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3D Cylinder

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80 views14 pages

3D Cylinder

Uploaded by

unikgotslept
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cylinder:

A cylinder is a surface generated by a variable straight line which is parallel to the


fixed line and intersect a given curve or touch a given surface.
The given curve (or surface) is known as guiding curve (or guiding surface) and the line
parallel to the fixed line is known as generator of the cylinder.
generator generator

curve
surface

Enveloping Cylinder:
The locus of the tangent lines to a given surface in a given direction is called the
enveloping cylinder of the surface.
The line (ii) will be a tangent to the sphere (i) if
discriminant of this equation = 0
or, 4(l𝛼 + 𝑚𝛽 + 𝑛𝛾)2 - 4 (𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 ) (𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 − 𝑎2 ) = 0
or, (l𝛼 + 𝑚𝛽 + 𝑛𝛾)2 = (𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 ) (𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 − 𝑎2 )
Therefore, the locus of the point (𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾) is
(l𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧)2 = (𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 ).
This is the required enveloping cylinder.
Right circular cylinder:
The locus of a line which moves such that it remains parallel to a fixed line
and is always at a constant distance from it is known as a right circular cylinder.
The fixed line is known as axis and the constant distance is known as radius of
the cylinder.

radius axis
Theorem:
To find the equation of the enveloping cylinder of the sphere
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 with generators parallel to the line = = .
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
Solution:
Given sphere is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 …………. (i)
Let P(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾) be a point on the cylinder. Then
the equation of the generator through this point P
·
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
and parallel to the given line = = is 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 =𝑚=𝑛
𝑙
𝑥−𝛼 𝑦−𝛽 𝑧−𝛾
= = = r (say)…………… (ii)
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
So, any point on the generator (ii) is (𝛼+l𝑟 , 𝛽 + 𝑚𝑟 , 𝛾 + 𝑛𝑟). This point lies on
the given sphere (i) if
(𝛼+l𝑟)2 + (𝛽 + 𝑚𝑟)2 + (𝛾 + 𝑛𝑟)2 = 𝑎2
or, 𝑟 2 (𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 ) + 2r (l𝛼 + 𝑚𝛽 + 𝑛𝛾) + (𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 − 𝑎2 ) =0
which is quadratic in r.
Equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is
𝑥−𝛼 𝑦−𝛽 𝑧−𝛾
= = and radius r.
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 P(x, y, z)
Solution: r axis
Let P(x ,y ,z) be a point on the A M
right circular cylinder. Also any point on the axis
is A(𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾). Draw perpendicular PM on the axis so that PM = r.
Also, AP = (𝑥 − 𝛼)2 +(𝑦 − 𝛽)2 +(𝑧 − 𝛾)2
AM= projection of AP on the axis
= x−𝛼 𝑙+ 𝑦−𝛽 𝑚+ 𝑧−𝛾 𝑛
where l ,m ,n are the direction cosines of the axis.
Now, 𝐴𝑃2 = 𝐴𝑀2 + 𝑃𝑀2
or, (𝑥 − 𝛼)2 +(𝑦 − 𝛽)2 +(𝑧 − 𝛾)2
= { x − 𝛼 𝑙 + 𝑦 − 𝛽 𝑚 + 𝑧 − 𝛾 𝑛}2 + 𝑟 2
which on simplification gives the required right circular cylinder.

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