Prepared and presented by,

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL

Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

C.K. PITHAWALA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Syllabus

Topic name Content Teaching Weightage

hours
Introduction 01
Internal Classification and engine 01
Combustion detail of I.C. engine
Engines Four-stroke/ two – stroke 01
cycle petrol/Diesel engine 05 10 %
Indicated power, Brake 01
power, Efficiencies
Numerical example practice 01

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 2

Content
 Introduction
 Comparison of I.C. engines and E.C. engines
 Classification
 Engine details
 I.C. engine terminology
 four-stroke/ two-stroke cycle Petrol/Diesel engines
 Indicated power
 Brake Power
 Efficiencies Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 3
introduction

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 4

 Introduction
In 1876 four strokes engine based on Otto cycle was developed
by a German engineer Nikolous Otto.

 A four-stroke horizontal engine

used a mixture of gas and air as
fuel.
 The charging stroke drew in air
(1) and gas (2) through a slide
valve (5) into the cylinder, pulled
in by movement of the piston (7).
 On the return stroke, the fuel
mixture was ignited by a flame
carried through a narrow opening
in the slide valve from a
continuously burning gas jet (6)
outside the engine. 5
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Introduction
 Otto cycle developed by Nicolas Otto created a revolution in
the development of Internal combustion engine and is even
used till date.
 After that, in 1892 another German engineer was
developed Diesel engine who’s name was Rudolf Diesel.

6
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Introduction
 Engine refers to a device which converts one form of
energy into the other form.
 A Heat engine is a modified form of engine which
converts chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy
and subsequently utilizes this energy for producing
mechanical work.
 Heat energy is supplied to the engine by burning the
fuel.
External combustion engines
Heat engine…
Internal combustion engines
7
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Comparison of I.C. engines and E.C.
engines
I. C. ENGINES E. C. ENGINE
The Combustion of fuel takes places The Combustion of fuel takes places
inside the cylinder. outside the cylinder
Compact in size and more efficient Large in size and less efficient
Low initial cost More (High) initial cost
Working fluid is mixture of air and fuel Working fluid is steam
Easier and quick starting of these Starting is difficult &more time is
engines required
Costly fuel is required like petrol and Cheaper fuel may be used like Coal
diesel
More suitable for mobile applications Less suitable for mobile applications
Examples…Diesel Engines, Petrol Examples…Steam Engines and Steam
Engines, Gas engines. turbines
8
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
 9
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Classification
Of
an
I .c. engines
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 10
Classification of an I.C. Engines
1) Types of fuel used…
 Petrol engine  Gas engine
 Diesel engine  Bi-fuel engine
2) Cycle of operation…
 Otto cycle or constant volume cycle
 Diesel cycle or constant pressure cycle
 Duel cycle or semi – diesel cycle
3) Method of ignition…
 Spark ignition (SI) engine
(Mixture of air and fuel is ignited by electric spark)
 Compression ignition (CI) engine
(Fuel is ignited as it comes in contact with hot
compressed air)
11
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Classification of an I.C. Engines
4) Method of cooling…
 Air cooled engine  Water cooled engine

5) Speed of engines…
 Low speed engines
 Medium speed engines
 High speed engines

6) Number of cylinders…
 Single cylinder engine  Multi cylinder engine

7) Lubrication system…
 Splash lubrication  Pressure lubrication
12
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Classification of an I.C. Engines
8) Location of valves…
 Overhead valve engine  Side valve engine

9) Position/Arrangement of cylinder …
 Inline Engines  Opposed Cylinder Engine
 V- Engines  Opposed Piston Engine
 Radial Engines

10) Method of governing…

 Quantity governing ( used in Petrol engine)
 Quality governing ( used in Diesel engine)

13
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Classification of an I.C. Engines
11) Number of stroke per cycle…
 Four stroke engine  Two stroke engine

12) Fuel supply system…

 Carburetor ( used in Petrol engine)
 Solid or airless injection ( used in Diesel engine)
 Air injection ( used in Diesel engine)

13) Application…

 Stationary engines  Locomotive engines

 Aircraft engines  Marine engines
 automotive engines

14
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Classification of an I.C. Engines
Inline engines

V – engines

15
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Classification of an I.C. Engines
Radial engines

16
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Classification of an I.C. Engines
Opposed cylinder engines

Opposed piston engines

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 17

 Classification of an I.C. Engines

Delta type
engines/Napier deltic
engine X – engines H – engines

U – engines W – engines
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 18
 Main
components
Of
an
I .c. engines
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 19
Main components of an I.C. Engines

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 20

Main components of an I.C. Engines
1) Cylinder block

 It is the main block of the engine.

 It contains cylinders accurately finished to accommodate
pistons.
 The cylinder block houses crank, camshaft, piston and
other engine parts.
 In water cooled engines, the cylinder block is provided
with water jackets for the circulating cooling water.
 The materials used for cylinder are grey cast iron,
aluminium alloys etc.,
 It is usually made of a single casting.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 21

Main components of an I.C. Engines
1) Cylinder block

Cylinder block of Cylinder block of

Motor cycle Car

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 22

 Main components of an I.C. Engines
2) Cylinder head

 The cylinder head is bolted to

the cylinder Block by means of
studs.
 The water jackets are provided
for cooling water circulation.
 The materials used for cylinder
head are cast iron, aluminium
alloy etc.,
 This is also generally made of
single cast iron.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 23
 Main components of an I.C. Engines
3) Piston
 The piston serves the following
purposes…
 It acts as a movable gas tight seal to
keep the gases inside the cylinder.
 It transmits the force of explosion in the
cylinder to the crankshaft through the
connecting rod.
 Some of the materials used for piston
are cast iron, aluminium alloy, chrome
nickel alloy, nickel iron alloy and cast
steel.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 24
 Main components of an I.C. Engines
4) Piston rings
 Piston rings are inserted in the
circumferential grooves provided at the
end of the piston.
 These rings maintain a gas-tight joint
between the piston and cylinder while
the piston is reciprocating in the
cylinder.
 Two types of piston rings are used in
the piston.
 Compression rings
 Oil rings or oil control rings
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 25
 Main components of an I.C. Engines
5) Piston pin

 It is the pin joining small end of

the connecting rod and piston.
 It is made of steel by forging
process.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 26

 Main components of an I.C. Engines
6) Connecting rod
 It connects the piston through piston
pin and crank shaft through crank pin.
 It converts reciprocating motion of the
piston into rotary motion of the
crankshaft.
 They are usually drop forge I sections.
 The materials used are plain carbon
steel, aluminium alloys, nickel alloy
steels etc,

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 27

 Main components of an I.C. Engines
7) Crank and Crank shaft
 The crank is a lever that is connected to
the big end of the connecting rod by a
pin joint with its other end connected
rigidly to a shaft, called crankshaft.
 It rotates about the axis of the
crankshaft and causes the connecting
rod to oscillate.
 The materials used for crank shaft are
billet steel, carbon steel, nickel chrome
and other heat treated alloy steels.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 28

 Main components of an I.C. Engines
8) VALVES
 Engine has both intake and exhaust
type of valves which are operated by
valve operating mechanism.
 The valves are device which control
the flow of the intake and exhaust
gases to and from the engine cylinder.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 29

 Main components of an I.C. Engines
9) Crankcase
 It is the lower part of the
engine, serving as an enclosure
of the crankshaft and also as a
sump for the lubricating oil..

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 30

 Main components of an I.C. Engines
10) Carburetor
 Carburetor is used in petrol
engine for proper mixing of air
and petrol.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 31

 Main components of an I.C. Engines
11) Fuel pump
 Fuel pump is used in diesel
engine for increasing pressure
and controlling the quantity of
fuel supplied to the injector.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 32

 Main components of an I.C. Engines
12) Fuel injector
 Fuel injector is used to inject
diesel fuel in the form of fine
atomized spray under pressure
at the end of compression
stroke..

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 33

 Main components of an I.C. Engines
13) Spark plug
 Spark plug is used in petrol
engine to produce a high
intensity spark for ignition of air
fuel mixture in the cylinder.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 34

 Main components of an I.C. Engines
14) Flywheel
 It is a heavy wheel mounted on
the crankshaft of the engine.
 It minimizes cyclic variation in
speed by storing the energy
during power stroke, and same
is released during other stroke.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 35

Main components of an I.C. Engines

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 36

 I .c.
engine
terminology
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 37
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 38
 I.C. Engine terminology
1) Bore
 Inside diameter of the
cylinder is termed as Bore.

2) Top Dead Center (TDC)

 The extreme position reached
by the piston at the top of the
cylinder in the vertical engine
is called Top Dead center.

3) Bottom Dead Center (BDC)

 The extreme position reached by the piston at the bottom of
the cylinder in the vertical engine is called Bottom Dead Center.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 39
 I.C. Engine terminology
4) Stroke
 The nominal distance travelled
by the piston in the cylinder
between the extreme upper and
lower positions of the piston
(TDC & BDC) is termed as stroke.

5) Clearance Volume( Vc)

 It is the space in the cylinder,
when the piston is at Top
Dead Center.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 40
 I.C. Engine terminology
6) Swept volume (Vs)
 It is the volume of space
generated by the movement
of piston from one dead
center to another dead center.
7) Compression ratio (r)
 It is the ratio of Maximum/total
cylinder volume to the Clearance
volume.
8) Cylinder volume (v)
 It is the sum of swept volume
and the Clearance volume.
V = Vs + Vc
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 41
 Four
stroke
petrol
engine
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 42
 Four stroke petrol engine
 Introduction
 A 4-stroke engine is a very common
variation of an internal combustion
engine.
 All the operations are carried out in four
strokes of the piston (two revolution of
the crank shaft), hence engine is called
as four stroke engine.
 Petrol engine works on constant volume
(otto) cycle and uses petrol as a fuel.
 In such engine, spark is used to ignite
the charge ( air-fuel mixture), hence it is
also called as spark ignition (SI) engine.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 43
 Four stroke petrol engine
Construction
 A piston reciprocates inside the
cylinder.
 The piston is connected to the crank
shaft by means of a connecting rod
and crank.
 The inlet and exhaust valves are
Mounted on the cylinder head.
 A spark is provided on the cylinder
Head and for that spark plug is used.
 The fuel used is petrol.
 The crank rotates 180o. (i.e. half
revolution during each stroke).
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 44
 Four stroke petrol engine
1 Intake/Suction stroke 2 Compression stroke

3 Power/expansion stroke 4 Exhaust stroke

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 45
 Four stroke petrol engine
1 Intake/Suction stroke
 Piston moves down from TDC to BDC .
 Inlet valve is opened and the exhaust
valve is closed.
 Pressure inside the cylinder is
reduced below atmospheric pressure.
 Due to this pressure difference the
mixture of air fuel is sucked into the
cylinder through the inlet valve.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 46

 Four stroke petrol engine
2 Compression stroke

 Piston moves up from BDC to TDC .

 Both the Inlet valve as well as the
exhaust valve are closed.
 Upward piston motion compresses
air/fuel mixture in the combustion
chamber.
 Thus the pressure and temperature of
mixture inside the cylinder increases
with decreases in volume.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 47

 Four stroke petrol engine
3 Power/expansion stroke
 At the end of the compression stroke, the
charge is ignited by means of electric spark
produced by spark plug resulting in
instantaneous combustion.
 High pressure burnt gases forces the piston
to move downward.
 Hence piston moves down from TDC to
BDC.
 Both the Inlet valve as well as the exhaust
valve are closed.
 The engine produces mechanical work or
power during this stroke, thus this stroke is
also called as power stroke.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 48
 Four stroke petrol engine
4 Exhaust stroke
 Piston moves up BDC to TDC.
 The Inlet valve is closed and exhaust valve
is open.
 Due to the upward movement, piston
pushes burnt gases to the atmosphere at
constant pressure through exhaust valve.
(Some of the burnt gases stay in the
clearance volume of the cylinder)
 The exhaust valve closes shortly after TDC.
 The inlet valve opens slightly before TDC
and the cylinder is ready to receive fresh
charge to start a new cycle.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 49
 Four stroke petrol engine
Summary
 Compression ratio
varies from 6 to 10.
 The pressure at the
end of compression is
about 6 to 12 bar.
 The temperature at
the end of the
compression reaches
250o C to 350o C.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 50

 Four
stroke
Diesel
engine
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 51
 Four stroke diesel engine
 Introduction
 A 4-stroke engine is a very common
variation of an internal combustion
engine.
 All the operations are carried out in four
strokes of the piston (two revolution of
the crank shaft), hence engine is called as
four stroke engine.
 Diesel engine works on constant pressure
(diesel) cycle and uses diesel as a fuel.
 In such engine, compressed air is used to
ignite the fuel, hence it is also called as
compressed ignition (CI) engine.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 52
 Four stroke diesel engine
Construction
 A piston reciprocates inside the
cylinder.
 The piston is connected to the
crank shaft by means of a
connecting rod and crank.
 The inlet and exhaust valves are
Mounted on the cylinder head.
 Fuel injector is used to inject the
fuel (in the form of fine spray)
under high pressure.
 The fuel used is diesel.
 The crank rotates 180o. (i.e. half
revolution during each stroke).
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 53
Four stroke diesel engine

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 54

Four stroke diesel engine
1 Intake/Suction stroke

2 Compression stroke

3 Power/expansion stroke

4 Exhaust stroke

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 55

 Four stroke diesel engine
1 Intake/Suction stroke
 Piston moves down from TDC to BDC .
 Inlet valve is opened and the exhaust
valve is closed.
 Pressure inside the cylinder is
reduced below atmospheric pressure.
 Due to this pressure difference fresh
air from atmosphere is sucked into
the cylinder through air cleaner and
the inlet valve.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 56

 Four stroke diesel engine
2 Compression stroke

 Piston moves up from BDC to TDC .

 Both the Inlet valve as well as the
exhaust valve are closed.
 Upward piston motion compresses
the air to a high pressure and
temperature in the combustion
chamber.
 Thus the pressure and temperature of
air inside the cylinder increases with
decreases in volume.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 57
 Four stroke diesel engine
3 Power/expansion stroke
 At the end of the compression stroke, a fine
spray of diesel fuel is injected into the cylinder
through fuel injector, however the rate of fuel
injection is such that combustion maintains
constant pressure.
 As the diesel fuel particles come in contact with
high temperature air, it will ignite automatically.
 Hence piston moves down from TDC to BDC.
 Both the Inlet valve as well as the exhaust valve
are closed.
 The engine produces mechanical work or power
during this stroke, thus this stroke is also called
as power stroke.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 58

 Four stroke diesel engine
4 Exhaust stroke
 Piston moves up BDC to TDC.
 The Inlet valve is closed and exhaust valve
is open.
 Due to the upward movement, piston
pushes burnt gases to the atmosphere at
constant pressure through exhaust valve.
(Some of the burnt gases stay in the
clearance volume of the cylinder)
 The exhaust valve closes shortly after TDC.
 The inlet valve opens slightly before TDC
and the cylinder is ready to receive fresh
charge to start a new cycle.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 59
 Four stroke diesel engine
Summary
 Compression ratio
varies from 14 to 22.
 The pressure at the
end of compression is
about 35 to 40 bar.
 The temperature at
the end of the
compression reaches
600o C to 700o C.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 60

Comparison
Of
Petrol
&
diesel
engine
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 61
Comparison of SI (Petrol) engines and
CI (Diesel) engines
Parameter SI (Petrol) ENGINES CI (Diesel) ENGINE
Working cycle Otto cycle (Const. Vol. cycle) Diesel cycle (Const. Pre. cycle)
Fuel Petrol (Gasoline) Diesel
Fuel supply Carburetor plays important Fuel pump and fuel injector
role. play important role.
Compression From 6 to 10 From 14 to 22
ratio
Ignition Spark plug is used to ignite The temperature at the end of
the fuel – air mixture. compression stroke is sufficient
to ignite the fuel. Self ignition of
fuel takes place.
Charge drawn Air and petrol mixture is Only air is drawn
during suction drawn
stroke
62
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Comparison of SI (Petrol) engines and
CI (Diesel) engines
Parameter SI (Petrol) ENGINES CI (Diesel) ENGINE
Speed High speed engines Low speed engines
(due to low weight) (due to heavy weight)
Weight Light Heavy
( due to lower peak pressure) ( due to high peak pressure)
Thermal Low ( due to lower High ( due to higher
efficiency compression ratio) compression ratio)
Starting Easy to start Quit difficult to start (as they
require greater crank effort)
Pressure From 6 to 12 bar From 35 to 40 bar
range
Temperature From 250o C to 300o C From 600o C to 700o C
range
63
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Comparison of SI (Petrol) engines and
CI (Diesel) engines
Parameter SI (Petrol) ENGINES CI (Diesel) ENGINE
Initial & Low High
maintenance
cost
Governing Quantity governing Quality governing
Vibration & Low ( due to lower cylinder High ( due to higher cylinder
noise pressure) pressure)
Fire risk More Less
Running cost High ( due to petrol is costly) Low ( due to diesel is less costly)
Application Light duty vehicles eg. heavy duty vehicles eg. Bus,
Scooter, motor cycles, cars truck, tractor, locomotive engines
etc… etc…

64
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
 Two
stroke
petrol
engine
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 65
 Two stroke petrol engine
 Introduction
 The two stroke engine only requires two
piston movements (one cycle) and one
rotation of crank shaft in order to
generate power.
 The engine is able to produce power after
one cycle because the exhaust and intake
of the fuel occurs simultaneously.
 The exhaust gases are expelled out from
the engine cylinder by the fresh charge of
air-fuel mixture entering the cylinder.
 This process of sweeping out the burnt
gases from the cylinder is called
scavenging.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 66
 Two stroke petrol engine
 Construction
 The three ports provided in two stroke
engine are inlet, transfer and exhaust port.
 Through the inlet port fresh charge from
carburetor is admitted into the crankcase.
 Through transfer port, charge from the
bottom of piston is supplied to the
cylinder and exhaust gases are pushed out
of the cylinder through exhaust port.
 Two stroke consist of a cylinder with one
end fitted with a cylinder head and other
end fitted with a hermitically sealed
crankshaft.
 The fuel used is petrol.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 67
Two stroke petrol engine

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 68

Two stroke petrol engine

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 69

Two stroke petrol engine
1

A Down Stroke B

C Up Stroke
D
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 70
 Two stroke petrol engine
 Intake of petrol & air mixture
 When piston moves upward, a partial
vacuum is created in the crank case until
its lower edge uncovers the inlet port
completely(as shown in fig.D).
 The pressure difference set up between
the atmosphere and crankcase will suck
the mixture of air and petrol through
inlet port into crankcase(as shown in
fig.A).
 The suction will continued till the inlet
port is covered by the piston during its
next downward stroke.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 71
 Two stroke petrol engine
 Intake of petrol & air mixture
 After the inlet port is covered by the
piston (as shown in fig.B), its further
downward motion will compress the
charge in the crankcase upto top edge of
the piston uncovers the transfer port (as
shown in fig.B), the compressed charge
flows from the crankcase to cylinder
through transfer port.
 This will continue till the piston covers
the transfer port during its next upward
stroke (as shown in fig.C).
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 72
 Two stroke petrol engine
 First stroke
 At the beginning of first stroke the piston is at TDC (as shown in
fig.A).
 Piston moves from TDC to BDC.
 The electric spark ignite the compress charge.
 The combustion of the charge will release the hot gases which
increases the pressure and temperature in the cylinder.
 The high pressure combustion gases force the piston downwards.
 The piston performs power stroke till it uncovers the exhaust port
(as shown in fig.B).
 The combustion gases which are at a slightly higher pressure than
the atmospheric pressure escape through exhaust port.
 The piston uncovers the transfer port(as shown in fig.B) 73
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
 Two stroke petrol engine
 First stroke

 The fresh charge flows from the crankcase into the cylinder
through transfer port.
 The fresh charge which enters the cylinder pushes burnt gases,
thus more amount of exhaust gases comes out through exhaust
port(as shown in fig.B).
 This sweeping out of exhaust gases by the incoming fresh charge
is called scavenging.
 This will continue till piston covers both the transfer and exhaust
port during next upward stroke.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 74

 Two stroke petrol engine
 Second stroke

 Piston moves from BDC to TDC.

 When it covers the transfer port (as shown in fig.C), the supply
of charge is stop and then when it moves further up it covers
the exhaust port completely (as shown in fig.D), and stops
scavenging.
 Further upward movement of piston will compress the charge
in the cylinder.
 After the piston reaches TDC the first stroke repeat again.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 75

 Two
stroke
Diesel
engine
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 76
 Two stroke diesel engine
 Construction
 The construction of diesel engine is
similar to two stroke petrol engine
except the fuel pump and fuel injector
are used instead of carburetor and spark
plug.
 The working of diesel engine is similar to
two stroke petrol engine except that only
air is supplied into crankcase and diesel
fuel in injected at the end of
compression of air.
 The fuel used is diesel.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 77
Two stroke diesel engine
1

A Down Stroke B

Up Stroke
C D
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 78
 Two stroke diesel engine
 First stroke
 At the beginning of first stroke the piston is at TDC (as shown in
fig.A).
 Piston moves from TDC to BDC.
 At TDC piston is at the end of compression, thus the compressed
air will attain a temperature higher than the self ignition
temperature of the diesel fuel.
 The injector injects a metered quantity of the diesel into cylinder
as a fine spray .
 As diesel is injected, it auto ignites.
 The combustion of the diesel will release the hot gases which
increases the pressure and temperature in the cylinder.
 The piston performs power stroke till it uncovers the exhaust port
(as shown in fig.B).
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 79
 Two stroke diesel engine
 First stroke
 The combustion gases which are at a slightly higher pressure than
the atmospheric pressure escape through exhaust port.
 The piston uncovers the transfer port(as shown in fig.B)
 The fresh charge flows from the crankcase into the cylinder
through transfer port.
 The fresh charge which enters the cylinder pushes burnt gases,
thus more amount of exhaust gases comes out through exhaust
port(as shown in fig.B).
 This sweeping/pushing out of exhaust gases by the incoming fresh
charge is called scavenging.
 This will continue till piston covers both the transfer and exhaust
port during next upward stroke.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 80
 Two stroke diesel engine
 Second stroke

 Piston moves from BDC to TDC.

 When it covers the transfer port (as shown in fig.C), the supply
of charge is stop and then when it moves further up it covers
the exhaust port completely (as shown in fig.D), and stops
scavenging.
 Further upward movement of piston will compress the charge
in the cylinder.
 After the piston reaches TDC the first stroke repeat again.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 81

Comparison
Of
Four stroke
engine
&
two stroke
engine
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
82
 Vs
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
83
Comparison of four stroke engines
and two engines
Parameter Four Stroke ENGINES Two stroke ENGINES
No. of stroke Four Two
No. of crank Two One
rotation/Cycle
No. of Power One for every two revolution One for every one revolution
stroke of crankshaft. n = N/2 of crankshaft. n = N
Power Power is developed in every Power is developed in every
alternate revolution of revolution of crankshaft.
crankshaft.
Flywheel Requires heavy flywheel Requires lighter flywheel
(due to high fluctuation of (due to uniform turning
torque on crankshaft) moment/torque on crankshaft)
weight Engine is heavy and bulky. Engine is light and compact.
84
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Comparison of four stroke engines
and two engines
Parameter Four Stroke ENGINES Two stroke ENGINES
Space It occupies more space. It occupies less space.
requirement
Admission of Charge is directly admitted into Charge is first admitted into
charge engine cylinder during suction crankcase and then
stroke. transferred to engine cylinder.
Valves The inlet and outlet valves are In place of valves, ports are
required and they are operated there which opens and closes
by valve operating mechanism. by motion of piston itself.
Crankcase Not hermetically sealed Hermetically sealed
( as charge is admitted into it)
Thermal Higher ( as there is no mixing of Lower ( as there is a mixing of
efficiency fresh charge with exhaust fresh charge with exhaust
gases) gases and some fuel leaves
along with exhaust gases)85
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Comparison of four stroke engines
and two engines
Parameter Four Stroke ENGINES Two stroke ENGINES
Mechanical Low ( Due to more numbers of High ( Due to less numbers of
efficiency parts) parts)
Volumetric Higher Lower
efficiency ( As more time is available for ( As less time is available for
induction of charge) induction of charge)
Have separated lubrication Lubricating oil mixed with
Lubrication system. petrol and then admitted into
system (Wet sump lubrication engine
system) (Mist sump lubrication system)
Cooling and Lesser cooling and lubrication More cooling and lubrication
lubrication needed. needed.
requirement ( Normally water cooled) ( Normally air cooled)
Noise Less More
86
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Comparison of four stroke engines
and two engines
Parameter Four Stroke ENGINES Two stroke ENGINES
Lubrication Less More
oil
consumption
Direction of The crankshaft rotates only The crankshaft rotates in both
rotation the in one direction. direction.
crankshaft
Preferred for higher power Preferred for lower power
Applications application such as cars, application such as mopeds,
trucks, tractors, buses, etc scooters, lawn tools etc

87
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
 Messerschmitt KR200 (Kabinenroller) (Cabin Scooter)
 Two stroke, Single cylinder, 193 CC engine
 Engine runs in both direction ( forward & backward)

lanz bulldog tractor

 Two stroke engine
 Single cylinder
 10,300 CC engine
 Diesel engine
 Engine runs in both
direction ( forward &
backward)

88
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL
Performance
parameters

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 89

Performance parameter
 Indicated power (IP)
The power developed inside the engine cylinder is known as
indicated power.
The power produced inside the engine cylinder by burning of
fuel is know as indicated power of engine.

 Pm L An 
IP   
 60000 
Where,
Pm  Indicated meaneffective pressure ,N / m 2
L  Stroke in length ,m
A  Cross  Sectional area ,m 2
n  number of working stroke per minute
 N 2 ( for four stroke engine )
 N ( for two stroke engine )
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 90
Performance parameter
 Indicated power (IP)

 Pm L A N 
For four stroke engine…. IP   
 60000  2 

 Pm L A N 
For two stroke engine…. IP   
 60000 

For multi cylinder  Pm L A n 

IP     Number of cylinders
engine….  60000 

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 91

Performance parameter
 Brake power (BP)
The power available at the engine crankshaft for doing useful
work is known as brake power.

It is also known as engine output power.

 2 N T   Pmb L An 
BP      
 60000   60000 
Where,
Pmb  Brake meaneffective pressure ,N / m 2
L  Stroke in length ,m
A  Cross  Sectional area ,m 2
n  number of working stroke per minute
N  Speed of engine ,RPM
T  Torque,N
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 92
Performance parameter
 Frictional power(FP)
The difference between indicated and brake power is known as
frictional power.

FP    IP    BP  

 The frictional power includes power required to operate the

fuel pump, lubricating pump, water pump, valves etc.
 The brake power is less than indicated power due to various
losses.

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 93

Performance parameter
 Mechanical efficiency
It is defined as the ratio of the brake power and the indicated
power.
 BP 
mech.   
 IP 

 Volumetric efficiency
It is the ratio of the volume of charge/air actually sucked at
atmospheric condition to swept volume of engine.
 Actual volume of ch arg e / air sucked at atm.condition 
vol .   
 Swept volume 
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 94
 Performance parameter
 Thermal efficiency
It is the efficiency of conversion of the heat energy produced by
the actual combustion of the fuel into the power output of
engine.

 Indicated thermal efficiency  Brake thermal efficiency

 Indicated power   Brake power 

Indicated thermal efficiency    Brake thermal efficiency   
 Heat supplied by fuel   Heat supplied by fuel 

 IP   BP 
ith.    bth.   
 m f  CV   m f  CV 

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 95

Performance parameter
 Air standard efficiency

It is the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle of engine.

 1 
For petrol engine air  1   1 
 r 
 

 1     1 
air  1   1  
For diesel engine   r        1 
 

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 96

Performance parameter
 Specific output
The specific output of the engine is defined as the power output
per unit piston area.
 B.P. 
Specific output   
 A 

 Specific fuel consumption

The specific fuel consumption (SFC) is defined as the amount of
fuel consumed by an engine for one unit of power production.
 mf 
Specific fuel consumption    kg kWh
 B.P. 
SFC is used to express the fuel efficiency on an I.C. engines.
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 97
 Performance parameter
 Measurement of brake power by rope brake
dynamometer
 The power of the engine is absorbed as frictional
heat created between the rope and the drum.

 2 N T   W  S  Rb  2 N 
BP      
 60000   60000 
Where,
W  Dead weight ,N
S  Spring balance reading ,N
Rb  effective radius of brake drum ,
 Dd 
 
 2 
D  Brake drum diameter,m
d  Rope diameter ,m
Brakeload or net load  W  S 
Braking torque  W  S   Rb
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 98
Numerical
problems

Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 99

 Numerical problems…..
1) A two stroke cycle IC engine has a piston diameter of 110 mm and
a stroke length of 140 mm. The mean effective pressure exerted
on the head of piston is 600 kN/m2. if it runs at a speed of 1000
RPM, find the indicated power developed. (GTU-Summer’12)
Given data, D= 110 mm = 0.11 m Pm= 600 kN/m2 = 600 X 103 N/m2
N= 1000 RPM
L = 140 mm = 0.14 m
IP= ?

We have,  Pm L An 
IP   
 60000 

 P L AN 
IP   m 
 4 
 6  105  0.14     0.11 2  1000 
  IP  13.305 kW
  
 60000  60000
 
(n=N for 2 stroke)
Numerical problems…..
2) A six cylinder 4 stroke engine is to produce 95 kW brake power at
800 RPM. The stroke to bore ratio is 1.25, mean effective
pressure is 7 bar. Determine the bore and stroke of the engine.
Assume mechanical efficiency as 80%. (GTU-Summer’17)
Given data, Number of cylinder= 6 Pm= 7 bar= 7 X 105 N/m2
BP = 95 kW m= 0.8

N= 800 RPM D=? L=?

L/D= 1.25

 BP 
We have, mech.   
 IP 

 95   IP  118.25 kW
0.8   
 IP 
Numerical problems…..
For multi cylinder and four stroke engine (n = N/2),

 Pm L A N 
IP     Number of cylinders
 60000  2 

118.25  
 4 
 7  105   1.25 D      D  2  800  6 

 60  2 
 

 D  0.1629 m  16.29 cm
&
L  1.25( D )  0.2036 m  20.36 cm
Numerical problems…..
3) During testing of single cylinder two stroke petrol engine
following data were obtained.
Brake torque = 640 Nm, mean effective pressure = 5.6 bar
Cylinder diameter = 21cm, oil consumption = 8.16 kg/hr
Speed = 350 RPM, CV = 42705 kJ/kg
Stroke length = 26 cm
Determine 1). Mechanical efficiency
2). Indicated thermal efficiency
3). Brake thermal efficiency
4). Brake specific fuel consumption
(GTU-Summer’15,Winter’13)
Numerical problems…..
Given data, Number of cylinder= 1 Pm= 5.6 bar= 5.6 X 105 N/m2
T = 640 N-m mf= 8.16 kg/hr = 8.16/3600kg/sec
D= 21cm = 0.21 m  m = ?  ith = ?  bth = ? Bsfc = ?
L= 28 cm = 0.28 m

1). Mechanical efficiency ( m)

 Pm L A N   2 N T 
IP    (n=N for 2 stroke) BP   
 60000   60000 


 4 
 5.6  105  0.28     0.21 2  350 

 2  350  640 

 60000


 60000 
 
IP  23.46 kW
IP  31.68 kW
 BP   23.46  m  0.7405 or 74.05 %
mech.     
 IP   31.68 
 Numerical problems…..
2). Indicated thermal efficiency ( ith) 3). Brake thermal efficiency ( bth )

 IP   bth. 
ith.    mech.  
 m f  CV 
 
 ith. 
 
 
31.68
  
 
 8.16
3600  
42705 

0.7405   bth. 
 0.3273 

ith.  0.3273 or 32.73 % bth.  0.2424 or 24.24 %

4). Brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc )

 mf   8.16 
bsfc       bsfc  0.3478 kg kW hr
 BP   23.46 
Numerical problems…..
4) A two stroke petrol engine with stroke length of 200 mm and
diameter of 150 mm has a clearance volume of 5 X 105 mm3. the
indicated thermal efficiency of the engine is 32 %. Find the
relative efficiency of this engine. If the mean effective pressure is
5 bar and engine speed is 1000 RPM, find indicated power of the
engine. (GTU-Summer’19(Similar))

Given data, Two stroke Pm= 5 bar= 5 X 105 N/m2

L = 200 mm = 0.2 m ith = 0.32
D= 150 mm = 0.15 m
Vc= 5 X 105 mm3 N = 1000 RPM
= 5 X 105 X (10-3)3 m3 r = ? IP = ?
= 5 X 105 X 10-9 m3
Numerical problems…..
1). Relative efficiency ( r) Since petrol engine
works on otto cycle,
  Air standard efficiency
Swept Volume, Vs   D 2 L 
4  otto cycle is,

   1 
    0.15   0.2
2
air  1   1 
4  r 
 
vs  3.5343  103 m 3
 1 
air  1    0.5662
  8.0686 1.41 
 vc  vs   
Compression ratio, r   
 c v Relative efficiency is given by,
 ith.   0.32 
  5  10 4
   3.5343  10 3
  r      
 
 a   0.5662 

  5  10 
4 

 r  8.0686
r  0.5652 or 56.52 %
Numerical problems…..
2). Indicated power

 Pm L An 
IP   
 60000 

 Pm L A N 
IP    (n=N for two stroke)
 60000 


 4 
 5  105  0.2     0.15  2  1000 

 60000 
 

 IP  29.4525 kW
Numerical problems…..
5) The following readings were recorded during the test on single
cylinder four stroke diesel engine.
effective brake drum diameter = 1.5m, CV = 44300 kJ/kg
Cylinder diameter = 250 mm, fuel consumption rate = 8.16 kg/hr
Speed = 250 RPM, mean effective pressure = 6.7 bar
Stroke length = 350 mm Net brake load = 1070 N
Determine 1). Indicated power
2). Brake power
3). Brake thermal efficiency
4). Mechanical efficiency
(GTU-Summer’09,16, Winter’18)
Numerical problems…..
6) A four cylinder two stroke petrol engine with stroke to bore ratio
1.2 develops 35 kW brake power at 2200 RPM. The mean
effective pressure in each cylinder is 9 bar and mechanical
efficiency is 78%. Determine
1) Diameter and stroke of each cylinder
2) Brake thermal efficiency
3) Indicated thermal efficiency,
(Take fuel consumption 8 kg/hr and CV = 43000)
(GTU-Summer’14, Winter’10)
Numerical problems…..
Given data, Two stroke Pm= 9 bar= 9 X 105 N/m2
No. of cylinders=4 m = 0.78
L/D = 1.2 L =1.2 D mf = 8 kg/hr = 8/3600 kg/sec
B.P. =35 kW N = 2200 RPM
CV = 43,000 kJ/kg D =? L =?
 bth = ?  ith = ?

1). Diameter(D) and stroke (L)

 BP   35 
mech.    0.78    IP  44.872 kW
 IP   IP 
 P L AN 
IP   m   no.of cylinders D  7.12 cm L  1.2 D  8.544 cm
 60000 
Numerical problems…..
2). Brake thermal efficiency ( bth)

 BP 
bth.   
 m f  CV 

 
bth.   
35
bth.  0.3663 or 36.63%

 8
 3600 
 43000 


3). Indicated thermal efficiency ( ith)

 bth   0.3663 
mech.    0.78    ith.  0.4696 or 46.96 %

 ith  
 ith 
Numerical problems…..
7) A two cylinder four stroke petrol engine has swept volume of
1.1 x 10-3 m3. it runs at 950 rpm and consumes 2.2 kg of petrol
per hour having calorific value of 43000 kJ/kg. The mean
effective pressure in both the cylinders is 7.5 bar. Determine
indicated thermal efficiency and relative efficiency if clearance
volume is 15% of swept volume. (GTU-Summer’2022)

Given data, Four stroke

mf = 2.2 kg/hr = 2.2/3600 kg/sec
No. of cylinders=2
Pm= 7.5 bar= 7.5 X 105 N/m2
Vs = 1.1 x 10-3 m3
Vc = 0.15 Vs
N = 950 RPM
 ith = ?  rel = ?
CV = 43,000 kJ/kg
 Numerical problems…..
1). Indicated thermal efficiency ( ith)

 P L An 
IP   m   no.of cylinders
 60000 

 PV N 
IP   m s  2 (n=N/2 for 2 stroke)
 60000  2 

 7.5  105  1.1 103  950 

  2
 60000  2 

IP 13.06 kW

Now, Indicated thermal efficiency,  IP 

ith.   
 m f  CV 
 Numerical problems…..
1). Indicated thermal efficiency ( ith)

 IP 
ith.   
 m f  CV 
 
ith.   
13.06

 2.2
 3600  
43000 


ith.  0.4969

ith.  49 %
 Numerical problems…..
2). Relative efficiency ( rel)

 Vs  Vc   Vs   0.15Vs   r  7.67
Compression ratio, r    r  
 V c   0.15 Vs 

Air standard efficiency of otto cycle,

 1   1 
  1     1   1      0.5573   55.73 %
r    7.67 1.4 1 
 

 ith.   0.4969 

Relative efficiency, rel .       0.5573   0.8916 rel .  89.16 %
   
rel .  89.16 %
 Numerical problems…..
8) During a test on a single cylinder four stroke engine having
compression ratio of 6, the following data is recorded. Bore =10 cm,
stroke = 12.5 cm, IMEP = 2.6 bar, dead load on dynamometer = 60 N,
spring balance reading = 19 N, effective radius of flywheel = 40 cm,
fuel consumption = 1 kg/hr, CV = 42000 kJ/kg, speed = 2000 RPM.
Determine
1) Indicated power 4.254 kW
2) Brake power 3.435 kW
3) Mechanical efficiency 0.8075 or 80.75%
4) Overall efficiency 0.2944 or 29.44 %
5) relative efficiency & air standard efficiency
0.7127 or 71.27 % 0.5116 or 51.16 %
(GTU-Winter’17)
 Numerical problems…..
9) The following readings were taken during the test of single cylinder
four stroke engine.
Cylinder diameter = 250 mm Hint….
Stroke length = 400 mm
Mean effective pressure = 6.5 bar
T = (Net brake load)
Engine speed = 250 rpm X
Net load on the brake = 1080 N (Brake drum radius)
Effective diameter of the brake = 1.5 m
Fuel used per hour = 10 kg
Calorific value of fuel = 44300 kg
Calculate:
1) Indicated power 26.59 kW 2) Brake power 21.21kW
3) Mechanical efficiency 79.75% 4) Indicated thermal efficiency 21.61%
(GTU-Winter’19,Winter’23 (Same),)
Numerical problems…..
10) A six cylinder 4 stroke I.C. engine is to produce 95 kW brake
power at 800 RPM. The stroke to bore ratio is 1.25, mean
effective pressure is 7 bar. Determine the bore and stroke of the
engine. Assume mechanical efficiency as 80%.
D  15.4 cm L  19.25 cm (GTU-Summer’17, summer’09(similar))

11) The following data is available for 2-stroke diesel engine.

Bore = 10 cm, stroke = 15 cm, engine speed = 1000 RPM, Torque
developed = 58 N-m,  m= 80 %, indicated thermal efficiency =
40%, CV = 44000 kJ/kg. Find 1) Indicated Power 2) Mean
effective pressure 3) brake specific fuel consumption
(GTU-Winter’12)
Numerical problems…..
12) A 4-stroke 6-cylinder IC engine has a stroke volume of 1.75 liters
and is operating at a mean effective pressure of 6 bar. At what
crankshaft rpm will the engine develop 35 hp? (Take 1 hp = 736
watts) N  490.7 RPM (GTU-Winter’2023)

13) A Diesel engine develop 5 kW brake power at a speed of 1000

rpm. The mechanical efficiency is 75 % and indicated thermal
efficiency is equal to 30 %. The diesel fuel having specific gravity
of 0.87 and calorific value of 42700 kJ/kg is used. Calculate :
1) Fuel consumption in kg/h. 2) Brake thermal efficiency
3). Brake specific fuel consumption.
m f  1.87 kg / hr bth.  6 % SFC  0.374 kg / kWh (GTU-Summer’2024)
 Questions from previous university
papers
Classify I.C. engines.
What are the functions of 1) injector in diesel engine and 2). Carburetor
in petrol engine?
Define : Stroke length, clearance volume, swept volume, compression
ratio, Scavenging
Explain the working of four stroke petrol engine with neat sketch & P-V
diagram.
Discuss the construction and working of four stroke petrol engine.
Explain the working of four stroke diesel engine with P-V diagram.
Why diesel engines are called C.I. engines?
With neat sketch describe the working of two stroke cycle petrol
engine.
Dr. CHINTAN.K.PATEL 121
 Questions from previous university
papers
With neat sketch describe the working of two stroke cycle diesel
engine.
Differentiate between S.I and C.I. engine.
Differentiate between petrol engine and diesel engine.
Differentiate between four stroke and two stroke IC engine.
List advantages and disadvantages of two stroke engines over
four stroke engines.
Define: Indicated thermal efficiency, brake thermal efficiency

Dr. CHINTAN.K.PATEL 122

 Any
Questions??
Dr. CHINTAN K. PATEL 123