 
A  0 and adj A.B = 0 for    1

151
 for   1 the equation represents three parallel planes hence no solution
So    1
1    2  1

Q.42 Let P be a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that all the entries in P are from the set {–1, 0, 1}. Then,
the maximum possible value of the determinant of P is _____ . [JEE Adv. 2018]
Ans. (4)
a b c
Sol. d e f  a(ei  fh)  b(di gf)  c(dh  eg)
g R i
   aei  bgf  cdh    a  h  bdi  ecg 
   
x y

a, b,c,d,e,f ,g, h,i {1, 0,1}

maximum can be 6 but for that
aei = bgf = cdh = 1 not possible
afh = bdi = ecg = –1
now for 5 to be the maximum value one of them must be o, but it will make one more term –
so 5 is also not possible
now for maximum value to be 4
1 0 1
1 1 1  1(1  1)  1(1  1) = 4
1 1 1
 b1 
Q.43 Let S be the set of all column matrices  b2  such that b1 , b 2 , b 3  R and the system of
 b3 
equations (in real variables) [JEE Adv. 2018]
–x + 2y + 5z = b1
2x – 4y + 3z = b 2
x – 2y + 2z = b3
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following system(s) (in real variables) has (have)
 b1 
at least one solution of each  b2   S?
 b3 
(A) x + 2y + 3z = b1 , 4y + 5z = b 2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
(B) x + y + 3z = b1 , 5x + 2y + 6z = b 2 and –2x – y – 3z = b3
(C) –x + 2y – 5z = b1 , 2x – 4y + 10z = b 2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(D) x + 2y + 5z = b1 , 2x + 3z = b 2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3

152
Ans. (ACD)
1 2 5
Sol. D  2 4 3
1 2 2
 1(8  6)  2(4  3)  5(4  4) = 0
if solution exists then there will be infinite no. of solutions
for that D1  D2  D3  0 from this
b1 2 5 1 b1 5 1 2 b1
D1  b 2 4 3  0  2 b 2 3  2 4 b 2
b3 2 2 1 b3 2 1 2 b3
 b1  7b 2  13b 3 …..(1)
1 2 3
(A) D  0 4 5  1(24  10)  (10  12)  0
1 2 6
Unique solution
1 1 3
(B) D  5 2 6  1( 6  6)  1(15  12)  3(5  4)
2 1 3
=0
b1 1 3 1 b1 3
D1  b 2 2 6  0, D 2  5 b 2 6
b3 1 3 2 b3 3
D2  3b1  3b 2  9b3  0
D  D1  0 but D 2  0 no solution similarly check other options.

cos   sin  
Q.44 If A    , then the matrix A–50 when   , is equal to:
 sin  cos   12
[JEE Main 2019 (09-01-2019-Shift-1)]
 3 1   1  3  3 1   1 3
       
2 2  2 2  2 2  2 2 
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
 1 3  3 1   1 3  3 1 
       
 2 2   2 2   2 2   2 2 
Ans. (A)
cos  – sin 
Sol. A
 sin  cos  

153
 cos 2 – sin 2
A2   
 sin 2 cos 2 
cos 2 – sin 2 cos  – sin 
A3    
 sin 2 cos 2   sin  cos  
cos n – sin n
An   
 sin n cos n 
cos(–50) – sin(–50)
A50   
 sin(–50) cos(–50) 
 50 50 
 cos 12 sin
12 
A 50  
 – sin 50 cos 50  
 12 12 
 3 1 
 
2 2 
A 50 
 1 3
– 
 2 2 

et e  t cos t e  t sin t


 t t t  t
Q.45 If  e t  e cos t  e sin t e sin t  e cos t  then A is:
et 2e  t sin t 2e  t cos t 
 
[JEE Main 2019 (09-01-2019-Shift-2)]

(A) not invertible for any t R (B) invertible only if t 
2
(C) invertible only if t =  (D) invertible for all t R
Ans. (D)
1 cos t sin t
Sol. A  e  t 1  cos t  sin t  sin t  cos t
1 2sin t 2cos t
1 cos t sin t
t
 e 0 2cos t  sin t 2sin t  cos t
0 2sin t  cos t 2cos t  sin t
= e–t {(2c + s)2 + (2s - c)2}
= 5 e–t

154
  0 2q r 
 
Q.46 Let A   p q r  . If AAT = I3, then |p| is: [JEE Main 2019 (11-01-2019-Shift-1)]
 p q r 
 
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 3 2 6
Ans. (C)
 0 2q r 
Sol. A   p q r 
 p q r 
A.AT = I3
 0 2q r   0 p p  1 0 0 
 p q r   2q q q   0 1 0 
    
 p q r   r r r  0 0 1 
 4q 2  r 2 2q 2  r 2 2q 2  r 2  1 0 0 
 
   2q 2  r 2 p 2  q 2  r 2 p2  q2  r 2   0 1 0 
 
 2q 2  r 2 p 2  q 2  r 2 p 2  q 2  r 2   0 0 1 

Now, 4q2 + r2 = 1
2q2 – r2 = 0,
p2 – q2 – r 2 = 0
p 2 + q2 + r 2 = 1
Solving
4q 2  r 2  1
2q 2  r 2  0
6q 2  1
1
q2 
6
1
q
6
Solving
r2 = 2q2
1 1
r2   r 
3 3
 p2  q 2  r 2
1 1
p2  
6 3

155
 1
p2 
2
1
P
2

1 0 0
q q
Q.47 Let P  3 1 0  and Q = [qij] be two 3 × 3 matrices such that Q – p5 = I3. Then 21 31 is
q 32
9 3 1 
equal to: [JEE Main 2019 (12-01-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) 135 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D) 15
Ans. (C)
1 0 0  1 0 0
Sol. P   3 1  2 
0 & P   3  3 1 0 
9 3 1  9  9  9 3  3 1 
 1 0 0
3 
P  3  3  3 1 0 
 6.9 3  3  3 1 
 
 1 0 0  1 0 0
 
n
P  3n 1 0   P  5.3 1 0 
5

 n n 1
   .32 3n 1 15.9 5.3 1 
 2 
 2 0 0
Q  P5  I3   15 2 0 

135 15 2 
q 21  q 31 15  135
  10
q 32 15

 cos   sin    0 1

Q.48 Let A    ,    R  such that A32    . Then a value of  is:
 sin  cos   1 0 
[JEE Main 2019 (08-04-2019-Shift-1)]
  
(A) (B) 0 (C) (D)
64 32 16
Ans. (A)
 cos   sin  
Sol. A R
 sin  cos  

156
  0 1
A32   
1 0 
 cos   sin   cos   sin    cos 2  sin 2 
Now, A2     
 sin  cos   sin  cos    sin 2 cos 2 
 cos 2  sin 2  cos   sin    cos 3  sin 3 
A3     
 sin 2 cos 2  sin  cos    sin 3 cos 3 
 cos n  sin n 
In gen.: An   
 sin n cos n 
 cos 32  sin 32   0 1
Now, A32    
 sin 32 cos 32   1 0 
 cos 32  0, sin 32  1
sin 32  1, cos 32  0


64

1 1 1 2  1 3 1 n  1 1 78 1 n 
Q.49 If          , then the inverse of   is:
0 1 0 1  0 1 0 1  0 1  0 1 
[JEE Main 2019 (09-04-2019-Shift-1)]
1 13 1 12  1 0  1 0
(A)   (B) 0 1  (C) 13 1  (D) 12 1
0 1       
Ans. (A)
1 1 1 2  1 n  1 1 78
Sol. 0      
 1 0 1   0 1  0 1 
 n  n  1 
 1 1  2  ....  n  1  1  1 78  n  13
  2 
0 1  0  0 1 
 1 

 0 2y 1 
 
Q.50 The total number of matrices A   2x y 1 ,  x, y  R, x  y  for which ATA = 3I3 is:
 2x  y 1 
 
[JEE Main 2019 (09-04-2019-Shift-2)]
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2
Ans. (B)

157
  0 2y 1 
Sol. A   2x y 1
 2x  y 1 
AT. A = 3I3
 0 2x 2x   0 2y 1   3 0 0 
 2y y  y   2x y 1  0 3 0 
    
 1 1 1   2x  y 1  0 0 3
8x 2 0 0 3 0 0
 
 0 6y 2
0  0 3 0
 
 0 0 3  0 0 3

 6y2 = 3 & 8x2 = 3
1
y2 
2
3
x2 
8
1 3
 y x
2 8
 4 matrices are possible.

2 3 
Q.51 If A is a symmetric matrix and B is a skew-symmetrix matrix such that A  B   ,
5 1
then AB is equal to: [JEE Main 2019 (12-04-2019-Shift-1)]
 4 2   4 2   4 2   4 2 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 1 4  1 4  1 4   1 4 
Ans. (B)
2 3 
Sol.  5 1  A  B  X
 
2 5  X  XT X  XT
XT     A  , B 
3 1 2 2
2 4  0 1
A  , B 
4 1 1 0 
 4 2 
 AB   
1 4

158
  5 2 1 
Q.52 If B   0 2 1  is the inverse of a 3  3 matrix A, then the sum of all values of  for
  3 1
which det (A)+1 = 0, is: [JEE Main 2019 (12-04-2019-Shift-1)]
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
Ans. (C)
1
Sol. A –1 
A
1
| B |
|A|
1
 1  0
|B|
B  1
5 2 1
0 2 1  –1
 3 –1
 5(–5)   (2 – 2)  –1
 25  2 2  2  1  2 2 – 2 – 24  0
  2 –  – 12  0     4    3   0

1 0 0  1 0 0 
Q.53 Let 1    
P  I   0 1 0  , 2 0 0 1  ,
P 
0 0 1  0 1 0 

0 1 0  0 1 0 
P3  1 0 0  , P4  0 0 1  ,
 

0 0 1  1 0 0 
0 0 1  0 0 1  6
2 1 3
P5  1 0 0 , P6  0 1 0 and X   Pk  1 0 2  PkT where PkT denotes the teranspose of
0 1 0 1 0 0 k 1  3 2 1 
the matrix Pk. Then which of the following option(s) is /are correct? [JEE (advanced) 2019]
(A) X - 30I is an invertible matrix (B) The sum of diagonal entries of X is 18
1 1
X 
(C) If  1    1 , then   30 (D) X is symmetric matrix

1 1
Ans. (BCD)
Sol. PK T PK  PK PK T  I for k  1,2,3, 4,5,6

159
  2 1 3
Let A   1 0 2  , A T  A
3 2 1
 
T
X   PK APK
T T
X T   PK AT PK   PK APK  X
X is symmetric
1
Let B  1
1

6  1 1 
 
XB   PK AP B PKT 1  1 
T
K
k 1  1 1 
 2 1 3  1
XB   P1  P2  P3  P4  P5  P6   1 0 2  1
 3 2 1  1
  
 2 2 2   6
  2 2 2   3
 2 2 2   6
  
1 30
X 1  30 (C) Correct
1 30
  
XB  30B
(X  30I)B  0
if X  30I  0 then its inverse exist t
let C is its inverse
B = 0 which is not invertible
So X  30I  0, X  30I is not invertible
Tr(X)  Tr   PK APKT  (here PKT  PK1 )

 Tr    P AP  
K
1
K

 Tr   A   Tr(6A)  18

1 1 1  2 x x
Q.54 Let x  R and let P  0 2 2  , Q   0 4 0  and R = PQP-1. Then which of the following
 
0 0 3   x x 6 
option(s) is/ are correct? [JEE (advanced) 2019]

160
   0 
(A) For x = 1, there exists a unit vector  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ for which R     0 
   0 
(B) There axists a real number x such that PQ = QP
2 x x
(C) det R = det  0 4 0   8 for all x  R
 x x 5 

1  1 
(D) For x = 0, if R  a  =6  a  then a+b = 5
 
 b   b 
Ans. (CD)
1 1 1   2 x x  1  6 3 0 
 
Sol. R   0 2 2   0 4 0     0 3 2 
0 0 3  x x 6   6  0 0 2 
    
1 1 1  12 3x  6 0
1  
 0 2 2  0 12 8 
6  0 0 3   6x 0 2x  12 
 
12  6x 3x  6  12 8  2x  12 
1 
R 12x 24 16  4x  24 
6  18x 0 6x  36 

R  Q  2(24)  x( 4x)
 48  4x 2
(A) for x  1, R  0
   0     0 
R     0        0 
   0      0 
       
not possible
(B) PQ  QP
1 1 1   2 x x 2 x x  1 1 1 
0 2 2  0 4 0  0 4 0  0 2 2 
0 0 3  x x 6   x x 6  0 0 3 
 
 x  2 2x  4 x  6   2 2  2x 5x  2 
 2x 8  2x 12    0 8 8 
 3x 3x  
18   x 3x 3x  18

not possible
2 x x
(C) R  Q  0 4 0
x x 6

161
 2 x x 2 x x
 0 4 00 4 0
x x 6 0 0 1
2 x x
 0 4 0 8
x x 5
1 
(D) for x = 0, R  a 
b
 
 2  2b 
2 1 3  2  a  3 
1
 4     4b 
 0 4  a   4a  
 3  b  3 
 0 0 6     6b 
   
2b 4b
a   2  6, 4a   6a  a  2, b  3
3 3

 sin 4  1  sin 2 
Q.55 Let M      I   M 1 . [JEE Advanced 2019]
2
1  cos  4
cos  
where  = () and  = () are real number, and I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix. If
* is the minimum of the set {() :  [0, 2)} and
* is the minimum of the set {() :  [0, 2)},
then the value of * + * is
37 29 31 17
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
16 16 16 16

Ans. (B)
Sol. M  sin 4  cos 4   (1  sin 2 )(1  cos 2 )
 sin 4  cos 4   1  1  sin 2  cos 2 
2
M   sin 2  cos 2    sin 2  cos 2   2
4
  0    cos  1  sin 2 
M   
 0   M  1  cos  sin  
2 4

 

M
cos4   sin 4 ,
M
1  sin 2    1  sin 2 

 
  1  cos 2    1  cos 2   ,   sin 4   cos4 
M M
  sin 4   cos4 

162
   1  2sin 2  cos 2 
1
 1  sin 2 2
2
1
 
2
 M ,
  (t 2  t  2)
where t  sin 2  cos2 
1
t  sin 2 2
4
 1
t   0, 
 4
2
7  1 
 t  
4  2
37
  
16
1 37 29
     
2 16 16

0 1 a   1 1 1
Q.56 Let M   1 2 3 and adjM   8 6 2  where a and b are real numbers. Which of the
 

 3 b 1   5 3 1
following option(s) is/are correct ? [JEE Advanced 2019]
(A) a + b = 3 (B) det(adjM2) = 81
  1 
(C) (adjM)–1 + adjM–1 = – M (D) If M     2 , then  –  +  = 3
   3 
Ans. (ACD)
Sol. 3  2a  1, 5  b  6
a=2 b=1
(A) a  b  3
2
(B) AdjM 2  (adjM)2   1(6  6)  1(8  10)  (6) 
= 16
(C) (adjM)  (adjM )  2(adjM 1 )
1 1

= 2(M 1 ) M 1

163
 2M
=  M
M
  1  1
1 1 1 1  2
1    
1
(D)     M 1  2     8 6 2   2    2    1
  3 2  5 3 1  3  2  2   1 
          

1 1 1 
1 1   2  , then the
Q.57 Let  be a root of the equation x2 + x + 1 = 0 and the matrix A 
3 
1  2  4 
matrix A31 is equal to [JEE Main 2020 (07-01-2020-Shift-1)]
(A) A (B) A3 (C) A 2 (D) I3
Ans. (B)
1 1 1  1 1 1  1 0 0 
1
Sol. 2
A  1  2  1  2    0 0 1 
3
1 2   1 2    0 1 0 
 A4  1  A31  A 28  A3  A 3

Q.58 Let A = [aij] and B = [bij] be two 3 × 3 real matrices such that bij = (3)(i+j-2)aji, where i,j = 1, 2, 3.
If the determinant of B is 81, then the determinant of A is:
[JEE Main 2020 (07-01-2020-Shift-2)]
(A) 1/3 (B) 3 (C) 1/81 (D) 1/9
Ans. (D)
b11 b12 b13 30 a11 31 a12 32 a13
Sol. B  b 21 b 22 b 23  31 a 21 32 a 22 33 a 23
b31 b32 b33 32 a 31 33 a 32 34 a 33
1
 81  33  3  32 A  A 
9

Q.59 The number of all 3 × 3 matrices A, with entries from the set {–1, 0, 1} such that the sum of
the diagonal elements of AAT is 3, is ______ [JEE Main 2020 (08-01-2020-Shift-1)]
Ans. (672)
Sol. Let
A  A  a ij 
33

tr  AA T
3
2 2 2
a11  a12  a13  a 221  a 33
2
3
possible cases

164
 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,1,1,1 

0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1 

0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,1,1, 1 
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,1, 1 

 9!  2  9!  1 1 
2  9 C3   2     
 2!6!  6!  3! 2 
9!  1  4
   1  9  8  7    21 32  672
6!  3  3

 2 2 1 0
Q.60 If A    and I    , then 10A is equal to:
–1

 9 4   0 1 
[JEE Main 2020 (08-01-2020-Shift-2)]
(A) A – 6I (B) 4I – A (C) 6I –A (D) A – 4I
Ans. (A)
 2 2 1 0 
Sol. A  and I  0 1 
9 4  
–1
10A = ?
According to Cayley Hamilton equation
|A – I| = 0
2 2
0
9 4
(2 – )(4 – ) – 18 = 0
8 – 2 – 4 + 2 – 18 = 0
2 – 6 – 10 = 0
 A 2 – 6A– 10I = 0
A–1(A2) –6A–1A – 10 A–1 = 0
A – 6I– 10A–1 = 0
10A–1 = A – 6I

1 1 2 
adjB
Q.61 If the matrices A  1 3 4  , B = adj A and C = 3A , then is equal to:
C
1 1 3 
[JEE Main 2020 (09-01-2020-Shift-1)]
(A) 8 (B) 2 (C) 16 (D) 72
Ans. (A)
2
 n 1
adjB adj  adjA  A
Sol.  
C C C

165
  312
adjB  6  64
 3  8
C 3 A 6  27

Q.62 Let A be a 2×2 real matrix with entries from {0, 1} and | A | 0 . Consider the following two
statements: [JEE Main 2020 (02-09-2020-Shift-1)]
(P) If A  I 2 , then A  1
(Q) If A  1, then tr  A   2
where I2 denotes 2 × 2 identity matrix and tr(A) denotes the sum of the diagonal entries of A.
Then:
(A) Both (P) and (Q) are false (B) (P) is true and (Q) is false
(C) Both (P) and (Q) are true (D) (P) is false and (Q) is true
Ans. (D)
1 1
Sol. P:A     I2 & A  0 & A  1 (false)
0 1
1 1
Q:A     1 then Tr  A   2 (true)
0 1
1 2 1
Q.63 Let A={X = (x, y, z)T : PX = O and x2 + y2 + z2 = 1} ,where P   2 3 4  , then the set A:
 1 9 1
[JEE Main 2020 (02-09-2020-Shift-2)]
(A) contains more than two elements (B) is a singleton
(C) contains exactly two elements (D) is an empty set
Ans. (C)
x 
Sol. X   y  & x 2  y 2  z 2  1
 z 
PX = O
 1 2 1   x  0 
 2 3 4   y   0 
    
 1 9 1  z  0 
x + 2y + z = 0 …(1)
2x + 3y – 4z = 0 ....(2)
x + 9y z = 0 ....(3)
from (1) & (3)
 2x + 11y =0
from (1) & (2)
 2x + 11y = 0

166
 from (2) & (3)
–6x –33y = 0
 2x +11y = 0
put in (1)
–7y + 2z = 0
2 2
 11y  2  7y 
Now    y   1
 2   2 
y2(121 + 4 + 49) = 4
y2(174) = 4
2 11 7
y x z  Only two pair possible.
174 174 174
a b c
 
Q.64 Let a, b, c  R be all non-zero and satisfy a3 + b3 + c3 = 2. If the matrix A   b c a 
c a b
 
satisfies A A=I, then a value of abc can be: [JEE Main 2020 (02-09-2020-Shift-2)]
T

2 1 1
(A) (B) 3 (C)  (D)
3 3 3
Ans. (D)
Sol. a3+b3+c3=2
T
A A=I
 a b c  a b c  1 0 0
 b c a  b c a   0 1 0
    
 c a b   c a b   0 0 1 
 a 2  b 2  c 2 ab  bc  ca ab  bc  ca   1 0 0 
 2 2 2   
 ab  bc  ca a  b  c ab  bc  ca    0 1 0 
 ab  bc  ca ab  bc  ca a 2  b 2  c 2   0 0 1 
   
a 2  b 2  c 2  1, ab  bc  ca  0
Now (a + b + c)2   a 2  2  ab
2 2
 a  1  0    a   1   a  1
Now  a 3  3abc    a    a 2   ab 
2 – 3 abc = + 1 (1 0)
2  3abc = + 1
(+) (-)

3 abc = 1 3 abc = 3
abc= 1 abc = 1
3

167
  x 1
Q.65 Let A    , x  R and A 4   a ij  . If a11=109, then a22 is equal to ______
 1 0
[JEE Main 2020 (03-09-2020-Shift-1)]
Ans. (10)
 x 1
Sol. A 
 1 0
 x 1   x 1  x 2  1 x 
A2     
 1 0  1 0  x 1
x 2 1 x  x 1
A3    
 x 1   1 0
 x 3  x  x x 2  1
 2 
 x 1 x 
 x 3  2x x 2  1  x 1 
4
A  2  
 x 1 x   1 0
 x 4  2x 2  x 2  1 x 3  2x 
 3 
 x xx x2 1 
4 2
a11  x + 3x + 1 = 109
4 2
x + 3x  108 = 0
2 2
 (x + 12) (x  9) = 0
x=±3
a = x2 + 1 = 10
12

 2 1 1 
Q.66 Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that adj A   1 0 2  and B = adj(adj A). If |A| =  and
 1 2 1
T
|  B1  |  , then the ordered pair,  |  |,   is equal to:
[JEE Main 2020 (03-09-2020-Shift-2)]
 1  1  1
(A)  9,  (B)  9,  (C)  3,  (D) (3, 81)
 81   9  81 
Ans. (C)
 2 1 1 
Sol. adjA   1 0 2   adjA  9
 1 2 1

168
 2
 A 9  A 3 
B = adj (adj A)
4
 BA
T 1 1 1 1 1
B  
B T
  4 
|B| A 81


 1
 ,    3, 
 81 

 cos  i sin    a b 
Q.67 If A    ,     and A5    , where i  1 , then which one of the
isin  cos    24  c d
following is not true? [JEE Main 2020 (04-09-2020-Shift-1)]
1
(A) a2d2 = 0 (B) a2c2 = 1 (C) 0  a 2  b 2  1 (D) a 2  b 2 
2
Ans. (D)
 c i s   c is  c2  s 2 2ics   cos 2 i sin 2 
Sol. i s c  is c   z  2 2
   where c  cos ,s  sin  
    2ics c  s  i sin 2 cos 2 
 cos  5  isin  5  
A5   
isin  5  cos  5  
a  d  cos  5 
b  c  i sin  5 
a 2  b 2  cos2  5   sin 2 5  1

Q.68 Suppose the vectors x1, x2 and x3 are the solutions of the system of linear equations, Ax=b
when the vector b on the right side is equal to b1, b2 and b3 respectively. if
1 0 0 1  0 0
x1  1 , x 2   2  , x 3   0  , b1  0  , b 2  2  and b3  0  , then the determinant of A is equal
         
1 1   1  0   0   2
to [JEE Main 2020 (04-09-2020-Shift-2)]
1 3
(A) 2 (B) (C) (D) 4
2 2
Ans. (A)

 a b c  1 0 0  1 0 0 
Sol.  d e f  1 2 0   0 2 0 
    
 g h i  1 1 1  0 0 2 

169
 a b c1 0 0 1 0 0
d e f 1 2 00 2 0
g h i 1 1 1 0 0 2

a b c
d e f 24
g h i

a b c
d e f 2
g h i

  cos  sin  
Q.69 Let   and A    . If B = A + A , then det (B):
4

5   sin  cos  
[JEE Main 2020 (06-09-2020-Shift-2)]
(A) is one (B) lies in (1,2) (C) lies in (2,3) (D) is zero
Ans. (B)
 cos  sin  
Sol. A 
 sin  cos  
B  A  A4
 cos  sin    cos  sin  
A2    
  sin  cos    sin  cos 
 cos2   sin 2  2sin  cos  
 2 2 
 2sin  cos   sin   cos  
 cos 2 sin 2 
A2   
 sin 2 cos 2
Similarly,
 cos 4 sin 4 
A4   
 sin 4 cos 4
 cos 4 sin 4   cos  sin  
B  A4  A    
  sin 4 cos 4  sin  cos 
 cos 4  cos  sin 4  sin  
B  A4  A   
  sin 4  sin  cos 4  cos  
2 2
B   cos 4  cos     sin 4  sin  
 cos 2 4  cos 2   2 cos 4 cos   sin 2 4  sin 2   2 sin 4 sin 

170
  2  2  cos 4 cos   sin 4 sin  
 2  2 cos 3

at  
5
3
B  2  2 cos  2  1  sin18 
5
 5 1  5 5  5 5
B  2  1    2   
 4   4  2

Q.70 Let M be a 3 × 3 invertible matrix with real entries and let I denote the 3 × 3 identity matrix.
If M–1 = adj (adj M), then which of the following statements is/are ALWAYS TRUE?
[JEE Advanced 2020]
(A) M = I (B) det M =1 (C) M2 = I (D) (adj M2) = I
Ans. (BCD)
Sol. M 1  adj(adjM)
(adjM)  M 1  (adjM)(adj(adjM))
(adjM) 2
 adjM I
M
2
(ajM) 2  M M I
3
(ajM) 2  M I ….(1)
3 4 9
(ajM) 2  M I  M  M

M 1
(adjM) 2  I  adj(M 2 )  I
Now M 1  adj(adjM)
3 2
adjM  M M
adjM  M M
adjM  M
2
 adjM   M2
I  M2

Q.71 The trace of a square matrix is defined to be the sum of its diagonal entries. If A is a 2 × 2
matrix such that the trace of A is 3 and the trace of A3 is –18 , then the value of the
determinant of A is [JEE Advanced 2020]
Ans. (5)

171
 a b 
Sol.  c d   a  d  3
2
a b  a b   a  bc ab  bd  a b 
 c d   c d   ac  cd bc  d 2  c d 
 
a 2  bc ab  bd  a b 
 ac  cd bc  d 2  c d 
  
 a 3  abc  abc  bcd a 2 b  b2c  a 2 d  bcd 
a 2c  acd  ac2  c2d abc  bcd  bcd  d3 
 
Tr(A3 )  a 3  d 3  3abc  3bcd  18
a 3  d 3  3cd(3)  18
27  3ad(3)  9bc  18
45  9(ad  bc)
ad  bc  5 A

Q.72 Let M be any 3 × 3 matrix with entries from the set {0, 1, 2}. The maximum number of such
matrices, for which the sum of diagonal elements of MTM is seven, is _______.
[JEE Main 2021 (24-02-2021-Shift-1)]
Ans. (540)
a b c a d g 
Sol. d e f   b e h 
  
 g h i   c f i 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a +b +c +d +e +f +g +h +i =7
Case-I : Seven (1's) and two (0's)
9
C2 = 36
Case-II : One (2) and three (1's) and five (0's)
9!
 504
5!3!
 Total = 540

 3 –1 –2
Q.73 Let P =  2 0 α  , where α  R. Suppose Q = [qij] is a matrix satisfying PQ = kI3 for
 3 –5 0 
k k2
some non-zero k  R. If q 23 = – and | Q |= , then 2 + k2 is equal to _______.
8 2
[JEE Main 2021 (24-02-2021-Shift-1)]
Ans. (17)
Sol. PQ = kI

172
 |P|.|Q| = k3
 |P| =2k  0  P is an invertible matrix
 PQ = kI
adj  P  adj  P 
 Q = kP–1I = k k
P 2k
adj.P
 Q
2
k
 q23 –
8
–(3  4) k
 –
2 8
12k ….(i)
 |P| = 2k  k = 10 + 6ii
  1 & k  4
 2  k 2  17

Q.74 Let A and B be 3 × 3 real matrices such that A is symmetric matrix and B is skew-symmetric
matrix. Then the system of linear equations (A2B2 – B2A2)X = O, where X is a 3 × 1 column
matrix of unknown variables and O is a 3 ×1 null matrix, has:
[JEE Main 2021 (24-02-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) no solution (B) exactly two solutions
(C) infinitely many solutions (D) a unique solution
Ans. (C)
T T
Sol. Let A = A and B = –B
2 2 2 2
C=AB –B A
T 2 2 T 2 2 T
C = (A B ) – (B A )
2 T 2 T 2 T 2 T
= (B ) (A ) – (A ) (B )
2 2 2 2
=BA –AB
T
C = –C
C is skew symmetric.
So det(C) = 0
So system have infinite solutions.

x y z 
Q.75 Let A =  y z x  , where x, y and z are real numbers such that x + y + z > 0 and xyz = 2. If
 z x y 
A2 = I3, then the value of x3 + y3 + z3 is_____. [JEE Main 2021 (25-02-2021-Shift-1)]
Ans. (7)

173
 2
Sol. A =I

 AA' = I (as A' = A)

 A is orthogonal
2 2 2
So, x + y + z = 1 and xy + yz + zx = 0
2
 (x + y + z) = 1 + 2 × 0

x+y+z=1
Thus,
3 3 3
x + y + z = 3 × 2 + 1 × (1 – 0) = 7

  θ 
 0 –tan   
 2  a – b 
Q.76 If A =  and (I 2 + A) (I 2 – A) –1 =   , then 13 (a2 + b2) is equal to
 θ  b a 
 tan   0 
  2 
________ . [JEE Main 2021 (25-02-2021-Shift-1)]
Ans. (13)
1
Sol. a 2  b 2  I2  A I2  A
 
 sec 2  cos 2  1
2 2

Q.77 Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix with det(A) = 4. Let Ri denote the ith row of A. If a matrix B is
obtained by performing the operation R2  2R2 + 5R3 on 2A, then det(B) is equal to :
[JEE Main 2021 (25-02-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) 16 (B) 80 (C) 128 (D) 64
Ans. (D)
Sol. |A| = 4
3
 |2A| = 2 × 4 = 32
 B is obtained by R2  2R2 + 5R3
 |B| = 2 × 32 = 64

1 – α 
 , AA = I2, then the value of  +  is :
Q.78 If for the matrix, A =  T 4 4
 α β 
[JEE Main 2021 (25-02-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1

174
Ans. (D)
 1  
Sol. A  AAT  I2
  
 1    1   1 0 
   
       0 1
 1   2     1 0 
 2 2
 
        0 1 
2 2
 =0& =1
4 4
 + =1

Q.79 Let A be a symmetric matrix of order 2 with integer entries. If the sum of the diagonal
elements of A2 is 1, then the possible number of such matrices is:
[JEE Main 2021 (26-02-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 6 (D) 12
Ans. (A)
a b
Sol. A  , a, b, c  I
b c
2  a b   a b   a 2  b 2 b(a  c) 
A    2 2 
 b c   b c   b(a  c) b  c 
Sum of the diagonal entries of
2 2 2 2
A = a + 2b + c
2 2 2
Given a + 2b + c = 1, a, b, c  I
2 2
b=0 & a +c =1
Case-1 : a = 0  c = ± 1 (2-matrices)
Case-2 : c = 0  a = ± 1 (2-matrices)
Total = 4 matrices

1 0 0   1 0 0
Q.80 If the matrix A =  0 2 0  satisfies the equation A + αA + βA =  0 4 0 for some
  20 19

 3 0 –1  0 0 1 
real numbers  and , then  –  is equal to ____. [JEE Main 2021 (26-02-2021-Shift-2)]
Ans. (4)
1 0 0 
Sol. A   0 2 0 
 3 0 1

175
 1 0 0 1 0 0  1 0 0 
A   0
2
4 0  , A   0 8 0  , A  0 16 0 
 3   4

 0 0 1   3 0 1 0 0 1 
Hence,
1 0 0 1 0 0
A   0
20
220
0  , A  0 219
 19
0 
 0 0 1  3 0 1
1     0 0  1 0 0
So A 20  A19   A   0 220  .219  2 0   0 4 0
 3  3 0 1      0 0 1 
20 19
Therefore  +  = 0 and 2 + 2  – 2 = 4



4 1  218   2
22 18
 1
Hence,  = 2
So, ( – ) = 4

 i – i 8 x  8 
Q.81 Let A =   ,i = –1 . Then, the system of linear equations A =
 y  64 has:
– i i     
[JEE Main 2021 (16-03-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) A unique solution (B) Infinitely many solutions
(C) No solution (D) Exactly two solutions
Ans. (C)
 i i 
Sol. A 
 i i 
 2 2   1 1 
A2     2 
 2 2   1 1
 2 2   1 1
A 4  22    8 
 2 2   1 1 
 2 2   1 1
A8  64    128  
2 2  1 1 
x   8 
A8     
 y  64
 1 1  x   8 
 128      
1 1   y  64

176
 x  y   8 
 128    64
  x  y   
1
 xy ….(1)
16
1
& x  y  ….(2)
2
 From (1) & (2) : No solution.

Q.82 The total number of 3 × 3 matrices A having entries from the set (0, 1, 2, 3) such that the sum
of all the diagonal entries of AAT is 9, is equal to _____.
[JEE Main 2021 (16-03-2021-Shift-1)]
Ans. (766)
a b c 
Sol. Let A  d e f 
g h i 
Diagonal elements of AAT 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a +b +c,d +e +f,g +b +c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sum = a + b + c + d + e + f + g + h + i = 9
a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i  {0, 1, 2, 3}
Case No. of Matrices
9!
(1) All  1s 1
9!
One  3 9!
(2) 9
remaining  0 1! 8!
One  2
9!
(3) five  1s  8  63
1! 5! 3!
thee  0s
two  2's
9!
(4) one  1  63  4
2! 6!
six  0's

Total no. of ways = 1 + 9 + 8 × 63 + 63 × 4 = 766

 30 20 56  2 7 2 
 
Q.83 Let P   90 140 112  and A   1  1 
120 60 14   0    1
 
1  i 3
Where   , and I3 be the identity matrix of order 3. If the determinant of the matrix (P–1 AP – I3)2
2
is 2, then the value of  is equal to _______. [JEE Main 2021 (16-03-2021-Shift-1)]
Ans. (36)

177
 –1 2
Sol. Let M = (P AP – I)
–1 2 –1
= (P AP) – 2P AP + I
–1 2 –1
= P A P – 2P AP + I
2
PM = A P – 2AP + P
2 2
= (A – 2A.I + I )P
2
 Det(PM) = Det((A – I) × P)
2
 DetP.DetM = Det(A – I) × Det(P)
2
 Det M = (Det(A – I))
1 7 2 
Now A – I   1   1 1 
 
0  
Det(A  I)  (2   )  7()  3  6
2
Det((A – I)) = 362
  = 36
a   b1 
Q.84 Let A =  1  and B =   be two 2 × 1 matrices with real entries such that A = XB, where
a 2   b2 
1 1 –1 2 2
1 k  , and k  R. If a1 + a 2 = 3  b1 + b2  and (k + 1) b 2  – 2b1b 2 , then the value
2 2 2 2 2
X=
3 
of k is _______. [JEE Main 2021 (16-03-2021-Shift-2)]
Ans. (1)
Sol. A = XB
a1  1 1 1 b1 
    
a2  3 1 k  b2 
 3a1  b1  b2 
  
 3a2  b2  kb2 
b1  b 2  3a1 ….(1)
b1  kb 2  3a 2 ….(2)
2 2
Given, a12  a22 
3
b1  b22 
2 2
(1) + (2)

(b1  b2 )2  (b1  kb 2 )2  3 a12  a 22 
2 2 (1  k 2 ) 2 2
a12  a22  b1 b2  b1b2 (k  1)
3 3 3
2 2
Given, a12  a22  b12  b22
3 3
On comparing we get
k2  1 2
  k2  1  2
3 3

178
 k=±1 ….(3)
2
& (k  1)  0  k  1 ….(4)
3
From both we get k = 1

 0 sinα   2 1 
Q.85 If A =   and det  A – I  = 0, then a possible value of  is
 sinα 0   2 
[JEE Main 2021 (17-03-2021-Shift-1)]
π π π π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 4 6
Ans. (C)
2 2
Sol. A = sin I
2
1  1
So, A    sin 2     0
2

2  2
1
 sin   
2

2 3  4 10 10
Q.86 If A   , then the value of det(A ) + det (A - (Adj(2A)) ) is equal to_________ .
0 1
[JEE Main 2021 (17-03-2021-Shift-1)]
Ans. (16)
Sol. 2A adj (2A) = |2A|I

 A adj (2A) = –4I....(i)

4 10 10
Now, E = |A | + |A – (adj(2A)) |

| A 20  A 10 (adj 2A)10 |
 ( 2)4 
| A |10

| A 20  (A adj(2A))10 |
 16 
| A |10

| A 20  220 I |
 16  (from (1))
| A |10

 2 3   2 3   4 3   22 22  1
A2      
 0 1  0 1  0 1   0 1 

4 4 3  4 3   16 15   2 4 24  1
A     
 0 1  0 1   0 1   0 1 

 220 220  1
 A 20   
 0 1 

179
 20  0 220  1
20
A 2 I  20 
 0 1 2 

A 20  220 I  0

E  16  0  16 Ans.

Q.87 If x, y, z are in arithmetic progression with common difference d, x  3d, and the determinant
3 4 2 x
 
of the matrix  4 5 2 y  is zero, then the value of k2 is
5 k z 
 
[JEE Main 2021 (17-03-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) 72 (B) 12 (C) 36 (D) 6
Ans. (A)
3 4 2 x
Sol. 4 5 2 y 0
5 k z

R2  R1 + R3 – 2R2
3 4 2 x
 0 k6 2 0 0
5 k z

 (k  6 2)(3z  5x)  0
If 3z – 5x = 0  3(x + 2d) – 5x = 0
 x = 3d (Not possible)
2
6 2  k = 72

a b   α  0 
Q.88 Let A =   and B =      such that AB = B and a + d = 2021, then the value of
c d  β  0 
ad – bc is equal to ________. [JEE Main 2021 (17-03-2021-Shift-2)]
Ans. (2020)
a b  
Sol. A  , B 
c d  
AB = B
 (A – I) B = O
 |A – I | = O, since B  O

180
 (a  1) b
0
c (d  1)
ad – bc = 2020

1 2 0  2 –1 5 
Q.89 Let A + 2B =  6 – 3 3  and 2A – B =  2 –1 6  . If Tr(A) denotes the sum of all
 
 – 5 3 1   0 1 2 
diagonal elements of the matrix A, then Tr(A) – Tr(B) has value equal to
[JEE Main 2021 (18-03-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 3
Ans. (B)
 1 2 0
 
Sol. A  2B   6 3 3  ...(1)
 5 3 1 
 
 2 1 5 
 
2A  B   2 1 6 
 0 1 2
 
 4 2 10 
 
 4A  2B   4 2 12  ...(2)
0 2 4 
 
 5 0 10 
 
(1)  (2)  5A   10 5 15 
 5 5 5 
 
 1 0 2  2 0 4
   
A   2 1 3  and 2A   4 2 6 
 1 1 1   2 2 2 
   
 2 0 4   2 1 5 
   
 B   4 2 6    2 1 6 
 2 2 2   0 1 2 
   
 0 1 1 
 
B   2 1 0 
 2 1 0 
 
tr A = 1 – 1 + 1 = 1
tr(B) = – 1
tr(A) = 1 and tr(B) = –1

181
 tr(A) –tr(B) = 2

2 – 1
Q.90 Let I be an identity matrix of order 2 × 2 and P =  n
 . Then the value of n  N for which P = 5I – 8P is
 5 – 3
equal to _______. [JEE Main 2021 (18-03-2021-Shift-2)]
Ans. (6)
2  1
Sol. P 
5  3
5 0 16 8   11 8 
5  8P      40 24   40 29
 0 5     
 1 1 
P2   
 5 4 
 3 2  11 8 
P3     P6     Pn
10 7 40 29
n=6

Q.91 Define a relation R over a class of n × n real matrices A and B as “ARB iff there exists a non-
singular matrix P such that PAP–1 = B”. Then which of the following is true ?
(A) R is symmetric, transitive but not reflexive, [Jee main 2021 (18-03-2021-shift-2)]
(B) R is reflexive, symmetric but not transitive
(C) R is an equivalence relation
(D) R is reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
Ans. (C)
Sol. A and B are matrices of n × n order & ARB iff there exists a non singular matrix P(det(P)  0)
–1
such that PAP = B
For reflexive
–1
ARA  PAP = A ...(1) must be true
for P = I, Eq.(1) is true so 'R' is reflexive
For symmetric
–1
ARB  PAP = B ...(1) is true
–1
for BRA iff PBP = A ...(2) must be true
–1
 PAP = B
–1 –1 –1
P PAP = P B
–1 –1
IAP P = P BP

182
 –1
A = P BP ...(3)
–1 –1
from (2) & (3) PBP = P BP
–1 2
can be true some P = P  P = I (det(P)  0)
So 'R' is symmetric
For transitive
–1
ARB  PAP = B... is true
–1
BRC  PBP = C... is true
–1 –1
now PPAP P = C
2 2 –1
P A(P ) = C  ARC
So 'R' is transitive relation
 Hence R is equivalence
 1, if i  j

Q.92 Let A = [aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix, where a ij    x, if | i– j | 1 . Let a function f : R  R be
2x  1, otherwise

defined as f(x) = det(A). Then the sum of maximum and minimum values of f on R is equal
to: [JEE Main 2021 (20-07-2021-Shift-1)]
20 20 88 88
(A) (B)  (C)  (D)
27 27 27 27
Ans. (C)
1 –x 2x  1
Sol. | A | –x 1 –x  11  x 2   x   x  x  2x  1    2x  1  x 2  2x  1
2x  1 –x 1
 f(x) = 4x3 – 4x2 – 4x a a+ –a +
 f (x) = 12x2 – 8x – 4 aa –1–a 1
= 4(3x2 – 2x – 1) a 3
= 4(x – 1) (3x + 1)
–1
 f(x) is maximum at x  and minimum at x = 1
3
20
 maximum value  and minimum value = – 4
27
20 88
 sum = –4 –
27 27

2 3
Q.93 Let A   
 ,a  R be written as P + Q where P is a symmetric matrix and Q is skew
 a 0
symmetric matrix. If det(Q) = 9, then the modulus of the sum of all possible values of
determinant of P is equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (20-07-2021-Shift-1)]

183
 (A) 45 (B) 24 (C) 18 (D) 36
Ans. (D)
1 1
Sol. A 
2
 A  AT   A  AT 
2
Where A+AT is symmetric and (A–AT) is skew symmetric
1 1
 P   A  A T  and Q   A  A T 
2 2
1 0 3 a
Q 
2 a  3 0 
1
 det(Q)  (a  3) 2  9
4
2
 (a  3)  36
 a  9 or  3
1 4 3 a
Now P  
2 a  3 0 
1
 det(P)   (a  3) 2  36 or 0
4
sum of all possible values of det (P) = 36

 1 1 0 
Q.94 Let A   0 1 1 and B = 7A20 – 20A7 + 2I , where I is an identity matrix of order 3 × 3.
0 0 1 
 
If B = [bij], then b13 is equal to – [JEE Main 2021 (20-07-2021-Shift-1)]
Ans. (910)
Sol. Let A = I + C
0 1 0 
Where C  0 0 1
0 0 0 
 
0 0 1 
C2   0 0 0 
0 0 0 
 
3
C =O
So A2 = (I + C)2 = I + 2 C + C2
A3 = A2. A = I + 3 C + 3C2
A4 = I + 4C + 6 C2
A5 = I + 5C + 10C2
n(n  1) 2
So, A n  I  nC  C
2
A20 = I + 20C + 190C2
A7 = I + 7C + 21C2

184
 B = 7A20 – 20A7 +2 I
 11 0 910 
 B  11I  910C   0 11 0 
2

 0 0 11

 b13  910
(–1) j–i if i  j,

Q.95 Let A = {aij} be a 3 × 3 matrix, a ij   2 if i  j, then det (3Adj(2 A–1)) is equal to
(–1)i  j if i  j,

_________. [JEE Main 2021 (20-07-2021-Shift-2)]
Ans. (108)
 2 –1 1 
Sol. A   –1 2 –1
 1 –1 2 
2 –1 1
So, | A |  –1 2 –1
1 –1 2
= 2(4 – 1) + 1 (– 2 + 1) + 1(1 – 2)
= 2(3) + 1(–1) + 1(–1) = 4
|3Adj(2A–1)| = 33 |Adj(2A–1)| = 33 × |2A–1|2
1
 33  26  | A 1 |2  33  26   108
| A |2

Q.96 Let A = [aij] be a real matrix of order 3 × 3, such that ai1 + ai2 + ai3 = 1, for 1, 2, 3. Then, the
sum of all the entries of the matrix A3 is equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (22-07-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) 9 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Ans. (D)
a b c
Sol. A =  d e f 
 g h i 
a+b+c=1
d+e+f=1
g+h+i=1
1
Let suppose a matrix Y = 1
1
So,

185
  a b c  1  a  b  c  1
AY =  d e f  1 =  d  e  f  = 1
 g h i  1  g  h  i  1
AY = Y …..(1)
Substitute Y = AY in equation (1)
So, A2Y = AY = Y
Again substitute Y = AY
 A3Y = A2Y = AY = Y
So, A3Y = Y
A B C
Let us suppose A =  D E F 
3

 G H I 
 A B C  1 1
 D E F  1 = 1
    
 G H I  1 1
 A  B  C  1
 D  E  F   1
   
 G  H  I  1
A+B+C=1
D+E+F=1
G+H+I=1
So, A + B + C + D + E + F + G + H + I = 3
Sum of elements of A3 = 3

0 1 0
Q.97 Let A  1 0 0  . Then the number of 3 × 3 matrices B with entries from the set {1,2,3,4,5}
 0 0 1 
and satisfying AB = BA is: [JEE Main 2021 (22-07-2021-Shift-2)]
Ans. (3125)
0 1 0
Sol. A = 1 0 0 
 0 0 1 
 a b c
Let B =  p q r 
 x y z 
Now AB = BA

186
  p q r  b a c
  a b c  =  q p r 
 x y z   y x z 
 p = b, a = q, r = c, x = y & z = z
Hence, number of such matrices are 55 = 3125

n
 0 i  a b a b 
Q.98 Let n  N       a,b,c,d,R  , where i  1. Then the numbers of 2-digit
  1 0  c d   c d  
number in the set S is _________ [JEE Main 2021 (25-07-2021-Shift-1)]
Ans. (11)
n
0 i  a b 
Sol. Let A    and B   
1 0  c d
AB = IB
(A – I) B = 0
A=I
n
 0 i  1 0 
1 0   0 1 
   
0 i 
Let B   
1 0
 i 0
B2   
0 i 
1 0 
B4   
 0 1
1 0 
B8   
0 1 
So, n = multiple of 8
Number of two digit numbers is S = 11 (16, 24,……96)

 a b 
Q.99 Let A    :a,b,c,d{3,  2,  1,0} . Define f : M Z, as f(A) = det(A), for all A  M,
 c d 
where Z is set of all integers. Then the number of A  M such that f(A) = 15 is equal to _____
[JEE Main 2021 (25-07-2021-Shift-1)]
Ans. (16)
Sol. |A| = (ad – bc) = 15
where a, b, c, d  {± 1, ± 2, ± 3}
Case-I ad = 9 & bc = – 6
ad  (3, 3) or (– 3, – 3) bc  (2, – 3), (– 2, 3), (– 3, 2), (3, – 2)

187
 Total = 2 × 4 = 8 matrix
Case-II ad = 6 and bc = – 9
Similarly, Total = 4 ×2 = 8 matrix
Total such matrix = 8 + 8 = 16 matrix

 1 0
Q.100 If P    , then P50 is: [JEE Main 2021 (25-07-2021-Shift-2)]
1/ 2 1 
1 25 1 50   1 0  1 0
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
0 1  0 1   25 1 50 1
Ans. (C)
 1 0  1 0  1 0
Sol. P =  1
2  1  =2 
 1  1  1
2  2  2 
 1 0
P3 =  3 
 1
2 
Similarly,
 1 0
P =  50
50 
 1
2 
 1 0
P50 =  
 25 1 

 1 2 –1
Q.101 Let A    . If A = I + A, ,   R, I is a 2 × 2 identity matrix, then 4( – ) is
 1 4 
equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (27-07-2021-Shift-1)]
8
(A) (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 5
3
Ans. (B)
 1 2
Sol. A =  
 1 4 
|A – I| = 0
1  2
=0
1 4
2 – 5 + 6 = 0
 A2 – 5A + 6I = 0
Multiply both side by A–1
A – 5I + 6A–1 = 0

188
 1 5 1
A 1  (5I – A)  I  A ……(1)
6 6 6
–1
A = I + A ……(2)
Comparing equation (1) and (2) we get
5 1
 ,
6 6
5 1
4( – ) = 4     4
6 6

Q.102 Let A and B be two 3 × 3 real matrices such that (A2 – B2) is invertible matrix. If A5 = B5 and
A3B2 = A2B3, then the value of the determinant of the matrix A3 + B3 is equal to:
[JEE Main 2021 (27-07-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 4
Ans. (A)

Sol. A5  A 3B2  B5  A 2 B3

A3  A 2  B2   B3  A 2  B2 

A 3
 B3   A 2  B2   0

A3  B3  0  A 2  B2  0

 1 1 1
Q.103 If A   0 1 1 and M = A + A2 + A3 + ….. + A20, then the sum of all the elements of the
 0 0 1
matrix M is equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (27-07-2021-Shift-2)]
Ans. (2020)
1 1 1 1 1 1  1 2 3 
Sol. A2 =  0 1 1  0 1 1 =  0 1 2 
 0 0 1  0 0 1  0 0 1 
 1 2 3  1 1 1  1 3 6 
A =  0 1 2   0 1 1 =  0 1 3 
3

 0 0 1   0 0 1  0 0 1 
n(n  1) 20  21
Tn = 1 + 2 + ……+n =   210
2 2
1  n  n  1 2n  1 n  n  1 
Sn =   
2 6 2 

189
 n  n  1  2n  1 
=  3  1
4  
n  n  1 n  2 
20  21 22
=  = 1540
6 6
1  1.....20times 1  2  3  .....  20 Sn 

M=  0 1  1  1.....20times 1  2  3  .....  20 
 0 0 1  1  1....20times 
 20 210 1540 
M=  0 20 210 
 0 0 20 
Sum of elements of M = 3 (20) + 420 + 1540 = 2020

 1 2 
 5 5 1 0  T
Q.104 If A   , B    , i  1 and Q  A BA , then the inverse of the matrix
 2 1   i 1
 5 
5

A Q 2021A T is equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (26-08-2021-Shift-1)]
 1 
 1 2021i   1 0  5 2021  1 0
(A)  (B)  (C)   (D) 
0 1  
 2021i 1   1  
 2021i 1 
 2021 5 

Ans. (D)
 1 2  1 2 
 5 5   5 5   1 0 
T
Sol. AA    I
 2 1  2 1   0 1 
 5 5   5 5 

Q  A T BA
 Q 2   A T BA  A T BA   A T B2 A
 Q3  A T B3 A
 Q 2021  A T B2021 A
Now let P  AQ 2021A T
P  A  A T B2021A  A T
Given AA T  I
P  B2021

190
 1 0 1 0  1 0
B2   
i 1  i 1  2i 1 
1 0  1 0   1 0
B3   
2i 1 i 1 3i 1
…………………………….
…………………………….
 1 0
B2021   
2021i 1
1  1 0
  
Inverse of p  p 1  B2021   
 2021i 1 

 1 0 0
Q.105 Let A   0 1 1 . Then A 2025  A 2020 is equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (26-08-2021-Shift-2)]
 1 0 0 
(A) A 6  (B) A 6  A (C) A5  A (D) A5
Ans. (B)
 1 0 0
Sol. A   0 1 1
 1 0 0 
 1 0 0   1 0 0 1 0 0 
A   0 1 1 0 1 1  1 1 1
2

 1 0 0   1 0 0 1 0 0 
1 0 0   1 0 0   1 0 0 
A  1 1 1 0 1 1   2 1 1
3

1 0 0   1 0 0   1 0 0 
 1 0 0
A  3 1 1
4

 1 0 0 
 1 0 0
A   n  1 1 1
n

 1 0 0 
 1 0 0  1 0 0
A 2025  A 2020   2024 1 1   2019 1 1
 1 0 0   1 0 0 

191
  0 0 0
  5 0 0  A 6  A
 0 0 0

 
Q.106 Let A be a 3  3 real matrix. If det 2Adj  2Adj  Adj(2A    241 , then value of equals _____.
[JEE Main 2021 (26-08-2021-Shift-2)]
Ans. (4)
Sol.  KA  K n A , if A is n  n matrices
n 1
AdjA  A if A is n  n matrices


2Adj 2Adj  Adj  2A    241 

 23 Adj 2Adj  Adj  2A    241 

 Adj 2Adj  Adj  2A    238 
2

 2Adj  Adj  2A     238

 2Adj  Adj  2A    219

 23 Adj  Adj  2A    219
 Adj  Adj  2A    216
2

 Adj  2A    216

 Adj  2A   28
2
  2A   28

  2A   24
 23 A  24
 A 2
So, A 2  4

 n 
n  n    , if 0  l  n
Q.107 Let   denotes n C k and  k    k  . [JEE Main 2021 (26-08-2021-Shift-2)]
k   0, otherwise

9 8
 9   12   8   13 
If Ak            and A 4  A3  190p , then p is equal to _____.
i 0  i  12  k  i  i 0  i  13  k  i 

Ans. (49)

192
 9 8
Sol. A 4   9 Ci  12 C8 i   8 Ci  13 C9 i
i 0 i 0

 C 4  C 4  2  21 C 4 
21 21

A3  21 C3  21 C3  2  21 C3 
A 4  A3  2  21 C 4  21 C3   190p
 p  49

0 2 
Q.108 If the matrix A    satisfies A  A 3  3I   2I , then the value of K is:
 K 1 
[JEE Main 2021 (27-08-2021-Shift-1)]
1 1
(A) (B) – (C) – 1 (D) 1
2 2
Ans. (A)
0 2 
Sol. Given matrix A   
 k 1
A 4  3 IA  2I
 A 4  2I  3A
Also characteristic equation of A is
A  I  0
0 2
 0
k 1  
    2  2k  0
 A  A 2  2K  I
 A 2  2KI  A
 A 4  4K 2 I  A 2  4AK
Put A 2  2KI  A
and A 4  2I  3A
2I  3A  4K 2 I  2KI  A  4AK
 I  2  2K  4K 2   A  2  4K 
 2I  2K 2  K  1  2A 1  2K 
 2I  2K  1 K  1  2A 1  2K 
  2K  1 2A   2I  2K  1 K  1  0
  2K  1  2A  2I  K  1   0

193
 1
K
2

Q.109 Let    be the greatest integer less than or equal to  . The set of all values of  for which the
system of lines equations x  y  z  4, 3x  2y  5z  3, 9x  4y   25     z    has a
solution is: [JEE Main 2021 (27-08-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) R (B)  , 9    8,   (C)  , 9    9,   (D)  9, 8 
Ans. (A)
Sol. x  y  z  4
3x  2y  5z  3
9x  4y   28     z   
1 1 1
D 3 2 5       9 
9 4 28    
If     9  0 then unique solution
If     9  0 then D1  D 2  D3  0 infinite solutions
So,   R

 x  1  x  2   x  3 

Q.110 Let A    x   x  3  x  3 , where [t] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
  x   x  2  x  4 
to t. If det  A   192 , then the set of values of x is in the interval:
[JEE Main 2021 (27-08-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) [62, 63) (B) [65, 66) (C) [60, 61) (D) [68, 69)
Ans. (A)
 x  1  x  2  x  3 

Sol. A    x   x  3  x  3
  x   x  2  x  4 
 x   1 x  2  x   3

A   x x  3  x   3 
  x  x  2  x   4 
R1  R 1  R 3 , R 2  R 2  R 3

194
 1 0 1 
 
A 0 1 1 
 x   x   2  x   4 
det  A   1 x   4   x   2   1   x 
 3 x   6
det  A   192  3  x   6
3  x   186
 x   62
x   62, 63

 a b 3 
 : a, b, d   1, 0,1 &  I  A   I  A  , where
3
Q.111 The number of elements in the set A  
 0 d 
I is identity matrix, is [JEE Main 2021 (31-08-2021-Shift-2)]
Ans. (80)
Sol. I  A3  3A  3A 2  I  A 3
 3A 2  3A  0  3A  A  I   0
 A2  A
a 2 ab  bd   a b 
  
0 d 2  0 d 
 a 2  a  a  0,1
d2 = d  d = 0,1
b a  d  b
a d b
0 0 0
0 1 1, 0,1
1 0 1, 0,1
1 1 0
Total = 8 ways

1
xn
Q.112 Let J n,m   2 dx,  n  m and n, m  N consider a matrix A   a ij  where
0 xm 1 33

J Ji 3,3 , i  j
a ij   6i,3 . Then adjA 1 is: [JEE Main 2021 (01-09-2021-Shift-2)]
 0 , i j
(A) (105)2 × 238 (B) (15)2 × 242 (C) (105)2 × 236 (D) (15)2 × 234
Ans. (A)

195
  a11 a12 a13 
Sol.  A   0 a 22 a 23   A  a11 a 22 a 33
 0 0 a 33 
 A   J 7,3  J 4,3    J 8,3  J 5,3    J 9,3  J 6,3 
7 4 8 5 9 6
1/ 2  x  x  1/ 2  x  x  1/ 2  x  x 
  3 dx 
 0  3 dx 
 0  3 dx
0
 x 1   x 1   x 1 
1/2 1/2 1/2
  x 4 dx   x 5dx   x 6dx
0 0 0

5 1/ 2 6 1/ 2 7 1/ 2
x x x 1
  18
5 0
6 0
7 0  210    2 
2 1 2
Now adjA 1  A 1 
A
2
  210    2 
18 2 38
 105    2 

Question Stem for Question Nos. 113 and 114

Question Stem
Let ,  and  be real numbers such that the system of linear equations
x + 2y + 3z = 
4x + 5y + 6z = 
7x + 8y + 9z =  – 1
is consistent. Let |M| represent the determinant of the matrix

  2 
M    1 0 
 –1 0 1 

Let P be the plane containing all those (, , ) for which the above system of linear
equations is consistent, and D be the square of the distance of the point (0, 1, 0) from the
plane P. [Jee Advanced 2021 (Paper 1)]

113. The value of |M| is __________.

Ans. (1.00)

114. The value of D is __________.

Ans. (1.50)
Solutions 113 & 114
Sol. 7x + 8y + 9z – ( – 1) = A(4x + 5y + 6z – ) + B(x+ 2y + 3z – )
x : 7 = 4A + B
y : 8 = 5A + 2B
A = 2, B = –1

196
 const. term : – ( – 1) = – A – B  –( – 1)  2 + 
   
  2 
  1 0
  
 –1 0 1 
 
Plane P : x – 2y + z = 1
3 9
Perpendicular distance  P D = P2 = = 1.5
6 6

115. For any 3 × 3 matrix M, let |M| denote the determinant of M. Let
1 2 3   1 0 0 1 3 2 
E   2 3 4  , P   0 0 1  and F   8 18 13
   
 8 13 18  0 1 0  2 4 3 

If Q is a non singular matrix of order 3 × 3, then which of the following statements is

(are) TRUE ?

1 0 0 
(A) F = PEP and P   0 1 0 
2

 0 0 1 

(B) |EQ + PFQ–1| = |EQ| + |PFQ–1|

(C) (EF)3|EF|2
(D) Sum of the diagonal entries of P–1 EP + F is equal to the sum of diagonal entries
of E + P–1FP [Jee Advanced 2021 (Paper 1)]
Ans. (A,B,D)

 1 0 0  1 2 3  1 0 0 
Sol. PEP   0 0 1  
 2 3 4  0 0 1 

 0 1 0  8 13 18  0 1 0 
   
 1 2 3  1 0 0   1 3 2 
 8 13 18  0 0 1    8 18 13 
    
 2 3 4  0 1 0   2 4 3 
    

197
 1 0 01 0 0 1 0 0
P 2   0 0 1   0 0 1    0 1 0 
0 1 00 1 0 0 0 1
    
(B) EQ  PFQ 1  EQ  PFQ 1

| E | 0 and | F | 0 and | Q |  0

1 | P || F |
| EQ || E || Q | 0 , PFQ  0
|Q|
T = EQ + PFQ–1
TQ  EQ 2  PF  EQ 2  P 2 EP  EQ 2  EP  E(Q 2  P)

TQ  E  Q 2  P   | T || Q || E || Q 2  P | 0 |T| = 0 (as |Q| 0)

(C) | (EF)3 |  | EF |2
Here 0 > 0 (false)
(D) as P2 = I  P–1 = P so P–1 FP = PFP = PPEPP = E
so E + P–1FP = E + E = 2E
P–1EP + F  PEP + F = 2PEP
Tr(2PEP) = 2Tr(PEP) = 2Tr(EPP) = 2Tr(E)

116. For any 3 × 3 matrix M, let |M| denote the determinant of M. Let I be the 3 × 3 identity
matrix. Let E and F be two 3 × 3 matrices such that (I – EF) is invertible. If
G = (I – EF)–1, then which of the following statements is (are) TRUE ?
(A) |FE| = |I – FE||FGE| (B) |I – FE| (I + FGE) = I
(C) EFG = GEF (D) (I – FE) (I – FGE) = I
[Jee Advanced 2021 (Paper 1)]

Ans. (A,B,C)
Sol. |I – EF|  0 ; G = (I – EF)–1 G–1 = I – EF
Now, G.G–1 = I = G–1 G
 G (I – EF) = I = (I – EF) G
 G – GEF = I = G – EFG
 GEF = EFG [C is Correct]
(I – FE) (I + FGE) = I + FGE – FE – FEFGE
= I + FGE – FE – F (G – I) E
= I + FGE – FE – FGE + FE
= I [(B) is Correct]
(So 'D' is Incorrect)

198
 We have
(I – FE) (I +FGE) = I …..(1)
Now
FE(I + FGE)
= FE + FEFGE
= FE + F(G – I)E
= FE + FGE – FE
= FGE
  |FE| |I + FGE| = |FGE|
1
  |FE| × = |FGE| (from (1))
| I – FE |
  |FE| = |I–FE| |FGE|
(option (A) is correct)

199