AN INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON
“EMBEDDED SYSTEMS”
BY
S. EKADARSHINI
42130683

PROFESSIONAL TRAINING REPORT

S13APT1

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)

Accredited with Grade “A++” by NAAC

JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI,

CHENNAI - 600 119.

1
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Internship Report submitted by

S.EKADARSHINI (42130683) is the work done by his/her and
submitted during semester V. A report submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING at “FSH AUTOMATION
AND ENGINEERING PVT LTD”

Internal Guide
MS. MARY SAJIN SANJU

Associate Professor, Department of ECE

Head of theDepartment

Dr. T. RAVI, M.E., Ph.D.

Submitted for Viva Voce Examination held on

Internal Examiner External Examiner

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deep gratitude to our project guide

MS. MARY SAJIN SANJU Associate Professor,Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, Sathyabama, for his/her guidance with
unsurpassed knowledge and immense encouragement. We are grateful to
Head of the Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering, for
providing us with the required facilities for the completion of the project-
work.

We express our thanks to all teaching faculty of Department of ECE, whose

suggestions during reviews helped us in accomplishment of our project. We
would like to thank all non-teaching staff of the Department of ECE,
Sathyabama, for providing great assistance in accomplishment of our
Online Internship.

We would like to thank our parents, friends, and classmates for their
encouragement throughout our Internship period. At last, but not the least,
we thank everyone for supporting us directly or indirectly in completing this
Internship successfully.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
TITLE PAGE
NO NO
ABSTRACT 8

1 INTRODUCTION 9
2 OVERVIEW OF INTERNSHIP 10
3 CURRICULUM 11
3.1 Introduction for Embedded systems 11
4 MICROCONTROLLERS AND 12
MICROPROCESSORS

4.1 Arduino Uno 13

4.2 Arduino Nano 15
4.3 Arduino Uno WiFi Rev2 17
5 Espressif (ESP) 19
5.1 ESP 8266 20
5.2 ESP32 22
5.3 ESP32 AI CAM 25
6 RASPBERRY PI 27
6.1 Raspberry Pi 4 Model B 29
6.2 Raspberry Pico 31
7 SENSOR 33
7.1 Temperature Sensor 33
7.2 Pressure Sensor 33
7.3 LDR Sensor 34
7.4 Proximity Sensor 34
7.5 Motion Sensor 35
7.6 Sound Sensor 35
7.7 Humidity Sensor 35
7.8 Gas Sensor 36
7.9 IR Sensor 36
7.10 UltraSonic Sensor 36
7.11 Ph Sensor 37
7.12 Biometric Sensor 37
8 DISPLAY MODULE 38
8.1 16X2 Character LCD Display 38
8.2 OLED Display

4
 8.3 TFT Touchscreen LCD Display
9 EMBEDDED TOOLS
9.1 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
9.2 Compilers And Cross Compilers
9.3 Debugging Tools
9.4 Simulators And Emulators
9.5 RTOS
9.6 Version Control System
9.7 Programming Languages And Libraries
9.8 Hardware Prototype Tools
9.9 Analog And Digital Processing Tools
9.10 Debugging And Profiling Tools
10 INTERFACING 42
10.1 SPI
10.2 I2C
10.3 USB
11 CONCLUSION 43
BIBLIOGRAPHY 44

5
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. FIGURES PAGE NO

4.1 Arduino Uno 13

4.2 Arduino Nano 15

4.3 Arduino Uno Wifi Rev 2 17

5 Espressif Logo 19

5.1 ESP 8266 20

5.2 ESP 32 22

5.3 ESP 32 AI CAM 25

6 Raspberry Pi Logo 27

6.1 Raspberry Pi 4 Model B 29

6.2 Raspberry Pico 31

7.1 Temperature Sensor 33

7.2 Pressure Sensor 33

7.3 LDR Sensor 34

7.4 Proximity Sensor 34

7.5 Motion Sensor 35

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7.6 Sound Sensor 35

7.7 Humidity Sensor 35

7.8 Gas Sensor 36

7.9 IR Sensor 36

7.10 Ultrasonic Sensor 36

7.11 pH Sensor 37

7.12 Biometric Sensor 37

8.1 16 X 2 LCD Display 38

8.2 OLED Display 39

8.3 TFT Display 40

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ENCLOSE CERTIFICATE

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 ABSTRACT

Embedded systems represent a cornerstone of modern technology, playing

an indispensable role in various aspects of our daily lives. These systems
are specialized computing platforms designed to perform dedicated
functions with utmost efficiency, often operating within resource-
constrained environments. Embedded systems are characterized by their
compact size, low power consumption, and dedicated functionality. These
devices integrate hardware and software components tailored to specific
tasks, making them ideal for applications ranging from consumer
electronics to industrial automation. The design of embedded systems
entails a holistic approach that involves selecting appropriate
microcontrollers, sensors, actuators, and software frameworks, with careful
consideration of power efficiency, real-time requirements, and
communication protocols. Embedded systems are the unsung heroes of
modern technology, driving innovation in numerous industries. Their design,
applications, and challenges have profound implications for our
interconnected world. This abstract provides an in-depth overview of
embedded systems, encompassing their design principles, diverse
applications, and the unique challenges they pose.

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 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

An Internship is an experiential learning opportunity that offers an invaluable

chance for students to network and build crucial professional connections
before they even graduate. For some students, it is a stepping-stone to
bonus opportunities within the same organisation, including a full-time job.

I did my internship in 'FSH AUTOMATION AND ENGINEERING PVT LTD'

for an online internship. I did it for a period from July 2024 to August 2024.

Our mentors are distinguished in their respective fields and bring invaluable
insight and experience to our classrooms. All our mentors adopt a hands-
on teaching approach and will guide you to success in your careers.

10
 CHAPTER – 2

OVERVIEW OF INTERNSHIP
Embedded systems represent a dynamic and foundational field in the world
of technology. These systems, comprising hardware and software
intricately interwoven to perform specific functions, have become an integral
part of our daily lives, often operating discreetly behind the scenes. As the
global landscape of technology continues to advance at a rapid pace,
embedded systems play an increasingly crucial role in enabling innovative
solutions and enhancing the efficiency of a wide range of applications. This
introduction serves as a prelude to the exploration of embedded systems
within the context of my internship experience.

Embedded systems are distinct from general-purpose computers in that

they are optimized for a particular task or set of tasks. They are found in a
vast array of devices, from consumer electronics like smartphones and
smart appliances to complex industrial machinery and automotive systems.
Embedded systems enable these devices to carry out their functions
reliably, efficiently, and often in real-time. As we rely more on technology to
simplify our lives, the sophistication and ubiquity of embedded systems
continue to grow, making this field a compelling area of study and
professional development.

Embedded systems must operate within stringent constraints, from limited

processing power and memory to the need for ultra-efficient code. Real-
time requirements often dictate the need for predictability and determinism
in their operation, which can pose significant engineering hurdles. Security
is becoming increasingly vital as embedded systems are integrated into
larger networks, making them vulnerable to cyberattacks. Furthermore,
staying abreast of the ever-evolving hardware and software technologies is
essential for embedded system engineers to keep pace with the relentless
march of progress.

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 CHAPTER – 3

CURRICULUM

In FSH AUTOMATION AND ENGINEERING PVT LIMITED Internship we

were taught about many topics related to Embedded Systems.

In Embedded Systems courses students learn methodologies and practical

knowledge regarding testing, creating, integrating, and implementing
hardware and software for advanced Embedded Systems. Course will
provide you with real-world experience as well as hands-on projects.

3.1 Introduction for Embedded systems

Embedded system is a dedicated computing platform meticulously crafted

to carry out predetermined functions. It is characterized by its compact size,
often limited processing power, and an array of specialized peripherals that
allow it to interact with the physical world. Embedded systems serve as the
digital brains behind everyday devices, working discreetly to automate,
monitor, and enhance our experiences in myriad ways.

The applications of embedded systems are as diverse as the devices they

inhabit:

● They power our smartphones, smart TVs, and wearable gadgets.

● They are responsible for controlling engines, managing airbags,
and providing infotainment.
● They enable the precision of medical devices and the real-time
monitoring of vital signs.
● They are instrumental in industrial automation, aerospace, and the
Internet of Things (IoT),

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 CHAPTER – 4

MICROCONTROLLERS AND MICROPROCESSORS

A microcontroller is a compact, integrated circuit that combines the

functions of a central processing unit (CPU) with memory, input/output
ports, and various peripherals. Microcontrollers are designed for specific,
embedded control applications, and they are commonly used in a wide
range of devices and systems where automation, monitoring, and control
are required.
Microcontrollers are the workhorses of embedded systems, performing a
wide range of tasks to control and monitor various devices and processes.
They are an integral part of modern technology and are used in countless
everyday devices, from microwave ovens and washing machines to remote
controls and automotive control systems. Their versatility and flexibility
make them essential in the field of embedded control and automation.
A microprocessor is the central unit of a computer or a microcomputer that
performs the core processing tasks, executing instructions and managing
data processing operations. It is a critical component of modern digital
electronic devices, such as personal computers, smartphones, embedded
systems, and more. The microprocessor is the primary component of the
CPU, which is responsible for executing instructions, performing arithmetic
and logical operations, and controlling other hardware components of the
computer.
Microprocessors come in various architectures, including x86, ARM,
MIPS, and more. The choice of microprocessor architecture depends on the
intended application, performance requirements, and power efficiency
considerations. The microprocessor is the "brain" of a computing device and
plays a central role in determining its capabilities and performance.

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4.1 Arduino Uno:

Fig 4.1 Arduino Uno

The Arduino Uno is a popular and widely used microcontroller board in the
Arduino platform. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform that
provides a hardware and software environment for building a variety of
projects, from simple LED blinking to complex robotics.

Here are some key features and information about the Arduino Uno:

Microcontroller: The Arduino Uno is built around the ATmega328P

microcontroller, which is based on the AVR architecture. It has 32KB of flash
memory for storing your program (Sketch), 2KB of SRAM, and 1KB of
EEPROM for data storage.

Digital I/O Pins: It has 14 digital input/output pins, of which 6 can be used
as pulse-width modulation (PWM) outputs. These pins are used for
interfacing with digital devices like LEDs, sensors, and more.

14
Analog Inputs: The Uno has 6 analog input pins that can be used to read
analog signals from sensors and other analog devices.

Power Supply: The board can be powered via a USB connection or an

external power source. It operates at 5V and can be powered via the USB
connection, a DC power jack, or an external battery.

Clock Speed: The ATmega328P on the Arduino Uno is clocked at 16 MHz,

making it suitable for a wide range of applications.

Communication: The board supports serial communication through USB

and TTL-level UART. It also has an I2C and SPI interface for connecting to
other devices.

Software: You can program the Arduino Uno using the Arduino Integrated
Development Environment (IDE). Arduino programming is done using a
simplified version of the C/C++ programming language.

Open Source: The hardware and software designs of the Arduino Uno are
open-source, which means that anyone can use, modify, and distribute
them.

The Arduino Uno is an excellent choice for beginners and experienced

makers alike because of its versatility, a large community of users, and
extensive documentation and tutorials available online. It's commonly used
for prototyping and building a wide range of projects, including robotics,
automation, IoT applications, and interactive art.

To get started with an Arduino Uno, you typically write code (referred to as
a Sketch), upload it to the board via USB, and watch your project come to
life. The board can be easily extended with additional shields and
components, making it a flexible tool for various applications.

15
4.2 Arduino Nano:

Fig 4.2 Arduino Nano

The Arduino Nano is a small, versatile microcontroller board based on the

Atmel ATmega328P or ATmega168P microcontroller chip. It is part of the
Arduino family of open-source electronics platforms designed for hobbyists,
makers, and students who want to create interactive and programmable
electronics projects.

Here are some key features and information about the Arduino Nano:

Microcontroller: The Arduino Nano typically uses the ATmega328P

microcontroller, which has 32KB of flash memory for storing your program,
2KB of RAM for data storage, and 1KB of EEPROM for non-volatile storage.

Size: The Nano is quite small, measuring around 45mm x 18mm, making it
suitable for compact projects where space is limited.

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I/O Pins: It has 14 digital input/output pins, with 6 of them being capable
of providing PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. Additionally, it has 8
analog input pins for reading analog sensor values.

Voltage Regulator: The board typically operates at 5V, but it can handle
input voltages between 7-12V. It has an onboard voltage regulator that
allows you to power it using a wider range of input voltages.

USB Interface: The Nano can be easily connected to a computer via a mini
USB port for programming and power.

Programming: You can program the Arduino Nano using the Arduino IDE
(Integrated Development Environment), which supports a simplified version
of C/C++.

Compatibility: Arduino Nano is compatible with most Arduino shields,

making it versatile for various applications.

Bootloader: It comes with a pre-installed bootloader, allowing you to

upload new sketches over USB without needing an external programmer.

Variants: There are different variants of the Arduino Nano, including those
with different microcontroller chips (such as ATmega168P or ATmega328P)
and different form factors (like the Nano Every and Nano 33 IoT).

Community and Documentation: Arduino has a large and active

community, and there are plenty of tutorials, libraries, and examples
available online to help you get started with your projects.

The Arduino Nano is popular for small, portable, and embedded projects
where space and power consumption are important factors. It's commonly
used in robotics, wearable technology, and various DIY electronics
projects.

17
4.3 Arduino Uno WiFi Rev2:

Fig 4.3 Arduino Uno WiFi Rev2

The Arduino Uno WiFi Rev2 is a development board that combines the
features of the classic Arduino Uno with built-in wireless communication
capabilities. It's an evolution of the original Arduino Uno, adding Wi-Fi
functionality to the mix.

Here are some key features of the Arduino Uno WiFi Rev2:

Microcontroller: Like the original Arduino Uno, the Uno WiFi Rev2 is based
on the ATmega328P microcontroller. It has the same 32KB of flash
memory, 2KB of SRAM, and 1KB of EEPROM.

Wi-Fi Connectivity: The primary feature that sets the Uno WiFi Rev2 apart
is its built-in Wi-Fi module. It features a u-blox NINA-W102 Wi-Fi module,
allowing you to connect to Wi-Fi networks and communicate with the
internet wirelessly.

18
Digital and Analog I/O Pins: The board retains the same 14 digital
input/output pins and 6 analog input pins found on the classic Uno.

Power Supply: The board can be powered via USB, a DC power jack, or
an external battery, similar to the original Uno.

Clock Speed: It operates at a clock speed of 16 MHz, the same as the

original Uno.

Communication: In addition to the classic UART and I2C communication

options, the onboard Wi-Fi module enables internet communication,
allowing you to send and receive data over Wi-Fi.

Software: You can program the Arduino Uno WiFi Rev2 using the Arduino
IDE, just like any other Arduino board. The addition of the Wi-Fi module
allows you to create IoT (Internet of Things) projects that can connect to the
internet and interact with web services.

Open Source: Like other Arduino boards, the Arduino Uno WiFi Rev2 is
open-source hardware and software.

This board is a great choice for projects that require wireless connectivity
and IoT capabilities. You can create projects like remote sensor monitoring,
home automation, or internet-connected gadgets using the built-in Wi-Fi
module. The Arduino Uno WiFi Rev2 maintains compatibility with most
Arduino Uno shields, making it a versatile option for both beginners and
experienced makers looking to add wireless capabilities to their projects.

19
 CHAPTER 5

Espressif (ESP)

"ESP" refers to Espressif and it is a context of electronics and

technology,one of the most common Espressif Hardwares are the
ESP8266 and ESP32 microcontroller modules.ESP have a large and active
community of developers and users, and there are many resources,
libraries, and tutorials available for creating a wide variety of projects. They
are often used in projects involving home automation, remote monitoring,
smart devices, robotics, and more.

Espressif Systems has continued to release new variations and modules

based on the ESP8266 and ESP32 platforms, offering even more options
and capabilities for developers and makers.

Fig 5 ESP Logo

Here's an overview of these popular devices:

1) ESP 8266
2) ESP 32
3) ESP 32 AI CAM

20
5.1 ESP 8266:

Fig 5.2 ESP 8266

The ESP8266 is a highly popular and versatile microcontroller module that

was developed by Espressif Systems. It's known for its built-in Wi-Fi
capabilities and is widely used in Internet of Things (IoT) and wireless
communication projects.

Here are some key features and information about the ESP8266:

Microcontroller Core: The ESP8266 is based on the Tensilica Xtensa

LX106 microcontroller core. It operates at clock speeds of up to 80 MHz.

Wireless Connectivity: One of its standout features is its integrated Wi-Fi

module, which allows it to connect to Wi-Fi networks. This makes it suitable
for IoT applications and projects that require wireless communication.

21
Flash Memory: The ESP8266 typically comes with 512KB of flash memory,
which is used for storing the program (firmware) and data. Some versions
have more flash memory.

GPIO Pins: The module has a limited number of GPIO (General-Purpose

Input/Output) pins, typically ranging from 6 to 17 pins, depending on the
specific module and its variant.

Programming: The ESP8266 can be programmed using various

development environments, including the Arduino IDE, PlatformIO, and the
official Espressif IoT Development Framework (ESP-IDF).

Protocols: It supports a range of communication protocols, including

TCP/IP, MQTT, and HTTP, making it suitable for web-connected and IoT
applications.

Community and Ecosystem: The ESP8266 has a large and active

community of developers and users, which has resulted in a wealth of
libraries, tutorials, and community support.

Applications: The ESP8266 has been used in a wide variety of

applications, including:

1) IoT devices and sensors

2) Home automation and smart home projects

3) Wi-Fi-enabled gadgets

4) Wireless sensor networks

5) Remote monitoring and control systems

6) Embedded web servers

The module's low cost, compact size, and extensive community support
have made it a popular choice for DIY electronics enthusiasts, hobbyists,
and professional developers working on wireless and IoT projects. While it's
not the latest technology in this field (with the ESP32 being a more powerful
successor), the ESP8266 remains relevant for many applications due to its
simplicity and cost-effectiveness.

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5.2 ESP32:

Fig 5.2 ESP 32

The ESP32 is a versatile microcontroller module developed by Espressif

Systems, and it's the successor to the ESP8266. It's known for its powerful
capabilities and built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity. Here are some
key features and information about the ESP32:

Microcontroller Core: The ESP32 is based on the Tensilica Xtensa LX6

dual-core microcontroller core, operating at clock speeds of up to 240 MHz.
Its dual-core architecture allows for multitasking and more processing
power compared to the ESP8266.

Wireless Connectivity: The ESP32 has both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

capabilities. It supports various Wi-Fi security protocols (WPA, WPA2,
WEP, etc.) and Bluetooth Classic and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE).

Flash Memory: The ESP32 typically comes with 4MB of flash memory,
which is used for storing the program (firmware) and data. Some versions
have more flash memory.

GPIO Pins: The module has a significant number of GPIO (General-

Purpose Input/Output) pins, offering flexibility for a wide range of

23
project requirements. It also supports more hardware interfaces compared
to the ESP8266.

Analog Inputs: The ESP32 includes a number of analog-to-digital

converter (ADC) channels, allowing you to read analog sensors with ease.

Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Coexistence: The ESP32 is designed to handle

simultaneous Bluetooth and Wi-Fi communication, making it suitable for
applications that require both types of connectivity.

Programming: The ESP32 can be programmed using various

development environments, including the Arduino IDE, PlatformIO, and the
official Espressif IoT Development Framework (ESP-IDF). It's compatible
with MicroPython and supports other languages and tools.

Protocols: It supports various communication protocols, including TCP/IP,

MQTT, HTTP, and CoAP, making it ideal for a wide range of IoT and
networked applications.

Community and Ecosystem: The ESP32 has a growing community and

strong developer support, resulting in a rich set of libraries, documentation,
and community projects.

The ESP32's more robust hardware, dual-core processor, and additional

connectivity options (Bluetooth, BLE) make it an excellent choice for more
complex and feature-rich IoT applications. It's used in a wide range of
projects, including:

1) IoT devices and sensors

2) Home automation systems

3) Home automation systems

4) Wireless audio and streaming applications

5) Bluetooth-enabled gadgets

6) Robotics and automation projects

7) Robotics and automation projects

8) Embedded web servers and data loggers

24
The ESP32 is a powerful and versatile microcontroller that provides many
options for connectivity and expansion. Its features and capabilities make it
a popular choice for both hobbyists and professionals working on wireless
and IoT projects.

25
5.3 ESP 32 AI-CAM:

Fig 5.3 ESP32 AI -CAM

The ESP32-CAM is a specific variant of the ESP32 microcontroller module

developed by Espressif Systems, which is designed for capturing and
streaming video and images. It's a popular choice for projects that require
camera functionality, such as surveillance systems, video streaming, and
IoT applications involving image capture.

Here are some key features and information about the ESP32-CAM:

Microcontroller Core: Like other ESP32 modules, the ESP32-CAM is

based on the Tensilica Xtensa LX6 dual-core microcontroller core,
operating at clock speeds of up to 240 MHz.

Camera Module: The primary feature of the ESP32-CAM is its onboard

camera module, which is typically an OV2640 or OV7670 camera sensor.
This allows the module to capture still images and stream video.

Wireless Connectivity: The ESP32-CAM retains the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

capabilities of the ESP32, which makes it suitable for connecting to
networks and communicating with other devices.

Flash Memory: It typically comes with 4MB of flash memory for storing
firmware and data.

26
GPIO Pins: The module has a variety of GPIO pins, some of which are
used for camera-related functions, making it suitable for custom expansion
and connection to other peripherals.

Analog Inputs: The ESP32-CAM includes analog-to-digital converter

(ADC) channels, which are useful for reading analog sensors.

Camera Interface: It has a dedicated camera interface that allows it to

capture and process images and video.

Programming: The ESP32-CAM can be programmed using the Arduino

IDE, PlatformIO, or the official Espressif IoT Development Framework
(ESP-IDF). You can also use MicroPython and other programming
languages.

Protocols: It supports communication protocols such as HTTP and can be

used for creating web servers and streaming video over Wi-Fi.

Community and Ecosystem: The ESP32-CAM has a growing community

and developer support, resulting in a range of libraries, tutorials, and
projects related to image and video capture.

The ESP32-CAM is commonly used in projects that involve capturing

images or video and transmitting them over Wi-Fi. You can use it for
applications like:

1) Home security and surveillance systems

2) Remote monitoring and video streaming

3) IoT applications that involve image analysis

4) Camera-equipped smart devices

5) Robotics with computer vision applications

6) Custom video and image capture projects

The ESP 32 Camera module makes it an attractive option for applications

where visual data is essential,its camera capabilities can be challenging to
set up and configure, and it may require some familiarity with programming
and hardware integration to get the best results.

27
 CHAPTER 6
RASPBERRY PI

The Raspberry Pi is a series of small single-board computers developed in

the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. These credit card-
sized computers are designed to promote computer science education and
facilitate access to low-cost computing for hobbyists, students, and
enthusiasts.

Fig 6 Raspberry Pi Logo

Here are some key aspects of the Raspberry Pi:

Hardware: Raspberry Pi boards typically include a system-on-chip (SoC)
with a CPU, GPU, RAM, USB ports, HDMI output, GPIO pins, and various
other interfaces. There are different models of Raspberry Pi, each with
varying specifications. As of my last update in September 2021, the latest
models include the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B, which has up to 8GB of RAM,
multiple USB ports, dual HDMI outputs, Gigabit Ethernet, and support for
4K video playback.
Operating System: The Raspberry Pi supports various operating systems,
the most popular of which is Raspbian (now known as Raspberry Pi OS), a
Linux distribution based on Debian. However, you can also run other
operating systems like Ubuntu, Windows 10 IoT Core, and various flavors
of Linux.

28
Programming and Development: Raspberry Pi supports multiple
programming languages, including Python, Scratch, Java, and C/C++. It's
an excellent platform for learning programming, electronics, and hardware
interaction. The GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output) pins allow users to
connect and control external devices and sensors.
Projects and Applications: Raspberry Pi is incredibly versatile and is used
for a wide range of projects, including home automation, media centers
(using software like Kodi), retro gaming consoles (with software like
RetroPie), web servers, robotics, DIY electronics, and much more. Its low
cost and small form factor make it suitable for embedded systems and IoT
applications.
Community and Support: Raspberry Pi has a large and active community.
There are plenty of online resources, tutorials, forums, and projects shared
by enthusiasts and developers. The community's openness and willingness
to share knowledge have contributed significantly to the Raspberry Pi's
popularity.
Add-Ons and HATs: There are numerous accessories and HATs
(Hardware Attached on Top) available for Raspberry Pi, including camera
modules, displays, sensors, motor controllers, and more. These expand the
capabilities of the Raspberry Pi for various applications.
Educational Use: Raspberry Pi Foundation aims to promote computer
science education, and Raspberry Pi computers are widely used in schools
and educational institutions worldwide for teaching programming,
electronics, and computer science concepts.
Here's an overview of these popular devices:

1) Raspberry Pi 4 Model B
2) Raspberry Pi Pico

Raspberry Pi's affordability, ease of use, and wide range of applications

have made it a favorite platform for hobbyists, educators, and professionals
alike, empowering users to explore the world of computing and electronics
in a hands-on way.

29
6.1 Raspberry Pi 4 Model B:

Fig 6.1 Raspberry Pi 4 Model B

The Raspberry Pi 4 Model B is one of the latest and most powerful single-
board computers in the Raspberry Pi series. It builds upon the success of
its predecessors while offering significant improvements in terms of
performance and connectivity.

Here are key features and specifications of the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B:

Processor: The Raspberry Pi 4 is powered by a quad-core ARM Cortex-

A72 processor, which provides a substantial performance boost compared
to previous models.

RAM: The Raspberry Pi 4 is available in different configurations with 2GB,

4GB, and 8GB of LPDDR4-3200 SDRAM. The increased memory capacity
makes it suitable for a wider range of applications, including multitasking
and more memory-intensive tasks.

Video Output: It has two micro HDMI ports that support dual displays with
4K resolution, making it an excellent choice for media centers and desktop
computing.

30
USB Ports: The Raspberry Pi 4 has two USB 3.0 ports and two USB 2.0
ports, providing faster data transfer speeds and more connectivity options.

Ethernet: It features Gigabit Ethernet for faster wired network connections.

Wireless Connectivity: The Raspberry Pi 4 has built-in wireless

networking with both 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wi-Fi support, making it easier to
connect to wireless networks.

GPIO Pins: Like previous models, it features 40 GPIO pins for connecting
to external hardware and electronics.

Power Supply: The Raspberry Pi 4 is powered via USB-C, and it requires

a power supply that can deliver 5V and at least 3A.

Operating System: It supports various operating systems, with Raspberry

Pi OS (formerly Raspbian) being the most popular choice. However, you
can run other Linux distributions and even Windows 10 IoT Core.

Compatibility: The Raspberry Pi 4 is compatible with most accessories and

HATs (Hardware Attached on Top) designed for previous Raspberry Pi
models.

Cooling: Due to its improved performance, the Raspberry Pi 4 may

generate more heat than previous models. Consider using a heatsink or a
small fan for cooling if your application requires it.

The Raspberry Pi 4 Model B is versatile and powerful, making it suitable for

a wide range of projects and applications. It's commonly used as a desktop
computer replacement, media center (using software like Kodi), retro
gaming console (with software like RetroPie), and in educational settings.
Its enhanced specifications and features have expanded its capabilities,
making it a valuable tool for hobbyists, developers, and students interested
in computer science and electronics.

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6.2 Raspberry Pi Pico:

Fig 6.2 Raspberry Pi Pico

The Raspberry Pi Pico is a microcontroller board developed by the

Raspberry Pi Foundation and was announced in January 2021. Unlike the
traditional Raspberry Pi single-board computers, the Raspberry Pi Pico is a
microcontroller, specifically designed for embedded systems, projects, and
electronics prototyping.

Here are the key features and information about the Raspberry Pi Pico:

Microcontroller: The Pico is built around the RP2040 microcontroller chip,

which features a dual-core ARM Cortex-M0+ processor, clocked at
133 MHz. This chip is designed to provide a balance between performance
and power efficiency.

GPIO Pins: The Pico has 26 GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output) pins

that can be used for digital input/output, PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation),
SPI, I2C, UART, and other hardware communication. The GPIO pins are
very versatile and can be used to interface with a wide range of sensors,
displays, and other peripherals.

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Memory: It has 264KB of SRAM for program and data storage. The Pico
does not have built-in flash memory; instead, you load your program onto it
from a computer every time you want to change or update the code.

Programming: The Raspberry Pi Pico can be programmed using

MicroPython, a Python interpreter specifically designed for microcontrollers.
C and C++ programming using the Raspberry Pi Pico SDK is also
supported. MicroPython provides a user-friendly environment for beginners
while allowing experienced programmers to work with low-level hardware.

I/O Pins: The Pico has 3.3V I/O pins. It's important to note that these pins
are not 5V-tolerant, so you need to use level shifters when interfacing with
5V components.

Power Supply: The board can be powered via USB or an external power
source. It operates at 3.3V.

Low Power Consumption: The RP2040 chip is designed to be energy-

efficient, making it suitable for battery-powered or low-power projects.

Price: The Raspberry Pi Pico is one of the most affordable microcontroller

boards on the market, making it an excellent choice for education and
hobbyist projects.

Community and Support: Although the Raspberry Pi Pico is relatively

new, it has quickly gained a strong and growing community of developers
and enthusiasts. There are many tutorials and resources available for
getting started with Pico.

The Raspberry Pi Pico is suitable for a wide range of embedded systems

and electronics projects, from simple LED blinking and sensor interfacing to
more complex applications like robotics and IoT. It's a cost-effective and
user-friendly platform for both beginners and experienced developers
looking to work with microcontrollers and create custom hardware projects.

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 CHAPTER 7

SENSORS

Sensors are devices or components that detect and respond to physical

stimuli or changes in their environment, converting these changes into
measurable signals or data. Sensors play a crucial role in various fields,
including electronics, automation, robotics, environmental monitoring, and
more. There are many types of sensors, each designed to detect specific
physical properties. Here are some common types of sensors:

7.1 Temperature Sensor: Measures temperature and is commonly used in

climate control systems, weather stations, and temperature monitoring
applications.

Fig 7.1 Temperature Sensor

7.2 Pressure Sensor: Measures pressure, often used in applications like

barometers, altimeters, and industrial process control.

Fig 7.2 Pressure Sensor

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7.3 LDR Sensor (Photodetector or Photocell): Detects light levels and
can be used in applications such as automatic lighting systems and
photography equipment.

Fig 7.3 LDR Sensor

7.4 Proximity Sensor: Detects the presence or absence of an object

within a certain range. Common types include infrared proximity sensors
and ultrasonic sensors.

Fig 7.4 Proximity Sensor

7.5 Motion Sensor: Detects motion or movement and is commonly used

in security systems, automatic doors, and lighting control.

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 Fig 7.5 Motion Sensor

7.6 Sound Sensor (Microphone): Converts sound waves into electrical

signals, used in audio recording, speech recognition, and noise detection.

Fig 7.6 Sound Sensor

7.7 Humidity Sensor: Measures the amount of moisture in the air and is
often used in weather stations and HVAC systems.

Fig 7.7 Humidity Sensor

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7.8 Gas Sensor: Detects the presence and concentration of specific
gases, often used in gas leak detectors, air quality monitors, and industrial
safety systems.

Fig 7.8 Gas Sensor

7.9 IR (Infrared) Sensor: Detects infrared radiation and is used in

applications such as remote controls, motion detection, and temperature
measurement.

Fig 7.9 IR Sensor

7.10 Ultrasonic Sensor: Uses ultrasonic waves to measure distance and

is often found in proximity sensors, robotics, and parking assist systems.

Fig 7.10 Ultrasonic Sensor

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7.11 pH Sensor: Measures the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid and is used
in applications like water quality monitoring and chemical analysis.

Fig 7.11 pH Sensor

7.12 Biometric Sensors: Include fingerprint scanners, iris scanners, and

facial recognition sensors used in security and access control systems.

Fig 7.12 Biometric Sensor

Sensors are a fundamental part of modern technology and are used in

countless applications, from everyday consumer devices to industrial and
scientific equipment. They enable the collection of data, automation, and
control in a wide range of fields, contributing to the advancement of
technology and enhancing our understanding of the world around us.

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 CHAPTER 8

DISPLAY MODULES

A Display is an output device used to present information in visual form.

Using a Display device in your Arduino or any other DIY Project is definitely
an advantage as you can easily view the data / information on the display
instead of, say, the serial monitor.There are several types of Display
Devices available in the market that are compatible with Arduino with nice
libraries. But choosing the right display for the project is an important task
as you have to consider several aspects like price, size, resolution, ease-
of-use, availability of libraries etc.

8.1 16×2 Character LCD

The most commonly used Display Device with Arduino is the 16×2 LCD. It
is an alphanumeric character display which means that this LCD is capable
of displaying only numbers and characters (and very few custom
characters).The numbers 16×2 represents the number of characters (16)
per row and total number of rows (2). There is also a slightly bigger version
of this display called the 20×4 LCD.. Since this interface takes up a lot of
Arduino’s pins, PCF8574 based I2C add-on boards are developed for 16×2
LCD.Using I2C based LCD reduces the required pins.

Fig 8.1 16 x 2 LCD

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8.2 OLED Display

The next useful display device for Arduino is the monochrome OLED
Display. OLED Displays have self-illuminating pixels i.e., each pixel is
capable of producing its own light. So, there is no need for any
backlight.Coming to Arduino OLED Displays, the most commonly used is
the 128×64 pixel OLED Display which measures approximately 0.96”
diagonally.Coming to the communication, OLED Displays are available in
two interface options: SPI and I2C. Both look very similar except that pins
are different in both these devices.The advantage of OLED over traditional
Character LCDs is that it is a Graphical Display, which means, it is very
easy to display bitmap images and characters with different fonts.

Fig 8.2 OLED Display

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8.3 TFT Touchscreen LCD Display

TFT LCD displays the information. In order to interact with the system, you
need additional hardware like a Rotary Encoder or Push Buttons. The TFT
Touchscreen LCD Display solves this problem by integrating touchscreen
on to the TFT Display.

Fig 8.3 TFT Display

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 Chapter - 9

Embedded Tools

Embedded tools, also known as embedded development tools or

embedded software development tools, are a set of software and hardware
tools specifically designed for the development of embedded systems.
Embedded systems are computer systems integrated into other devices
and products, often with dedicated functions and limited resources. These
tools are essential for designing, programming, testing, and debugging
embedded systems.

Here are some common embedded tools and their functions:

9.1 Integrated Development Environments (IDEs):

Eclipse: An open-source IDE often used for embedded development, with

support for various programming languages and embedded platforms.

IAR Embedded Workbench: A commercial IDE with support for a wide

range of microcontrollers and processors.

Keil MDK (Microcontroller Development Kit): A popular IDE for

ARM-based microcontrollers.

9.2 Compilers and Cross-Compilers:

GCC (GNU Compiler Collection): An open-source compiler that supports

multiple programming languages and target architectures, including many
embedded platforms.

ARM Keil C/C++ Compilers: Commercial compilers for ARM-based

microcontrollers.

Microchip XC Compiler: Compilers for Microchip's PIC microcontrollers.

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9.3 Debugging Tools:

JTAG Debuggers: Hardware tools that enable real-time debugging and

monitoring of embedded systems. Examples include Segger J-Link and ST-
Link.

In-Circuit Emulators (ICE): Hardware tools that provide deep-level

debugging for embedded systems.

Logic Analyzers: Tools for monitoring digital signals and debugging

complex interactions in embedded systems.

9.4 Simulators and Emulators:

QEMU: An open-source emulator that allows you to simulate the

execution of code on different architectures.

Simulink: A commercial simulation and modeling tool often used for

developing control systems in embedded applications.

9.5 RTOS (Real-Time Operating System) Development Tools:

FreeRTOS: A popular open-source RTOS that has development tools and

middleware to simplify embedded development.

uC/OS-II and uC/OS-III: Real-time operating systems with associated

development tools.

9.6 Version Control Systems:

Git: A widely used version control system for managing source code in
embedded development projects.

Subversion (SVN): Another version control system that is sometimes

used in embedded development.

9.7 Programming Languages and Libraries:

C and C++: The most common programming languages used in

embedded systems.

Embedded Libraries: Various libraries and middleware for specific

microcontrollers and processors.

43
9.8 Hardware Prototyping Tools:

Microcontroller Development Boards: Platforms like Arduino, Raspberry

Pi, and BeagleBone provide hardware prototyping and development
environments.

Programmers: Hardware devices used for flashing firmware onto

microcontrollers.

Breadboards and Peripherals: Tools for creating and testing embedded

prototypes.

9.9 Analog and Digital Signal Processing Tools:

MATLAB and Simulink: Used for modeling and simulation of embedded

systems with analog and digital signal processing requirements.

9.10 Debugging and Profiling Tools:

GDB (GNU Debugger): An open-source debugger for various platforms.

Performance Analyzers: Tools for profiling embedded software to

optimize its performance.

Documentation and Collaboration Tools: Tools for creating

documentation, sharing project information, and collaborating with team
members and stakeholders.

These embedded tools are essential for the development of a wide range
of embedded systems, from simple microcontroller-based projects to
complex real-time control systems and Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
The choice of tools depends on the specific requirements of the project, the
target hardware platform, and the developer's preferences.

44
 Chapter - 10

Interfacing

In order to communicate with peripherals and other microcontrollers, a

number of de facto standards are well established in the embedded world.
Some of the external pins of the microcontroller can be programmed to carry
out communication with external peripherals using specific protocols. A few
of the common interfaces available on most architectures are:

● Asynchronous UART-based serial communication Serial Peripheral

Interface (SPI) bus
● Inter-integrated circuit (I2C) bus Universal Serial Bus (USB)
● Asynchronous UART-based serial communication

Asynchronous communication is provided by the Universal Asynchronous

Receiver-Transmitter (UART). These kind of interfaces are, commonly
simply known as serial ports, are called asynchronous because
they do not need to share a clock signal to synchronize the sender and the
receiver, but rather work on pre-defined clock rates that can be aligned
while the communication is ongoing. Microcontrollers may contain multiple
UARTs that can be attached to a specific set of pins upon request.
Asynchronous communication is provided by UART as a full-duplex
channel, through two independent wires, connecting the RX pin of each
endpoint to the TX pin on the opposite side.

Despite being simpler than the other types of serial communication, UART-
based serial communication is still widely used in electronic devices,
particularly as an interface toward modems and GPS receivers.
Furthermore, using TTL-to-USB serial converters, it is easy to connect a
UART to a console on the host machine, which is often handy for providing
log messages.

45
10.1 SPI

A different approach is SPI. Introduced in the late 1980s, this technology

aimed to replace asynchronous serial communication towards peripherals,
by introducing a number of improvements:

• Serial clock line to synchronize the endpoints

• Master-slave protocol

• One-to-many communication over the same three-wire bus

The master device, usually the microcontroller, shares the bus with one or
more slaves. To trigger the communication, a separate slave select (SS)
signal is used to address each slave connected to the bus. The bus uses
two independent signals for data transfer, one per direction, and a shared
clock line that synchronizes the two ends of the communication. Due to the
clock line being generated by the master, the data transfer is more reliable,
making it possible to achieve higher bitrates than ordinary UART. One of
the keys for the continued success of SPI over multiple generations of
microcontrollers is the low complexity required for the design of slaves,
which can be as simple as a single shift register. SPI is commonly used in
sensor devices, LCD displays, flash memory controllers, and network
interfaces.

10.2 I2C

I2C is slightly more complex, and that is because it is designed with a

different purpose in mind: interconnecting multiple microcontrollers, as well
as multiple slave devices, on the same two-wire bus. The two signals
are serial clock (SCL) and serial data (SDA). Unlike SPI or UART, the bus
is half-duplex, as the two directions of the flow share the same
signal.Thanks to a 7-bit slave-addressing mechanism incorporated in the
protocol, it does not require additional signals dedicated to the selection of
the slaves. Multiple masters are allowed on the same line, given that all the
masters in the system follow the arbitration logic in the case of bus
contention.

46
10.3 USB

The USB protocol, originally designed to replace UART and include

many protocols in the same hardware connector, is very popular in personal
computers, portable devices, and a huge number of peripherals.

This protocol works in host-device mode, with one side of communication,

the device, exposing services that can be used by the controller, on the host
side. USB transceivers present in many microcontrollers can work in both
modes. By implementing the upper layer of the USB standards, different
types of devices can be emulated by the microcontroller, such as serial
ports, storage devices, and point-to-point Ethernet interfaces, creating
microcontroller-based USB devices that can be connected to a host system.

If the transceiver supports host mode, the embedded system can act as a
USB host and devices can be connected to it. In this case, the system
should implement device drivers and applications to access the functionality
provided by the device.

47
 CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION

Embedded systems are the unsung heroes of modern technology,

discreetly woven into the fabric of our daily lives, silently ensuring that the
devices and systems we rely on operate efficiently. As we conclude our
exploration of embedded systems, it's evident that these specialized
computer systems play a pivotal role in various applications and industries,
fundamentally shaping our interconnected world.

In conclusion, embedded systems are the backbone of our technological

world, defining how we interact with, control, and benefit from the devices
and systems that surround us. They are a testament to human innovation,
enabling advancements that drive progress in various industries. This
exploration into embedded systems reaffirms their significance and the
profound impact they have on our daily lives. As we look to the future, these
systems will continue to shape the way we live, work, and interact with the
world around us.

48
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view.htm.com
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 END OF THE REPORT

CERTIFICATES

NPTEL CERTIFICATES

INTRODUCTION TO IOT AND INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRY 4.0

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51
VALUE ADDED COURSE

CeNSE SUMMER SCHOOL- SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND

MICROFABRICATION.

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