Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Model Question Paper -2

First Semester BE Degree Examination
Subject Title – Basic Electrical Engineering

Module -1
Q. 01
1a) With respect to DC circuit, state and explain Kirchhoff’s law. (6marks)
Solution: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Statement: It states that “The Algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a junction in an electric
circuit is equal to zero.”
ΣI=0
Example: Consider a junction in an electrical network as shown in the fig.The currents I1 and I3 are
taken as positive as they are entering the junction. While
I2 and I4 are negative as leaving the junction.

I2
I4
I1

I3

Applying KCL to the above circuit

I1 – I2 + I3- I 4 = 0
I,e I1 + I3 = I2 +I 4
“The total current flowing towards a junction is equal to the total current leaving the junction.”.

ii) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law [KVL]

Statement: “In any closed path, the algebraic sum of the Emf‟s and the voltage drops across the
circuit elements is equal to zero. “
Σ Emf + Σ IR drops = 0
Example: Consider an electrical network as shown in fig

Applying KVL to the loop

- IR1 - IR2 + V2 + V1 = 0
1

V1+ V2 = IR1 + IR2

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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

1b) A sinusoidally varying alternating voltage is given by, 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 , obtain its
RMS value of voltage in terms of maximum value. (8 marks)
Solution: RMS Value of an Alternating Voltage

v 2= Vm2 sin2 θ

I v = Vm sinθ

dθ
π 2π ωt

Consider sinusoidal varying current and square the current. Consider a half cycle of
alternating quantity and instant ‘dθ’
Average value of square of the current over half cycle
Area under
Average value =
∫ 2
= = ∫ m sin2
2 2
= m
∫ sin2 = m
∫
2 2
m m
= = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
m m
= =
2
m
Average square value=
Root mean square value
2
m
Vrms= √𝑚 𝑛𝑜 𝑣 𝑠 𝑢 𝑣 𝑢 =√

V
Vrms = 7 7V
√
2
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

1c) A resistance R is connected in series with a parallel circuit comprising two

resistances of 12 Ω and 8Ω respectively The total power dissipated in the circuit is
70 W when the applied voltage is 20V. Calculate R. (6marks)

Q.02
2a) A load resistance 𝑅𝐿Ω is connected across the source with internal resistance
𝑅𝑖𝑛 in series with source; obtain the condition that the power transferred to load
from source is maximum. (6 marks)

Solution: Consider the below DC two terminal network.

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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

The original two terminal circuit is replaced with a Thevenin‟s equivalent circuit across the
variable load resistance. The current through the load for any value of load resistance is
V
I
R +R
The Power absorbed by the load is
𝐏 𝐈 ×𝐑
V
( ) ×R
R +R
From the above expression, the power delivered depends on the values of RTH and RL, but
mainly on the load resistance RL (as RTH is constant). To find the exact value of RL, we apply
differentiation to PL with respect to RL and equating it to zero as shown below:
dP R +R R × R +R
V [ ]
dR R +R
R +R R
𝐑 𝐑
Therefore, this is the condition of matching the load where the maximum power transfer
occurs when the load resistance is equal to the Thevenin‟s resistance of the circuit.

2b) A pure inductor excited by sinusoidal varying AC voltage, show that the
average power consumed by inductor is zero.(8marks)

Solution: Pure Inductive circuit (L- circuit)

Consider an circuit consists of pure Inductor of „L‟ Henry connected across an A C supply of
„ ‟ volts.

vs= Vm Sinωt --------1

By Faraday‟s law

e= -L
According to the Lenz‟s Law e= -vs

vs = L
4

di = =
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Intergrating both sides ∫ d =∫ = ∫

i= ]

i= [

i= [

Wkt Inductive Reactance XL= ωL =2πf

i=

wkt , Im=

Therefore 𝐈 –π/2)----------------- 2
Comparing equation 1 and 2
In Pure Inductive circuit the current lag the voltage exactly by 90 .
Instantaneous Power of pure Inductive circuit
p = vi = Vm Sinωt x
p =Vm Im )

p= -Vm Im As 2

Average power =

∫
Pav = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 𝜔𝑡

Pav –cos(0)] – 1] = 0

Pav = 0
So the average power consumed by a pure inductor is zero
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

2c) Two resistors are connected in parallel and a voltage of 200V is applied to
the terminals. The total current taken is 2.5 A, and the power dissipated in one of
the resistor is 1500 W. What is the resistance of each element? (6marks)

Solution:

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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Module -2
Q.N0 3
3a) with the help of phasor diagram, show that the current drawn by the R-L
series circuit, lags the applied voltage by an angle ∅ with respect to voltage.
(8marks)
Solution: Consider an circuit of resistance „R‟Ω connected in series with an Inductor of „L‟
Henry across an A C supply of „ ‟ volts.

v= Vm Sinωt --------1

VR = oltage drop across „R‟ and ꓡ= oltage drop across „∟‟

VR = I R
VL = IXL ,where XL = 2πfL Ω
The vector sum
̅ = ̅R +̅

Where
is in phase with current
R
leads current by angle of 90
L

from d

𝐈 –φ) ----------- 2
By comparing equation 1 and 2 in R-L the current lags the voltage by an of φ
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3b) A voltage of 125 V at 60 Hz is applied across a non-inductive resistor

connected in series with a capacitor. The current is 2.2 A. The power loss in the
resistor is 96.8 W, and that in the capacitor is negligible. Calculate the resistance
and the capacitance.

3c) A three single phase balanced load connected in three phase three wires star form,
with the help of phasor diagram, obtain the relationship between line and phase
quantities of voltage and current. (6marks).
Solution: : Consider a three loads are connected in star pattern in R-Y-B sequence
Let VRY , VYB and VBR are line voltages (VL)
IR , IY and IB are line currents (IL)
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VRN , VYN and VBN are Phase voltages(Vph)

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IRN , IYN and IBN are phase currents (Iph

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From the fig we come to know that

IR = IRN therefore IL = Iph
Line currents = phase currents
Line voltage
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉 =𝑉 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ + ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉
̅̅̅̅̅̅ - 𝑉
=𝑉 ̅̅̅̅̅--------------1

̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉 =𝑉 ̅̅̅̅̅ + 𝑉
̅̅̅̅̅̅

̅̅̅̅̅ - ̅̅̅̅̅̅
=𝑉 𝑉 -------------2
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉 + ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑉
̅̅̅̅̅̅ - 𝑉
=𝑉 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ ------------3

Consider the equation 1 the phasor diagram is as shown in the fig

where VR, VY and VB are displaced by 120 apart from each other

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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Q.04
4a) with the help of phasor diagram, show that the current drawn by the R-C
series circuit, leads the applied voltage by an angle ∅ with respect to voltage.
(8marks)
Solution: Consider an circuit of resistance „R‟Ω connected in series with an Capacitor
of „C‟ Farads across an A C supply of „ ‟ volts.

V= Vm Sinωt --------1

VR = oltage drop across „R‟ and C= oltage drop across „C‟

VR = I R
Vc = I Xc
where Xc = 1/2πfc Ω
The vector sum
𝑉̅ = 𝑉̅ R +𝑉̅
Phasor diagram
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From phasor diagram

𝐈 +φ)--------- 2

by comparing equation 1 and 2 in R-C the current leads the voltage by an of φ

4b) Two circuits, the impedances of which are given by 𝑍1 = 10 + 𝑗15 Ω and
𝑍2 = 6 − 𝑗8 Ω, are connected in parallel If the total current supplied is 15 A, what is the
power taken by each branch (6marks)

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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

4c) Three phase power consumed by the balanced load is given by 𝑃 = √3𝑉𝐿 𝐿cos (∅)
watts, then show that two wattmeter sufficient to measure three phase power P.
(6marks)
Solution: Consider a three phase Star connected load

The W1 is connected between phase R and B

The W2 is connected between phase Y and B

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Hence the three phase power in star connection can be measured by 2 wattmeter‟s

Module 3

Qno5
5a) with the neat diagram explain the construction of a dc generator. (8marks)
Solution:
Construction of DC Machine

Salient parts of a D.C.Machine are:

(i)Yoke
ii) Field system (poles)
(iii) Armature
(iv) Commutator
(v)Brushes
Yoke:
It is made of cast iron or silicon steel
 It serves the purpose of outermost cover of the D.C. machine. So that the insulating
materials get protected from harmful atmospheric elements like moisture, dust and
various gases like SO2, acidic fumes etc.
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 It provides mechanical support to the poles, It forms a part of the magnetic circuit and
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it provides a path of low reluctance for magnetic flux.

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Poles:
It is made cast iron or cast steel laminations which are stamped together.
Each pole is divided into two parts a) pole core and b) pole shoe
 Pole core basically carries a field winding which is necessary to produce the flux.
 It directs the flux produced through air gap to armature core and to the next pole.
 Pole shoe enlarges the area of armature core to come across the flux, which is
necessary to produce larger induced emf. To achieve this, pole shoe has given a
particular shape

Field winding [F1-F2]:

It is made of conducting material like copper or Aluminum. The field winding is wound on
the pole core with a definite direction.

 It carries current due to which the pole core behaves as an electromagnet and
produces necessary flux. As it‟s exciting the pole as electromagnet hence it is also
called Exciting winding.
Armature:
 It is further divided into two parts namely,
 Armature core and
 Armature winding
• Armature core is cylindrical in shape made up of iron and mounted on the shaft. It is
provided with of slots on its outer periphery to place the conductor and the air ducts
to permit the air flow through armature which serves cooling purpose.
• In order to collect the Emf generated in each conductor they are connected in certain
pattern called armature winding.
Commutator:
 The basic nature of Emf induced in the armature conductors is alternating. This
needs rectifications in case of D.C. generator which is possible by device called
commutator.
 It is cylindrical in shape made of hard drawn copper segments. These segments are
insulated from each other by a layer of mica.
Brushes and brush gear:
 Brushes collect current from commutator and make it available to the stationary
external circuit.
 Ball bearings are usually used as they are more reliable.
 For heavy duty machines, roller bearings are preferred.
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5b) A shunt generator delivers 50 KW at 250 V and 400 rpm. The armature and shunt
field resistances are 2 Ω and 5 Ω respectively Calculate the speed of the achine
running as a shunt motor and taking 50 KW input at 250 V. Allow 1 V brush for
contact drop. (6marks)

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5c) For the single phase transformer, obtain an expression for EMF induced in
either primary side or secondary side.(6marks)

Solution: Let
N1 - be the no. of turns of the primary winding
N2 – be the no. of turns secondary winding
f – Frequency in Hz
Φ – flux in weber
E1- be the RMS value of emf induced in the primary
E2 – be the RMS value of emf induced in the secondary
When the supply Voltage is applied to the primary winding which sets an alternating flux
„φ‟. Hence an EMF „E1‟ and „E2‟ are induced in the primary and secondary winding
respectively
∅
e= -------------- (i)

Consider a one cycle of EMF

Let us consider 1/4th cycle of EMF

The change in flux in 1/4th cycle is

dφ= Φm – = Φm

The time taken to complete 1/4th of cycle is

dt = 1/4f

Substituting dφ and dt in equation I we get

∅
= 4 f Φm
16

Eavg = =
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we know that Erms = 1.11 x Eavg

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Therefore Erms = 1 11 X 4 f Φ

Erms = 4 44 f Φ induced per turn

If N1 be the number of turns in primary then E1 =4.44 f Φm N1 volts

If N2 be the number of turns in secondary then E2 =4.44 f Φm N2 volts

Q.06
6a) A dc motor running with a speed of N rpm, obtain an expression for EMF
induced in the armature winding.(8marks)

Solution: When the Armature of D C motor starts rotating with a speed of „N‟ rpm and
armature conductor cuts the magnetic flux, hence an EMF is induced in the Conductor called
Back EMF.
The induced emf acts in opposite direction to the applied voltage „V‟ (Lenz‟s law)
The induced EMF in the motor is given by
Let,
Φ = Flux produced by each pole in weber (Wb) and
P = number of poles in the DC motor.
N = speed of the armature conductor in rpm.
Consider a one revolution of the conductor
Total flux produced by all the poles ∅×𝐏
Time taken to complete one revolution
Now, according to Faraday‟s law of induction, the induced EMF of the conductor is equal to
rate of change of flux.

Therefore,
Induced EMF of one conductor is

Let us suppose there are Z total numbers of conductor in a motor, and arranged in such a
manner that all parallel paths are always in series.
Here, Z = total numbers of conductor A = number of parallel paths
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Then, Z/A = number of conductors connected in series

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Therefore,

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Induced EMF of DC motor

Eb = EMF of one conductor × number of conductor connected in series.
Induced Emf of DC generator is

∅
=

6b) A 4-pole, 500V, shunt motor has 720 wave-connected conductors on its
armature.The full-load armature current is 60 A, and the flux per pole 0.03
Webers. The ar ature resistance is 2 Ω, and the contact drop is 1 V per brush.
Calculate the full load speed of the motor (6marks)

6c) To operate the transformer in maximum efficiency always, derive at what

condition, this can be achieved.(6marks)

solution: To operate the transformer in maximum efficiency

The efficiency of a transformer is given by
18

ƞ
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Power input = Power output + losses

= Power output + Pcu + Pi
= V2I2 cosφ + Pcu + Pi wkt Pcu = I2R

Diff w.r.t I2 and equating to zero

𝑑𝜂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅+ 𝐼 R + P 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅+ 𝐼 R
= 0
𝑑𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅+ 𝐼 R + P

V I 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ + 𝐼 R + P V 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ V 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ I V 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ + 𝐼 R

V I 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ + 𝐼 R + P V I 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ + 𝐼 R

V I 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ + 𝐼 R + P V I 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ 𝐼 R

P 𝐼 R = 0
Therefore 𝐏𝐢 𝑰𝟐𝟐 𝐑𝟐
𝐏 𝐏

Module 4
Q.07
7a) with the help of neat diagram, explain the constructional details of three
phase induction motor (6marks)

Solution: Construction Of Induction Motor

A three-phase Induction motor mainly consists of two parts

1. Stator
2. Rotor.
The stator is the stationary part of the induction motor, and the rotor is the rotating part.
The construction of the induction motor is explained below in detail
1. Stator
The stator is built up of high-grade alloy steel laminations to reduce eddy current losses.
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It has three main parts, namely the outer frame, the stator core, and a stator winding.
Outer frame
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It is the outer body of the motor. Its main function is to support the stator core and to
protect the inner parts of the machine.
Stator Core
The stator core is built of high-grade silicon steel stampings. The stampings are fixed to
the stator frame. Each stamping is insulated from the other with a thin varnish layer.
Slots are punched on the inner side of the stampings to carry the stator winding as shown
in the figure below:

Stator windings
The core of the stator carries three-phase windings which are usually supplied from a
three-phase supply system. These windings are either connected in star or delta.The six
terminals of the windings are connected in the terminal box of the machine.
2. Rotor
Construction of Rotor
The rotor is also built of thin laminations of the same material as the stator. The laminated
cylindrical core is mounted directly on the shaft. These laminations are slotted on the
outer side to receive the conductors. There are two types of rotors.
i) Squirrel Cage Rotor
ii) Slip ring or phase wound rotor
i) Squirrel Cage Rotor
A squirrel cage rotor consists of a laminated cylindrical core. The circular slots at the
outer periphery are semi-closed. Each slot contains an uninsulated bar conductor of
aluminum or copper. At the end of the rotor the conductors are short-circuited by a heavy
ring of copper or aluminum called end rings.
The diagram of the cage rotor is shown below:

ii) Slip Ring or Phase Wound Rotor

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The phase wound rotor is also called a Slip Ring Rotor. It consists of a cylindrical core that is
laminated. The outer periphery of the rotor has a semi-closed slot that carries 3 phase
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insulated rotor windings. The three ends of 3-φ winding, available after connecting the
winding in star or delta , are permanently connected to slip rings.
With the help of slip rings the external resistances can be added in series with each
phase of rotor winding to control the rotor resistance per phase .Which helps to control
starting torque speed of motor etc.

7b) A three phase 400 V, 50 Hz supply is given to three induction motor with 4
pole running and runs at 1440 rpm. Determine the speed of the rotor and
frequency of the rotor current.(6marks)

7c) With the help of diagram, explain the construction details of salient and non-
salient generator.(8marks)
Solution: There are two types of alternators
i) Salient pole of Alternator
ii) Non Salient pole Alternator
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CONSTRUCTION:
The two basic parts in of an alternator are: (i) Stator, (ii) Rotor.
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 Stator is the stationary part and Rotor is the revolving part.

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
The Stator Construction of both alternator is same as explained below.
Stator
The stator of the synchronous generator is cylindrical in shape made up of silicon
steel laminations. It consists of a stator frame and stator core. The stator frame is used for
holding the armature stampings and windings in position. Ventilation is maintained with the
help of holes cast in the frame itself, which assist in cooling the alternator.
The armature core is supported by the stator frame and is built up of laminations of
steel alloys or magnetic iron. The core is laminated to minimize the loss. The laminations are
insulated from each other. The stator is made up of a number of slots on its inner periphery,
as shown in the below figure. The slots are used for holding the armature winding.

Rotor
Rotor construction is different in both types of alternator
There are two types of rotor, salient pole type and smooth cylindrical type.

Salient pole or Projected pole type alternator

The poles are made of thick steel laminations bolted together to a shaft. The poles are also
laminated to minimize the eddy current losses. The salient pole type of rotors is characterized
by their large diameters and relatively short axial lengths. All the poles are projected outside;
since they are projected outside the mechanical strength is less. It is generally used for low
and medium-speed operations, mainly employed in engine-driven alternators.

Smooth Cylindrical or Non salient type alternator

The rotor consists of a smooth solid steel cylinder, having a number of slots along its outer
periphery to accommodate the field coils. They do not have projected poles, instead the
slotted portion acts as pole. As shown in the figure below. Here, the rotor has 4 poles. The
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pole areas are surrounded by field windings placed in slots.

It has a very long axial length but small diameters. The construction of the rotor gives
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better balance and quieter operation.

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This type of rotor is generally used for very high-speed operation and hence called turbo-
generators, which are employed in alternators driven by a steam turbine.

Q.08
8a) An alternator running at N rpm, induces an EMF in the armature
conductors of the machine and obtain an expression of induced EMF. (6marks)

Solution: Let φ = Flux per pole, in Wb

P = Number of poles
N = Synchronous speed in r.p.m.
f = Frequency of induced e.m.f. in Hz
Z = Total number of conductors
Zph = Conductors per phase

For three phase Zph =

Tph – No of Turns per phase therefore Tph =

Consider a single conductor which the cuts the flux „φ‟ produced by each pole in one
revolution.
The total flux dφ = φ x P
Time taken to complete one revolution is dt = 60/ Ns
For one revolution of a conductor, according to faraday‟s law of electromagnetic Induction

Eavg = = = ---------- (i)

Wkt frequency f = =
2f =
Substituting in equation (i) we get
Eavg = φ x 2f = 2φf
Therefore EMF induced per turn = 2 x (EMF per conductor) = 2 x (2 f φ)
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Eavg per turn = 4 f φ volts.

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Let Tph be the total number of turns per phase connected in series then

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Eavg = 4 f φ x Tph
= 4 f φ Tph

R.M.S. value of EMF = Kf x Average value = 1.11 x 4 f φ Tph

Eph = 4.44 f φ Tph Volts

If Kc – Pitch factor – the reduction in EMF due to short pitched winding

Kd – distribution factor – the reduction in EMF due to distributed winding
Kc and Kd are constants

Therefore the EMF induced in a Short pitched and distributed winding is

Eph = 4.44 f φ Tph Kc Kd

Kc= 1 for full pitched winding and Kd = 1 for concentrated winding

For star connection winding line voltage EL = √ Eph = √ 4.44 f φ Tph Kc Kd
For delta connection winding line voltage EL = Eph = 4.44 f φ Tph Kc Kd

8b) A 3-phase 16-pole alternator has a star connected winding with 144 slots and
10 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.03 webers, sine-distributed, and the
speed is 375 rpm. Find the frequency, and the phase and line voltages.(6marks)

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8c) When a three phase supply given is given to the three phase induction motor,
explain how a rotating magnetic field produces in the airgap of the
machine.(8marks)

Solution: ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD (RMF)

The stator of a three phase induction motor carries a three phase star or delta connected
winding, to which three phase a.c. supply is given
The three phase currents flow simultaneously through the windings and are displaced by 120°
from each other.
If the phase sequence is RYB, the three phase currents produce the three fluxes φR,
φY and φB which are equal in magnitude but displaced by 120° from each other, as shown in

a fig

Let the magnitude of each flux is φm

From the phasor diagram with „φR‟ as reference.
The equations of the three fluxes are,
 R   m sin t   m sinY   m sint 120
 B   m sin t  240 m sin ωt0
The resultant flux or total flux „φT „at any instant is given by the vector sum of the flux in
each of the phases.
Let us consider at different instants
i) When ωt =0, Then
 R   m sin   Y   m sin 120 m
 B   m sin  0 m
B
ΦT

B= - 
C A
120

25

O
0

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Dept of EEE, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Rajanukunte, Bangalore

 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Draw AC perpendicular to OB such that it bisects OB/2

Consider a triangle OAC
Cos 30 = = =
√
=
ΦT = 1.5 Φm
Thus the total flux ΦT is 1.5 times of Φm in magnitude and its position is vertically upwards
at ωt = 0

ii) When ωt =60, Then

 R   m sin 6   mY   m sin120 m
 B   m sin  0

ΦT
B
C

O A
 R

Consider a triangle OAC

Cos 30 = = =
√
=
ΦT = 1.5 Φm
Thus magnitude of total flux ΦT is same but it is rotated through 60° in space clockwise
direction.at ωt = 60

Similarly if phasor diagram is drawn for various values of ωt, it can be seen magnitude is
always 1.5 Φm but it rotates in space. Such a magnetic field is called Rotating magnetic
field (RMF).

Thus though supply is stationary, windings are stationary; the resultant flux produced rotating
26

in space with constant magnitude and speed.

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I,e it rotates with synchronous speed Ns =120f / P

Dept of EEE, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Rajanukunte, Bangalore

 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Module 5

Q.09
9a) With the help of block diagram, discuss low voltage distribution system (400
V and 230 V) for domestic, commercial, and small-scale industry. (6marks)

Solution: Low voltage distribution syste (4 V and 23 V) for do estic, co ercial

and s all-scale industry

The power is generated in generating station. The transmission system will deliver bulk
power from generating station to distribution centers. Then distribution centers will distribute
the power to various consumers. The block diagram for low voltage distribution system for
domestic, commercial and small scale industries is as shown below.

The electric power from primary distribution line (11KV) is delivered to secondary
substations. The secondary substations located near the consumer localities step down the
voltage from 11KV to 415V using step down transformer. The 415V, 3phase- 4wire (R, Y, B,
N) distribution is done for 3 phase loads like commercial buildings and small scale industries.
Single phase voltage of 230V is supplied for domestic consumers through one phase and the
neutral.
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Dept of EEE, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Rajanukunte, Bangalore

 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

9b) List out the power rating of household appliances including air conditioners,
PCs, laptops, printers, etc. Find the total power consumed.(6marks)

Solution: Power rating of household appliances

The Power rating of the appliance is related the power it consumes. Every electrical appliance
has a power rating which indicates the amount of electricity required to do work. . This is
usually given in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW).
The Energy consumption of a device is calculated by multiplying the wattage of a device and
operational hours
Energy consumption = Wattage X operational hours.

Calculation of Power consumption of electrical home appliances.

Let us consider different home appliances to calculate approximate total energy consumption
of house per month.
Sl Appliances Watts NO Total No of Total Energy Energy consumed
NO no of operational consumed= in kwh(units) per
watts hours per No of watts x day= energy
day No of consumed / 1000
operation
hours
1 Tube light 60 W 10 600 5 3000 3
2 Fan 75 W 4 300 8 2400 2.4
3 Refrigerator 200W 1 200 24 4800 4.8
4 AC 1000W 1 1000 5 5000 5
5 Laptop 50W 1 50 2 100 0.1
6 Television 50W 1 50 3 150 0.15
7 Grinders 1000W 1 1000 ½ 500 0.5
8 Printers 50W 1 50 ½ 25 0.025
9 Washing 2000W 1 2000 1 2000 2
machine
10 Micro wave 1000W 1 1000 1 1000 1
Total no of units consumed per day 18.9=19units

Therefore per day 19 units of energy is consumed

For 1 month = 19 x 30 = 570 units per month

9c) Why earthing is need in a building service. With neat diagram explain the
pipe earthing. (8marks)

Solution:
Necessity of Earthing
1. To protect the human beings from danger of shock in case they come in contact with
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the charged frame due to defective insulation.

2. It guarantees the safety of electrical appliances and devices from the excessive
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amount of electric current.

Dept of EEE, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Rajanukunte, Bangalore

 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

3. It protects the appliances from high voltage surges and lightning discharge.
4. It provides an alternative path for leakage of current hence protects the equipment.
5. It keeps the voltage constant in the healthy phase
6. It protects the Electric system and buildings from lightning.
7. It avoids the risk of fire in the electrical installation system.
8. To maintain the line voltage constant under unbalanced load condition.
 Pipe Earthing :
In this method a Galvanized iron pipe of 38 mm diameter and length of 2 meters with
12 mm holes is placed vertically into the ground at a depth of 4.75m.This pipe acts as an
earth electrode. The depth depends upon the condition of the soil
The pit area around the pipe is filled with the alternate layers of salt and coal for improving
the condition of the soil and earthing efficiency. The earth wires are connected to the top
section of the pipe above the ground level with nut and bolts. The funnel is provided to pour
the salt water. The schematic arrangement is as shown below.

The contact surface of GI pipe with the soil is more as compare to the plate. Hence it can
handle large leakage current for the same electrode size. The earth wires connected to the GI
pipe above the ground level can be physically inspected time to time.
The only disadvantage of pipe earthing is that, the pipe length has to be increased sufficiently
in case of soil of high specific resistivity. This increases excavation work and hence increased
in cost.
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Dept of EEE, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Rajanukunte, Bangalore

 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Q.10
10a) In a domestic consumers end, discuss how two-part electricity tariff imposed
to calculate electricity bills.(6marks)
Solution: Two Part Tariff
When the rate of electricity energy is charged on the maximum demand of the consumer and
the units consumed is called two part tariff.
In this tariff scheme, the total costs charged to the consumers consist of two components:
fixed charges and variable charges (running charges). It can be expressed as:
Total Cost = [A (kW) + B (kWh)] Rs
Where, Fixed charges - A = charge per kW of max demand
Variable charges - B = charge per kWh of energy consumed .It is obtained by multiplying no
of units consumed and rate per unit.
The fixed charges will depend upon maximum demand of the consumer and the running
charge will depend upon the energy (units) consumed. The fixed charges are due to
generation, transmission and maintenance.
Advantages
If a consumer does not consume any energy in a particular month, the supplier will get the
return equal to the fixed charges.
Disadvantages
If a consumer does not use any electricity, he has to pay the fixed charges regularly.
The maximum demand of the consumer is not determined. Hence, there is error of assessment
of max demand.

10b) Discuss how electricity bill is calculated based on “unit” which is

consumption of electrical energy for domestic consumers.(6marks)

Solution: UNIT: The unit of electrical energy consumed is kWh. One kilowatt-hour is the
electrical energy consumed by an electrical appliance of power 1 kW when it is used for one
hour. Therefore 1kwh =1 unit.
Calculation of electricity bill for low tension domestic consumer is as follows.
The electricity bill consists of two components: fixed charges and variable charges (running
charges). It can be expressed as:
Total Electricity Bill = [A (kW) + B (kWh)] + Tax
Where, Fixed charges - A = charge per kW of max demand
A= Total kW X charge per kW

Example: if the sanctioned load is 3KW then A= [1x85 + 2x95] = 275rs

(Note: For 1kw it is 85 rs and above 1kw it 95 rs per kw)

Where Variable charges - B = charge per kwh of energy consumed.

B = No of units consumed x rate per unit
Example: If the no of units consumed is 120 units then
30

B = [50 x4.1 + 50 x 5.55+ 20 x 7.1] = 624 rs

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Dept of EEE, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Rajanukunte, Bangalore

 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

(Note: For 0- 50 units – 4.1 rs per unit, 50- 100 units – 5.55 rs , 100- 200 units – 7.1rs)
Therefore Total Electricity bill for given example is
= 275 +624+ Tax.

10c) With a neat circuit diagram, explain the operation of MCB and RCCB
(8marks)

Miniature circuit breaker (MCB) :

An MCB - miniature circuit breaker is an electromagnetic device that embodies complete
enclosure in a molded insulating material.
The main function of an MCB is to open the circuit automatically when the current
passing through MCB exceeds the value for which it is set. It can be manually switched ON
and OFF as similar to normal switch if necessary. An MCB is a simple, easily operable
device and is maintenance-free too. It can be easily replaced.
The trip unit is the key part of the MCB on which the unit operates. The bi-metal present in
the MCB circuit protects against overload current and the electromagnet in the circuit
protects against short-circuit current.

Working
When the overflow of current takes place through MCB , the bimetallic strip gets
heated and it deflects by bending. The deflection of the bi-metallic strip or trip bar releases a
latch. The latch causes the MCB to turn off by stopping the flow of the current in the circuit.
This process helps to safeguard the appliances or devices from the hazards happening due to
overload or overcurrent. To restart the flow of current, MCB must be turned ON manually.
In the case of short circuit conditions, the current rises suddenly in an unpredictable
way, leading to the electromechanical displacement of the plunger associated with a solenoid.
The plunger hits the trip lever, it causes the automatic release of the latch mechanism by
opening the circuit breaker contacts.

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Dept of EEE, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Rajanukunte, Bangalore

 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Residual current circuit breaker (RCCB)

RCCB is nothing but current operated ELCB. The schematic of RCCB shown in a fig.

RCCB consist of a small current transformer surrounding live and neutral wire. The
sensing coil on the current transformer is connected to a trip coil of a circuit breaker.
Under a normal condition the current in a line conductor(IL) is same as the current in
Neutral conductor (IN). Hence IL- IN is Zero, therefore two fluxes produced by IL and IN
cancel each other and sensing coil does not sense any imbalance.
If there is fault the fault current IF flows through the earth conductor hence there is
difference between the current IL and IN. The difference IL –IN is called residual Current .The
fluxes produced by IL and IN are no longer same under a fault condition, producing flux in the
core. Due to the residual flux EMF get induced in the sensing coil, which circulates the
current through the tripping coil of the circuit breaker. This operates the circuit breaker and
disconnects the supply from the device. As the action of the trip coil depends on the residual
current the device is called residual current circuit breaker.
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Dept of EEE, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Rajanukunte, Bangalore