L 3 English Program (S1) Teacher : Mrs Mokhtar

Language points discussed

1-The present simple (stem+s)
-Use
-Spelling rules
-Pronunciation of final (s)
-Passive/active form
2-The present continuous (is/are +stem +ing)
-Use
-Spelling rules
-Passive/active form
3-Irregular plurals
4-Formation of nouns/adjectives
5- Compound words
-spelling
-types
-meaning
 Lesson1: The present simple (stem + ‘s’)

The Present Simple tense is one of the most used verb tenses in English. It
describes general facts, states, and habits. At its core, the Present Simple is used to
refer to the general state of affairs in the present.

Examples:

a-A poor diet increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.→ affirmative sentence

b- A poor diet does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.→ negative
sentence

c- Does a poor diet increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.→ interrogative

sentence?

A-Uses of the Simple Present

We can use the Simple Present in many ways, including the following:

a- Things that are true

For things that are true, we use is/am/are for the BE verb. For all other verbs, we add
“s” to the end for he/she/it.

Eg :I am from Korea.
 He is my teacher.

b-Things that are untrue

Eg: -She is not my teacher

All other verbs:

I + do + not + base verb

he/she/it + does + not + base verb

Eg:-He does not speak German.

-He doesn’t speak German. (contraction)
c- Ongoing situations

Ongoing situations are usually states of being: things that are true today, will be true
tomorrow, and were probably true yesterday.

Eg: -I live with three people.

e- Scientific truths

One of the most interesting ways that we use the Simple Present is to talk about
scientific facts.

Eg: -Water freezes at 0 degrees Celcius.

-The moon controls the ocean’s tides.
-Wind causes waves.
-Pluto is not a planet.
-Coniferous plants do not lose their leaves.
-Most decidious plants lose their leaves in the fall.
-There are volcanoes underwater.

B-The present simple spelling rules

Here are the rules in Present Simple for the third person singular.

Regular spelling Singular The third person singular

-s in most cases Work s/he works

Drive s/he drives

Play s/he plays

Run s/he runs

-es when a verbs ends with: -o Do s/he does

-ss Miss s/he misses

 -x Mix s/he mixes

-ch Catch Catches

-sh Push Pushes

consonant + -y turns into -ies Cry s/he cries

Fly s/he flies

vowel + -y takes –s -s Buy Buys

Say Says

Obey Obeys

C-The pronunciation of the ‘S’ at the end of words in English

The pronunciation of the final S in plural words and verbs in the third person depend
on the final consonant sound before that S.
The ending is pronounced /s/ after a voiceless sound, it is pronounced /z/ after a
voiced sound and is pronounced /ɪz / or /əz/ after a sibilant sound:

 Voiceless: helps /ps/ -- sits /ts/ -- looks /ks/

 Voiced: crabs /bz/ -- words /dz/ -- gloves /vz/,
 Sibilant: buses /sɪz / or /səz /, bridges /dʒɪz / or /dʒəz /, wishes /shɪz / or /shəz /

1. The /ɪz/ sound (or /əz/ sound)

Sometimes this sound is written as /əz/ and uses the symbol "schwa" or "upside down
e" before the z. For ease we will write this sound as /ɪz/ or /iz/
If the last consonant sound of the word is a sibilant sound (a hissing or buzzing
sound), the final S is pronounced as /ɪz/. This /ɪz/ sound is pronounced like an extra
syllable. (e.g. the word buses has two syllables)
If the sound has a J sound (/dʒ/ like the letter J at the beginning of the word jacket or
/ʒ/ like the S in pleasure), then the final S is also pronounced as /ɪz/.
Examples of words ending in the /ɪz/ sound:

 C: races (sounds like "race-iz")

 S: pauses, nurses, buses, rises
 X: fixes, boxes, hoaxes
 Z: amazes, freezes, prizes, quizzes
 SS: kisses, misses, passes, bosses
 CH: churches, sandwiches, witches, teaches
 SH: dishes, wishes, pushes, crashes
 GE: garages, changes, ages, judges

Remember: after verbs ending in -sh, -ch, -ss and -x, we add the -es to the end of the
verb (in third person) and the pronunciation is /iz/ as an extra syllable.

2. The /s/ sound

If the last consonant of the word is voiceless, then the S is pronounced as /s/. Be
careful not to create an extra syllable.
NOTE: The consonants c, s, sh, ch and x are voiceless though they use the sibilants
ending seen above.
Examples of words ending in the /s/ sound:

 P: cups stops, sleeps

 T: hats, students, hits, writes
 K: cooks, books, drinks, walks
 F: cliffs, sniffs, beliefs, laughs, graphs (the -gh and -ph here are pronounced
like a F)
  TH: myths, tablecloths, months (voiceless th)

3. The /z/ sound

If the last letter of the words ends in a voiced consonant (or sound), then the S is
pronounced like a Z /z/(without creating another syllable). This Z sound is similar to
the sound a bee makes zzzz.
We also use this ending when the word ends in a vowel sound (e.g. bees, flies etc.)
Examples of words ending in the /z/ sound:

 B: crabs, rubs
 D: cards, words, rides, ends
 G: rugs, bags, begs
 L: deals calls, falls, hills
 M: plums, dreams
 N: fans, drains, runs, pens
 NG: kings, belongs, sings
 R: wears, cures
 V: gloves, wives, shelves, drives
 Y: plays, boys, says,
 THE: clothes, bathes, breathes
 VOWEL SOUNDS: sees, fleas

Task: Classify the following words according to their final /s/ pronunciation
Scientists, technologies, experiences, researches, laboratories, classifies, observations

helps

/s/ /z/ /iz/

Answer:

/s/ /z/ /iz/

scientists technologies experiences

helps laboratories researches
classifies
observations

E- Formation of Passive Voice in the present simple

is /are +past participle (pp)

Active Sentences Passive Sentences

They write different essays Different essays are written by them

Sheena does the homework The homework is done by Sheena

She does not feed the rabbits The rabbits are not fed by her

Does Jacob always play the guitar? Is the guitar always played by Jacob?

Task: Turn the following sentences to the passive form

a) This paper tackles different points.

b) Millions of people watch this scientific program.
c) Scientists make a lot efforts to find cures to many illnesses.
d) We define biology as the study of living organisms.
e) Pollution affects our whole life.
 Answers:
a) Different points are tackled in this paper.
b) This scientific program is watched by millions of people.
c) A lot of efforts are made by scientists to find cures to many illnesses.
d) Biology is defined as the study of living organisms.
Our whole life is affected by pollution.

Lesson 2: The present continuous

Is/are + stem (infinitive) +ing
A-Use
The present continuous also called the present progressive is used:
1-to describe an action that is going on at this moment:
eg: -You are using your computer.
-You are studying English grammar.
2-to describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend:
eg: -Are you still working for the same company?
-More and more people are becoming vegetarian.
3-to describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or
prepared:
eg: -We're going on holiday tomorrow.
-Are they visiting you next winter?
4-to describe a temporary event or situation:
eg: - He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight.
- The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.
5-with "always, forever, constantly", to describe and emphasise a continuing
series of repeated actions:
eg: - Harry and Sally are always arguing!
- She is constantly complaining about her mother-in-law!

Study the following example:

While we are writing, many countries are still dealing with Covid-19 outbreak and
many are moving toward a gradual easing of the restrictive measures. In the meantime,
the role of scientists in the public community is silently, yet dramatically changing.

-we are writing→ are + write + ing

-many countries are dealing→ are +deal +ing
-they are moving→ are + move +ing
-the role is changing→ is + change + ing

Negative form:
are not writing – are not dealing – are not moving – is not changing
Interrogative form:
-What is happening?
-where are they going?
-who are they calling?
-why is she shouting?
Remark:
We do not normally use the continuous with stative verbs. Stative verbs include:

 verbs of thinking and feeling:

believe love recognise understand

dislike hate remember want
know prefer suppose wish
like realise think (= believe)

 verbs of the senses:

 appear look smell taste
feel seem sound

 others:

agree belong need own

be disagree owe possess

For example, we say:

-I understand you. (NOT I am understanding you.)
-This cake tastes wonderful. (NOT This cake is tasting wonderful.)
B-Spelling rules of the present continuous
1- just add “ ing” to the base verb
Eg: work→ working play→ playing see →seeing be
→being
2- If the base verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, double the last
letter:
Eg: stop→ stopping run→ running begin→
beginning

3-If the base verb ends in ie, change the ie to y:

Eg: lie→ are lying die→ is dying

4- If the base verb ends in vowel + consonant + e, omit the e:

Eg: come→ is coming write→ are writing

Task: Complete the following sentences using Present Continuous Tense

is talking
1. My son (talk) on the phone right now.
 Are you sleeping
2. (you / sleep)?

3. Jason (do) his homework at the moment.

4. Tom (work) on a project nowadays.

5. My kids (play) in the garden now.

6. Some people (wait) to talk to you.

7. My wife (not cook) today.

8. (Lucas / study) for his exam right now?

9. (Ryan / play) the piano now?

10. Lea and I (paint) the fences today.

11. Andrea (help) me at present.

12. My children (not listen) to the radio now.

13. Selena (not drink) tea now.

14. I (vacuum) the carpet right now.

15. My father (watch) TV now.

16. What (she / eat) right now?

17. (your dog / hide) from me?

18. What book (you / read) nowadays?

19. Thomas (drive) me home now.

20. I (wash) my face at the moment.

Answers:

3-is doing 4– is working 5– are playing 6– are waiting 7– is not cooking 8–

is Lucas studying? 9 – is Rayan playing? 10– are painting 11– is helping 12–
are not listening 13– is not drinking 14– am vacuuming 15– is watching 16-
what is she eating? 17– is your dog hiding? 18– are you reading? 19- Is driving
20– am washing.

C-The passive form of the present continuous

is/are being + past participle

Examples:

Active: Scientists are doing many experiments to find a vaccine against Covid 19.

Passive: Many experiments are being done (by scientists) to find a vaccine against
Covid 19.

Active: They are using biotechnology in various fields.

Passive: Biotechnology is being used in various fields.

Task: turn the following sentences to the passive form

a) The gardener is watering the plants everyday.

b) The farmers are not ploughing all the fields.
c) Scientists are still doing researches to improve the human life.
d) They are building a new laboratory here.
e) Is he submitting his paper for revision?

Answers:

a)The plants are being watered by the gardener everyday.

b)Not all the fields are being ploughed by the farmers.

c)Researches to improve the human life are still being done by scientists.

d) A new laboratory is being built here.

e) Is his paper being submitted for supervision?

 Lesson 3: Irregular Plural Nouns

Irregular plural nouns are nouns that do not become plural by adding -s or -es, as most

nouns in the English language do.

Types of irregular plural

There are many types of irregular plural, but these are the most common:

Noun type Forming the plural Example

Ends with –fe Change f to v knife knives

then life lives
Add –s wife wives

Ends with –f Change f to v half halves

then wolf wolves
Add –es loaf loaves

Ends with –o Add –es potato potatoes

tomato tomatoes
volcano volcanoes

ends with –us Change -us to –i cactus cacti

nucleus nuclei
focus foci

ends with –is Change -is to –es analysis analyses

crisis crises
thesis theses

ends with –on Change –on / um to –a phenomenon phenomena

criterion criteria
datum data
ovum ova
ALL KINDS Change the vowel man men
or foot feet
Change the word child children
or person people
Add a different ending tooth teeth
mouse mice
Noun type Forming the plural Example

Unchanging Singular and plural sheep

are the same deer
fish (sometimes)

Task: Complete the sentences with the nouns in brackets. Use the plural.

1. How many does your cat catch? (mouse)

2. They usually keep their winter clothes in . (box)

3. We saw some on our way to the beach. (deer)

4. She bought two in our online shop. (scarf)

5. Our uncle often tells us funny . (story)

6. We often have for dinner on Fridays. (fish)

7. My sister likes ice cream with . (blueberry)

8. Our dog has never had any . (louse)

9. The girls bought three in the mall. (dress)

10. How many work in your office? (person)

11. The farmer has a lot of and . (sheep / ox)

12. You should always keep your warm in winter. (foot)

13. Does a cat really have seven ? (life)

14. At how many have you been this year? (party)

15. broke into their house and stole some paintings. (thief)

16. You should clean your twice a day. (tooth)

17. How many work in the restaurant? (woman)

18. My brother always has two for lunch. (sandwich)

19. He was unlucky because he missed the hole by . (inch)

20. They have five , three girl and two boys. (child)
Answers:

1-mice 2-boxes 3-deer 4–scarfs/scarves 5–stories 6–fish 7–blueberries

8–lice 9–dresses 10–persons 11–sheep/oxen 12–feet 13–lives 14–parties

15–thieves 16-teeth 17 –women 18 –sandwiches 19–inches 20-children

Lesson 4: Formation of Nouns/ Adjectives

1-Formation of Nouns

We form abstract nouns by adding different suffixes as shown in the table below.

Ment ance Ence

agree - agreement attend - attendance depend - dependence
amuse - amusement enter - entrance differ — difference
employ - employment guide - guidance exist – existence
excite - excitement accept - acceptance infer – inference
manage - management disturb - disturbance interfere – interference
treat – treatment ignore – ignorance occur – occurrence
pay - payment appear - appearance refer — reference
argue – argument endure – endurance reside — residence
Al Sion Tion
approve — approval decide - decision collect - collection
arrive — arrival provide - provision correct - correction
deny — denial permit - permission describe - description
propose — proposal conclude - conclusion prevent - prevention
refuse — refusal omit - omission associate — association
remove – removal divide - division examine - examination
try — trial explode - explosion distribute - distribution
withdraw — withdrawal submit – submission add – addition
Y ure/ age T or th
assemble - assembly depart - departure complain - complaint
discover — discovery proceed - procedure weigh – weight
enquire – enquiry press - pressure grow – growth
 wide- width
carry - carriage high- height
pack - package
post - postage

Ship Hood ness

Relation- relationship Child- Childhood Happy- happiness
Partner- partnership Neighbour-neighbourhood Ready- readiness
Clean- cleanliness
Ity
Secure- security
Eternal- eternity

Task: Put the words between brackets in the appropriate form (use a suffix to form a noun)

1. Reading is an (active) that I do every morning.

2. They are working on the (improve) of the application.

3. Throughout his career he has demonstrated a (willing) to compromise.

4. Exploring the space is a major scientific (achieve) .

5. The government failed to reach (agree) with the unions

6. Emigrating is a difficult (choose) to make.

7. She has been suffering from (depress) for a long time.

8. We don't tolerate anti social (behave) in our school.

9. The author is announcing the (publicize) of his new novel.

10. To succeed you must have a thirst for (know) .

11. She had an unhappy (child) .

 12. There is widespread (unhappy) with the government's economic policy.

13. you will certainly be asked to give (prove) of your identity

14. There was laughter at his (respond) to the question.

15. There is no easy (solve) to the government's financial crisis.

Answers:

Action – improvement – willingness – achievement – agreement – choice – depression –

behaviour – publicize – knowledge – childhood – unhappiness – proof – response –
solution

2- Formation of adjectives

The most common way to form an adjective in English out of a noun or verb, is to add a
specific ‘ending’, which is called suffix. Suffixes are:

 ful (beautiful)
 able (tolerable)
 ant (hesitant)
 ic (iconic)
 ive (impressive)
 ible (permissible)
 (i)an (Victorian)
 ly (friendly)
 ous (gorgeous)
 ish (childish)

Sometimes when adding these endings changes have to be made. Here are some rules for
forming adjectives and their exceptions:

Add Exceptions Word Adjective

-al If ending with an ‘e‘, drop it Nature Natural

Functio Functional
n
 Add Exceptions Word Adjective

-y If ending with an ‘e‘, drop it Ice Icy

Oil Oily

-ful If ending with a ‘y‘, replace Beauty Beautiful

with an ‘i‘ Peace Peaceful

-ous/- If ending with a ‘y‘, drop it Mystery Mysterious

ious Danger Dangerous

-ic If ending with a ‘y‘, drop it History Historic

Rust Rustic

Forming adjectives from nouns and verbs

Adjectives can be formed from different words. They can be formed from nouns:

Noun Adjective

accident accidental

danger dangerous

length long

star starry

wind windy

From verbs:
 Verb Adjective

enjoy enjoyable

help Helpful

obey obedient

play playful

talk talkative

Or even from other adjectives:

Adjective Adjective

comic comical

correct corrective

elder elderly

red reddish

sick sickly

Examples of forming adjectives

1. Our house color is a kind of yellow. → We live in a yellowish house.

2. He often acts like a child. → He often acts in a childish way.
3. The event was a big success. → We enjoyed a successful event.
4. We enjoyed the sound of the drum’s rhythm. → We enjoyed the drum’s rhythmic sound.
5. She adopted a dog without a home. → She adopted a homeless dog.
6. Look out, that plant is poison. → Look out for that poisonous plant.
7. It looks like it will rain today. → It looks like we’ll have rainy weather today.
8. She always acts with courtesy. → She always behaves in a courteous manner.
9. Her hair is pretty. → She has the prettiest hair.
10. We go for a walk each day. → We go for a daily walk.

Task: Form adjectives from the following verbs/ nouns:

Forget………………………… Red…………………………..
boast…………………………. style………………………….
hesitate……………………….. friend………………………..
attract………………………… adore………………………..
glory…………………………. response…………………….
economy…………………….. accept……………………….
flex………………………….. Egypt……………………….

Answers:
Forgettable - boastful - hesitating - attractive - glorious - economic - flexible
Reddish - stylish. - friendly - adored - responsive - acceptable - Egyptian.

Lesson 5: Compound words

Compound words are words that are made up of 2 words or more. When the
two words are used together, they yield a new meaning and a compound is formed Eg:
class→ word N°1
room → word N° 2
Class + room → classroom (a new word is formed with a new meaning)
A) Spelling of the compound words
 Compound words can be written in three ways: as open compounds (spelled as
two words, e.g., ice cream), closed compounds (joined to form a single word, e.g.,
doorknob), or hyphenated compounds (two words joined by a hyphen, e.g., long-term).
Sometimes, more than two words can form a compound (e.g., mother-in-law).

a-Open Compound Words

An open compound word is created in cases when the modifying adjective is

used with its noun to create a new noun. This isn’t quite the same as a noun with a
modifying adjective. We just use a space between the adjective and the noun, so
sometimes it can be hard to identify as a compound; however, if the two words are
commonly used together, it’s considered to be a compound word.

Eg: living room - full moon - real estate - dinner table - coffee mug

 When adverbs ending in -ly combine with another word, the resulting
compound is always spelled as two separate words.

Eg: largely irrelevant - newly formed

b- Closed Compound Words

Closed compound words look like one word. At one point, these words weren’t
used together, but they’re now accepted as a “real word” in the English language.
Closed compound words are usually made up of only two words. Here are some closed
compound examples.

Notebook - Superman - waistcoat - bookstore - fireman

c-Hyphenated Compound Words (…… - …….)

There are a great many grammar rules regarding hyphens in compound words.
One important rule of thumb to remember is that in most cases, a compound adjective
is hyphenated if placed before the noun it modifies, but not if placed after the noun.
Eg: a long-term solution

an up-to-date user guide

But…

This is not a good solution for the long term.

This user guide is not up to date.

Note: This is just one of many rules concerning hyphens in compound words and it is
often necessary to consult the dictionary to determine whether these terms should be
hyphenated or not.

B-Types of compound words:

There are different types of compound words. They can be:

a- noun + noun- Eg: Development programmes

b- adjective + noun + noun- Eg: A better food production

c- adjective + adjective + noun- Eg: Much more progress

d- noun + (stem+ed) + noun- Eg: Science-based process

e- noun + gerund + noun- Eg: Insect destroying preparations

f- Complex compounds- Eg: High-protein wheat varieties

Task 1: Now that you learned about the different types of compound words, see if you
can find the compound words in the sentences below.

 My grandfather is coming home for the holidays.

 I really want a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.
 The real estate agent had to take a test to get her license.
 She is a part-time teacher.
 That is our full-time worker.
 I’m so tired of looking for on-campus housing.
 He was seventy-two years old.
 Let’s go play some basketball
  Has anybody seen my binder?

C- Meaning:

Compound words are those that are formed by combining two or more words to
create a new word, so examining the parts can support determining the overall
meaning of the compound word.

Examples: Look at the meaning of the following Compound words

-Seed treating chemicals→ chemicals used for treating seeds.

-Science-based process→ a process which is based on science.

- Development programmes→ programmes designed for development.

- High-protein wheat varieties→ a variety of protein with a high quantity of protein

Task 2: Explain the meaning of the following compounds

a-land cleaning equipment d-rice producing plantations

b-fruit processing factories e -winter flowering plants

c-water disinfecting methods f-dam building projects

Remark:

-As you can see, there is nothing between the different parts of the compound words
(you don’t find: in, of, with, to, at ….etc).

-The first word is generally used in the singular form.

Task 3: Try to make compound words with the following definitions

a-machines used for milking cows

b-temperature necessary for germinating seeds

c-season for growing wheat

d-farmers who grow rice

e-irrigation used for weeding plantations

f-a laboratory where samples of soil are tested

Answers:

Task 1:

 grandfather - holidays.
 Peanut - peanut butter -jelly sandwich.
 real estate agent .
 part-time teacher.
 full-time worker.
 on-campus housing.
 seventy-two.
 basketball
 anybody

Task 2: a-Equipment that is used for cleaning land.

b-Factories in which fruits are processed.

c-Methods used for disinfecting water.

d-Plantations in which rice is produced.

e-Plants that flower in winter (not in spring).

f-Projects made for building dams.

Task 3: a-Cow milking machines

b-seed germinating temperature

c-wheat growing season

d-rice growing farmers

e-plantation weeding irrigation

f-soil testing laborator

Good Luck