NETWORK DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT (NET 101)

MIDTERM REVIEWER PART I | TRANSCRIBED BY: SPENCER RESTOSO

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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING to download files and programs from the

Internet
INTERNET - is the largest data network in PC BASICS
the world. The Internet consists of a
multitude of interconnected networks,
both large and small. At the edge of this ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
giant network is the individual consumer TRANSISTOR - A device that amplifies a
computer. signal or opens and closes a circuit.
Microprocessors can have millions of
CONNECTION TO THE INTERNET transistors.

PHYSICAL CONNECTION - A physical INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC) - A device

connection to a network is made by made of semiconductor material. It
connecting a specialized expansion contains many transistors and performs
card, such as a modem or a network a specific task.
interface card (NIC), to a PC with a cable.
The physical connection is used to RESISTOR - A device that is made of
transfer signals between PCs in the local material that opposes the flow of electric
network and remote devices on the current.
Internet.
CAPACITOR - An electronic component
LOGICAL CONNETCTION - The logical that stores energy in the form of an
connection uses standards called electrostatic field. It consists of two
protocols. A protocol is a formal conducting metal plates separated by an
description of a set of rules and insulating material.
conventions that govern how devices on
a network communicate. Connections to CONNECTOR - A port or interface that a
the Internet may use multiple protocols. cable plugs into. Examples include
The Transmission Control serial, parallel, USB, and disk drive
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/ IP) suite interfaces.
is the primary protocol used on the
Internet. TCP/IP is a suite of protocols LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) - A
that work together to send and receive semiconductor device that emits light
data when a current passes through it. These
are commonly used as indicator lights.
APPLICATIONS - The application that PC COMPONENTS
interprets the data and displays the
information in a comprehensible format PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) - A thin
is the last part of the connection. plate on which chips (integrated circuits)
Applications work with protocols to send and other electronic components are
and receive data across the Internet. A placed. Examples include the
web browser displays HTML as a web motherboard and various expansion
page. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used adapters. CD
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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) - READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM) - A type of

The “brain” of the computer, where most computer memory in which data has
of the calculations take place. been pre-recorded. After data has been
written onto a ROM chip, it cannot be
HARD DISK DRIVE - Hard disk drive— removed and can only be read. A version
Reads and writes data on a hard disk. of ROM known as EEPROM
The primary storage device in the (electronically erasable programmable
computer. read-only memory) can be written to. It is
called Flash memory or firmware. The
MICROPROCESSOR - A silicon chip that basic input/output system (BIOS) in most
contains a CPU. A typical PC has a PCs is stored in EEPROM.
number of microprocessors, including
the main CPU. SYSTEM UNIT - The main component of
the PC system. It includes the case,
MOTHERBOARD - The computer’s main chassis, power supply, microprocessor,
circuit board. The motherboard is crucial main memory, bus, expansion cards,
because it is the computer’s nerve disk drives (floppy, CD hard disk, and so
center. Everything else in the system on), and ports. The system unit does not
plugs into it, is controlled by it, and include the keyboard, the monitor, or any
depends on it to communicate with other external devices connected to the
other devices in the system. computer.

BUS - A collection of circuits through POWER SUPPLY - Supplies power to a

which data is transmitted from one part computer.
of a computer to another. The bus
connects all the internal computer MOTHERBOARD COMPONENTS
components to the CPU. The industry-
Standard Architecture (ISA) and the BACKPLANE - A large circuit board that
peripheral component interconnect contains sockets for expansion cards.
(PCI) are two types of buses.
MEMORY CHIPS - RAM chips on
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) - memory cards plug into the
Also known as read-write memory, RAM motherboard.
can have new data written to it and can
have stored data read from it. RAM is the NETWORK INTERFACE CARD (NIC) - A
main working area used by the CPU for printed circuit board that provides
most processing and operations. A network communication capabilities to
drawback of RAM is that it requires and from a PC. Many newer desktop and
electrical power to maintain data laptop computers have an Ethernet NIC
storage. If the computer is turned off or built into the motherboard.
loses power, all data stored in RAM is lost
unless the data was previously saved to VIDEO CARD - A board that plugs into a
disk. Memory boards with RAM chips PC to give it display capabilities. Video
plug into the motherboard cards typically include onboard
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microprocessors and additional memory INTERNET TODAY

to speed up and enhance graphics
display.

SOUND CARD - An expansion board that

handles all sound functions.

PARALLEL PORT - An interface that can

transfer more than 1 bit at a time. It is
used to connect external devices, such
as printers.

SERIAL PORT - An interface used for

serial communication in which only 1 bit
is transmitted at a time. The serial port
can connect to an external modem,
plotter, or serial printer. It can also be
used to connect to networking devices
such as routers and switches as a
console connection.

MOUSE PORT - Connects a mouse to a

PC.

KEYBOARD PORT - Connects a

keyboard to a PC.

POWER CORD - Connects an electrical

device to an electrical outlet to provide
power to the device.

UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (USB) PORT -

This interface lets peripheral devices
such as mice, modems, keyboards,
scanners, and printers be plugged in and
unplugged without resetting the system.
USB ports eventually might replace
serial and parallel ports.

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Businesses needed a solution that

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS I
would address the following
concerns:
NETWORKING TERMINOLOGY • How to avoid duplication of
• Local-area networks (LANs) equipment and resources
• Wide-area networks (WANs) • How to communicate efficiently
• Metropolitan-area networks • How to set up and manage a
(MANs) network
• Storage-area networks (SANs)
• Data centers One early solution was the creation of
• Intranets local-area network (LAN) standards.
• Extranets Because LAN standards provided an
• Virtual private networks open set of guidelines for creating
(VPNs) network hardware and software, the
capability to mix and match different
equipment manufactured by different
DATA NETWORKS - Data networks
companies facilitated stability in LAN
developed as a result of businesses and
implementation.
government agencies needing to
exchange electronic information across
long distances. At the time,
microcomputers were not connected as
mainframe computer terminals were, so
there was no efficient way of sharing
data between multiple microcomputers.

There was a need for information to move

efficiently and quickly not only within a
company, but also from one business to
another. The solution was the creation of
metropolitan-area networks (MANs)
and wide-area networks (WANs).
Because WANs could connect user
networks over large geographic areas,
they made it possible for businesses to
communicate with each other across
great display.

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NETWORK PROTOCOLS Some common LAN technologies

• Institute of Electrical and are
Electronic Engineers (IEEE) • Ethernet
• American National Standards • Token Ring
Institute (ANSI) • FDDI-Fiber Distributed Data
• Telecommunications Industry Interface
Association (TIA)
• Electronic Industries Alliance
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS II
(EIA)
• International
Telecommunications Union BANDWIDTH - is defined as the amount
(ITU), formerly known of information that can flow through a
network connection in a given period of
• as the CCITT (Comité
time. This definition might seem simple,
Consultatif International
but you must understand the concept of
Téléphonique et
bandwidth when studying networking.
Télégraphique)
BANDWIDTH IS FINITE - Regardless of
LOCAL-AREA NETWORKS (LAN’s) - the medium used to build the network,
LANs consist of computers, network there are limits on that network’s
interface cards, peripheral devices, capacity to carry information.
networking media, and network devices.
BANDWIDTH IS NOT FREE - It is possible
to buy equipment for a LAN that will
provide nearly unlimited bandwidth over
a long period of time.

BANDWIDTH IS A KEY FACTOR IN

ANALYZING NETWORK
PERFORMANCE, DESIGNING NEW
NETWORKS, AND UNDERSTANDING
THE INTERNET - A networking
professional must understand the
LANs are designed to do the tremendous impact of bandwidth and
following: throughput on network performance
and design.
• Operate within a limited
geographic area
THE DEMAND FOR BANDWIDTH IS
• Allow many users to access
EVER-INCREASING - As soon as new
high-bandwidth media
network technologies and
• Provide full-time connectivity
infrastructures are built to provide
to local services
greater bandwidth; new applications are
• Connect physically adjacent created to take advantage of the greater
devices capacity.
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PIPE ANALOGY FOR BANDWIDTH BANDWIDTHS LIMITATIONS

Medium Maximum Maximum

Theoretical Physical
Bandwidth Distance
50 – ohm 10 Mbps 18.5 m
coaxial cable
(10BASE2
Ethernet,
Thinnet)
50 – ohm 10 Mbps 500 m
coaxial cable
(10BASE5
Ethernet,
Thicknet)
HIGHWAY ANALOGY FOR BANDWIDTH Category 5 10 Mbps 100 m
UTP (10BASE-T
Ethernet)
Category 5 100 Mbps 100 m
UTP (100BASE-
TX Ethernet)
Category 5 1000 Mbps 100 m
UTP
(1000BASE-TX
Ethernet)
Multimode 100 Mbps 2000 m
optical fiber
(62.5/125 µm)
(100BASE-FX
Ethernet)
DIGITAL BANDWIDTH Multimode 1000 Mbps 220 m
optical fiber
MEASUREMENTS IN DIGITAL SYSTEMS (62.5/125 µm)
- the basic unit of bandwidth is bits per (1000BASE-SX
second (bps). Bandwidth is the Ethernet)
Multimode 1000 Mbps 550 m
measure of how much information, or optical fiber
bits, can flow from one place to another (50/125 µm)
in a given amount of time, or seconds. (1000BASE-SX
Ethernet)
Single-mode 1000 Mbps 5000 m
UNIT OF BANDWIDTH optical fiber
(9/125 µm)
UNIT OF ABBREVIATION EQUIVALENT (1000BASE-LX
BANDWIDTH Ethernet)
Bits per second bps 1 bps =
fundamental
unit of
bandwidth
Kilobits per Kbps 1 kbps = 1000
second bps = 103
Megabits per Mbps 1 Mpbs =
second 1,000,000 bps =
106 bps
Gigabits per Gbps 1 Gbps =
second 1,000,000,000
bps = 109 bps

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WAN SERVICES AND BANDWIDTHS The following are some of the factors
that determine THROUGHPUT:
WAN Service Typical User Bandwidth
Modem Individuals 56 kbps =
0.056 Mbps • Internetworking devices
DSL Individual, 12 kbps to 6.1 • Type of data being transferred
telecommuters, Mbps – 0.128
and small Mbps to 6.1 • Network topology
businesses Mbps • Number of users on the
ISDN Telecommuters 128 kbps = network
and small 0.128 Mbps
business • User’s computer
Frame Relay Small 56 kbps to • Server computer
institution 44.736 Mbps
(schools) and (U.S) or 34.368
• Power conditions
medium-sized Mbps (Europe) • Congestion
business = 0.056 Mbps
to 44.736
Mbps (U.S) or DATA TRANSFER CALCULATION - Using
34.368 Mbps
(Europe)
the formula T = S / BW (transfer time =
T1 Larger entities 1.544 Mbps size of file / bandwidth) lets a network
T3 Larger entities 44.736 Mbps administrator estimate several of the
STS-1 (OC-1) Phone 51.840 Mbps important components of network
companies,
data-comm performance. If the typical file size for a
company given application is known, dividing the
backbones file size by the network bandwidth yields
STS-3 (OC-3) Phone 155.251 Mbps
companies, an estimate of the fastest time that the
data-comm file can be transferred.
company
backbones
STS-48 (OC- Phone 2.488 Gbps
48) companies,
data-comm
company
backbones

DATA THROUGHTPUT - refers to actual

measured bandwidth at a specific time
of day, using specific Internet routes, and
while a specific set of data is transmitted
on the network. Unfortunately, for many
reasons, throughput is often far less than
the maximum possible digital bandwidth DIGITAL BAND WIDTH VERSUS
of the medium that is being used. ANALOG BAND WIDTH

Digital Bandwidth Versus Analog

Bandwidth Until recently, radio,
television, and telephone transmissions

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were sent through the air and over wires affect rest of
using electromagnetic waves. system
- Layering considered
These waves are called analog because harmful? NO
they have the same shapes as the light
and sound waves produced by the ISO-OSI MODEL
transmitters. As light and sound waves
change size and shape, the electrical - Open Systems
Interconnection
signal that carries the transmission
- Developed by the Internation
changes proportionately. In other words, Organization for
the electromagnetic waves are Standardization (ISO)
analogous to the light and sound waves. - Seven Layers
- A theoretical system
NETWORK MODEL delivered too late!
- TCP/IP is the de facto
PROTOCOL “LAYERS” standard
Networks are complex
Many “Pieces” OSI – THE MODEL
▪ Host
▪ Routers - A layer model
▪ Link of Various - Each layer performs a subset
media of the required
▪ Applications communication functions
▪ Protocols - Each layer relies on the next
▪ Hardware, lower layer to perform more
software primitive functions
WHY LAYERING - Each layer provides services
- Dealing with complex to the next higher layer
systems - Change in one layer should
- Explicit structure allows not require changes in other
identification, relationship of layers
complex system’s pieces
o Layer reference
model for
discussion
- Modularization eases OSI LAYERS
maintenance, updating of Application Provides access to the
OSI environment for
system
users and provides
o Layer reference distributed information
model for services
discussion Presentation Provides independence
to the application
o E.g., change in processes from
gate procedure differences in data
doesn’t representation (syntax)

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Session Provides the control Transport Supports

structure for communication
communication between diverse
between applications; devices across diverse
establishes, manages, networks
and terminates Internet Determines the best
connections (sessions) path through the
between cooperating network
applications. Network Access Controls the hardware
devices and media that
Transport Provides reliable, make up the network.
transparent transfer of
data between end
points, provides end-to- TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE AND
end error recovery and COMMUNICATION
flow control
Network Provides upper layers
with independence
from the data
transmission and
switching technologies
used to connect
systems; responsible
for establishing,
maintaining and
terminating
connections

Data Link Provides for the reliable

transfer of information
across the physical link,
sends blocks (frames) MOVING DATA IN THE NETOWORK
with the necessary
DATA ENCAPSULATION
synchronization, error
control, and flow
control.
Physical Concerned with
Segmenting message benefits
transmission of - Different conversations can
unstructured bit a be interleaved
stream over physical
- Increased reliability of
medium; deal with the
mechanical, electrical, network communication
functional, and
procedural
Segmenting message disadvantage
characteristics to
access the physical - Increased level of complexity
medium.

TCP/ IP MODEL
Application Represents data to the
user plus encoding and
dialog control
Transport Supports
communication
between diverse
devices across diverse
networks

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DATA ENCAPSULATION PROTOCOL MOVING DATA IN THE NETWORK

DATA UNITS (PDUs) ACCESSING LOCAL RESOURCES

- Data Physical Timing and

- Segment synchronization
- Packet bits
- Frame
Data Link Destination and
- Bits
source physical
addresses
Network Destination and
source logical
network
addresses
Transport Destination and
source process
number (ports)
Upper Layers Encoded
application data

ACCESSING LOCAL RESOURCES

DATA ENCAPSULATION PROTOCOL COMMUNICATING WITH DEVICE /
ENCAPSULATION SAME NETWORK

DATA ENCAPSULATION PROTOCOL

DE-ENCAPSULATION
ACCESSING LOCAL RESOURCES –
MAC AND IP ADDRESS

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ACCESSING REMOTE RESOURCES NETWORK ACCESS

– DEFAULT GATEWAY
PURPOSE OF THE PHYSICAL LAYER
THE OHYSICAL LAYER

ACCESSING REMOTE RESOURCES

– COMMUNICATING DEVICE /
REMOTE NETWORK
NETWORK MEDIA (WIRED)
FIBER BVERSUS COPPER
Implementation Copper Media Fiber Optic
Issues
Bandwidth 10 Mbps – 10 10 Mbps – 100
Supported Gbps Gbps
Distance Relatively Relatively
short High (1-
(1-100 meters) 100,000
meters)

NETWORK MEDIA (WIRED)

FIBER BVERSUS COPPER 2
ADDRESSING IN TCP/IP Implementation Copper Media Fiber Optic
Issues
Types Immunity to Low High
- Physical Address EMI and RFI (Completely
- Logical Address Immune)
Immunity to Low High
- Port Address Electrical (Completely
- Specific Address Hazards Immune

NETWORK MEDIA (WIRED)

FIBER BVERSUS COPPER 2
Implementation Copper Media Fiber Optic
Issues
Media and Lowest Highest
Connector
Costs
Installation Lowest Highest
Skills Required
Safety Lowest Highest
Precautions

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NETWORK MEDIA (WIRELESS) DATA LINK LAYER PROTOCOL

Types of Wireless Media

- IEEE 802.11 standards

- Commonly referred to as PURPOSE OF THE DATA LINK LAYER
WIFI. PROVIDING ACCESS TO MEDIA
- Uses CSMA/CA
- Variations include:
802.11a: 54 Mbps, 5 GHz
802.11b: 11 Mbps, 2.4
GHz

NETWORK MEDIA (WIRELESS)

Types of Wireless Media 2

- 802.11g: 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz

- 802.11n: 600 Mbps, 2.4 and
PURPOSE OF THE DATA LINK LAYER
5 GHz
- 802.11ac: 1 Gbps, 5 GHz
DATA LINK SUB LAYERS
- 802.11ad: 7 Gbps, 2.4 GHz,
5 GHz, and 60 GHz

NETWORK MEDIA (WIRELESS)

Types of Wireless Media 3

- IEEE 802.16 standard

- Provides speeds up to 1
Gbps
- Uses a point-to-multipoint
topology to provide wireless PURPOSE OF THE DATA LINK LAYER
broadband access. MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL

NETWORK MEDIA (WIRELESS)

Types of Wireless Media 4

- IEEE 802.15 standard

- Supports speeds up to 3
Mb/s
- Provides device pairing over
distances from 1 to 100
meters

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PURPOSE OF THE DATA LINK LAYER LAYER 2 STANDARDS

PROVIDING ACCESS TO MEDIA DATA LINK LATER STANDARD 2

STANDARD NETWORKING
ORGANIZATION STANDARDS
IEEE
•802.15:
Bluetooth
•802.16: WiMax

ITU-T
DATA LINK LAYER •G.992: ADSL
FORMATTING DATA FOR •G.8100 -G.8199:
TRANSMISSION MPLS over
Transport aspects
•Q.921: ISDN
•Q.922: Frame
Relay

LAYER 2 STANDARDS
DATA LINK LATER STANDARD 3

STANDARD NETWORKING
ORGANIZATION STANDARDS
ISO
LAYER 2 STANDARDS •HDLC (High
DATA LINK LATER STANDARD Level Data Link
Control)
STANDARD NETWORKING •ISO 9314: FDDI
ORGANIZATION STANDARDS Media Access
IEEE Control (MAC)
•802.2: Logical
Link Control (LLC) ANSI
•802.3: Ethernet •X3T9.5 and
•802.4: Token bus X3T12: Fiber
•802.5: Token Distributed Data
passing Interface (FDDI)
•802.11: Wireless
LAN (WLAN) &
Mesh (Wi-Fi
certification)

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TOPOLOGIES WAN TOPOLOGIES

CONTROLLING ACCESS TO THE COMMON PHYSICAL WAN
MEDIA TOPOLOGIES

TOPOLOGIES
PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL
TOPOLOGIES
WAN TOPOLOGIES
HALF AND FULL DUPLEX

TOPOLOGIES
LAN TOPOLOGIES
PHYSICAL AND LOGICAL
PHYSICAL LAN TOPOLOGUES
TOPOLOGIES 2

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LAN TOPOLOGIES LAN TOPOLOGIES

LOGICAL TOPOLOGY FOR SHARED RING TOPOLOGY
MEDIA

DATA LINK FRAME

LAN TOPOLOGIES
THE FRAME
CONTENTION-BASED ACCESS 2

Characteristics Contention-
Based
Technologies

•Stations can •CSMA/CD for

transmit at any 802.3 Ethernet
time networks
•Collision exists •CSMA/CA for
•There are 802.11 wireless DATA LINK FRAME
mechanisms to networks THE TRAILER
resolve
contention for the
media

LAN TOPOLOGIES
CONTROLLED ACCESS

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DATA LINK FRAME DIGITAL NETWORK

ETHERNET FRAME - Digital transmission enables
networks to support many
services

DATA LINK FRAME

POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL FRAME

DATA LINK FRAME

802.11 WIRELESS FRAME

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