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"Rainfall Data Analysis"

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 An-Najah National University

Engineering College

Civil Engineering Department

Hydrology

“Rainfall Data Analysis”

Supervisor: Dr. Hafez Q Shaheen

Prepared by:

Rahaf Abu Omar

Table of Contents:
1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………..1
1.1 Abstract:………………...…………………………..1

2. DATA COLLECTIN…………………………………..1
2.1 Rainfall Readings…………………………………...2
2.2 Catchment Area…………………………………….3

3. RAINFALL ANALYSIS……………………….………4
3.1 Average annual rainfall:………………….…..……..4
3.2 Hyetograph……………………………………...…..4
3.3 Max. Monthly Hyetograph…………………………7
3.4 Frequency curve …………………………………....8
4. CATCHMENT ANALYSIS:
4.1 Stream length calculation…………………...……..11
4.2 Check calculation………………………….….…..13
4.3 Estimating Stream Order………………………….14

5. LIMITATIONS:……………………………………….16

6. REFERENCES:……………………….……………….16
 Table of figures:
FIGURE 1. (CATCHMENT AREAS IN WEST BANK) .................... 3
FIGURE 2. (HYETOGRAPH)....................................................... 6
FIGURE 3 ................................................................................. 6
FIGURE 4. (HYETOGRAPH)....................................................... 7
FIGURE 5. (MAX. MONTHLY HYETOGRAPH)............................. 8
FIGURE 6. (RETURN PERIOD CURVE)...................................... 10
FIGURE 7. (STREAM LENGTH) ................................................ 10
FIGURE 8. (STREAM LENGTH) ................................................ 10
FIGURE 9. (1 HOUR UNIT HYDROGRAPH)............................... 10
FIGURE 10. ( STREAM SHAPE) ................................................ 10
FIGURE 11. (STREAM SHAPE) ................................................ 10

Table of tables:
TABLE 1, RAINFALL READINGS ............................................... 2
TABLE 2, ANNUAL TOTAL RAINFALL ....................................... 5
TABLE 3, MAX. MONTHLY RAINFALL...................................... 7
TABLE 4, RETURN PERIOD ....................................................... 9
 1. INTRODUCION:
1.1 Abstract:
Analysis of rainfall and runoff is a very important science in
hydrology, with hydrology courses focused on them, and this
report has been prepared to implement and benefit from
lessons.
I chose my village Burqa to apply the study to it.
Started with collecting rainfall data from the school, Burqa
Male Secondary School, which give me 23 years of rainfall
readings.
Then start with the catchment selection part, area, length of
the stream, center point, and so on, to use it to determine
Synthetic Unit Hydrograph.

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 2. DATA COLLECTION:
2.1 Rainfall readings:
Table 1, Rainfall readings

Annual
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rainfall
2021 152 147 22.8 14.2 2.2 0.5 37 165 540.7
2020 236 119 103.5 48 20.6 143 54.5 724.6
2019 172 187 101 25.6 6.2 4.5 224 720.3
2018 204 109.7 5.4 23.8 64.9 303 710.8
2017 49 69.1 8.5 25.7 40.2 192.5
2016 130.3 88.4 15.7 18.3 2 237.6 492.3
2015 170.6 139 12 49 5.4 67.5 48.2 28.7 520.4
2014 7.85 58.5 16 35.5 134.6 41 293.45
2013 229.5 61.6 1.5 28.2 6 187.4 514.2
2012 158.6 130 86.5 5 88.3 97.5 565.9
2011 102.5 100.5 61.6 126 31.5 422.1
2010 91 149.5 9 101 350.5
2009 33.5 412.5 67.3 8.5 45 96.5 107.5 770.8
2008 133.5 94 9.5 1.5 80.9 48.6 17 225.5 610.5
2007 139.75 165 73 90.5 81.5 549.75
2006 140 92 22 66 107 59.5 147.5 634
2005 188.5 220.5 21 13 1.5 15 62.7 133.9 656.1
2004 156.1 137 16.5 8 125.5 44.5 487.6
2003 80.1 370 184 44.6 0.5 49.5 112.2 840.9
2002 197.6 55.8 54.9 76.3 3.5 5.5 40.5 192.1 626.2
2001 68.3 102.7 7.2 26.6 42.5 53.9 226.1 527.3
2000 397.3 68.6 55.6 78 145.7 745.2
1999 42.7 48.3 48.7 30.4 3.8 6.9 0.7 32.5 214

2.1 Catchment area:

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By using GIS program:

The area marked in

blue is the study area

Part of stream shape

Figure 1. (Catchment Areas in West Bank)

Figure 2. (Hyetograph)Figure 3. (Catchment Areas in West

Bank)

3. RAINFALL ANALYSIS:

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 3.1 Average annual rainfall:
Average annual rainfall means the average of the annual
amount of precipitation for a location over a year as
measured by the nearest National Weather Service station
for the preceding three decades.
But here we have just 23 year.
→Average Annual Rainfall= 12710 /23
= 552.6 mm

3.2 Hyetograph:

Hyetograph is a graph showing the distribution of

precipitation in a given area, usually throughout the year,
and here it will be drawn over a period of 23 years.
All we need to draw the hyetograph is the annual rainfall
each year, you can note the table 2 in the next page.

Summation of the total rainfall for each year

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 Table 2, Annual total rainfall

Year Total Rainfall(mm)

1999 214
2000 745.2
2001 527.3
2002 626.2
2003 840.9
2004 487.63
2005 656.1
2006 634
2007 549.75
2008 610.5
2009 770.8
2010 350.5
2011 422.1
2012 565.9
2013 514.2
2014 293.45
2015 520.4
2016 492.3
2017 192.5
2018 710.8
2019 720.3
2020 724.6
2021 540.7

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Figure 4. (Hyetograph)

Figure 5

Figure 3. (Hyetograph)Figure 6. (Hyetograph)

Figure 7

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 Figure 3. (Hyetograph)

3.3 Max. Monthly Figure

Hyetograph:
8. (Hyetograph)

Find the max. rainfall per month for each year and drawing the graph
Figure 3. (Hyetograph)
Table 3, Max. Monthly rainfall

Year Figure 9. (Hyetograph) Max. month

2021 165
2020 236
2019 224
2018 303
2017 69.1
2016 237.6
2015 170.6
2014 134.6
2013 229.5
2012 158.6
2011 126
2010 149.5
2009 412.5
2008 225.5
2007 165
2006 147.5
2005 220.5
2004 156.1
2003 370
2002 197.6
2001 226.1
2000 397.3
1999 48.7

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 Note that the red line is the trend line, and we note that the slope of
this line is negative, which mean that the amount of rainfall
decreasing.

Max. Month
450

400

350

300
Max. Month

250

200

150

100

50

0
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
time

Figure 10. (Max. monthly hyetograph)

3.4 Frequency curve :

Figure 11. (Max. monthly hyetograph)
After arranging the total rainfall in descending order and numbering
them from 1 to 23, now we need to find the probability for each
rainfall, P= m/ (n+1), n =23, Retaining Period (T) = 1/P.
For Example:
Total Rainfall = 770.8mm, m=2
P= 2/ (23+1) T= 1/P
=0.08 = 12
That’s mean the chance to rainfall a 770.8 mm in one year is once
each 12 year.

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 Table 4, Return period

Year Total Rainfall Rank(m) Probability(P) Return period(T)

2017 840.9 1 0.04 24.00
1999 770.8 2 0.08 12.00
2014 745.2 3 0.13 8.00
2010 724.6 4 0.17 6.00
2011 720.3 5 0.21 4.80
2004 710.8 6 0.25 4.00
2016 656.1 7 0.29 3.43
2013 634 8 0.33 3.00
2015 626.2 9 0.38 2.67
2001 610.5 10 0.42 2.40
2021 565.9 11 0.46 2.18
2007 549.75 12 0.50 2.00
2012 540.7 13 0.54 1.85
2008 527.3 14 0.58 1.71
2002 520.4 15 0.63 1.60
2006 514.2 16 0.67 1.50
2005 492.3 17 0.71 1.41
2018 487.63 18 0.75 1.33
2019 422.1 19 0.79 1.26
2020 350.5 20 0.83 1.20
2000 293.45 21 0.88 1.14
2009 214 22 0.92 1.09
2003 192.5 23 0.96 1.04

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 Figure 12. (Return period curve)

Figure 13. (Stream length)Figure 14. (Return period curve)

As an example:
Return period for 550 mm is approximately 2 year, which mean that
the probability of its occurrence is equal to (1/T) × 100% = 0.5 ×
100% = 50 %
And we can note the reading in the table 2.

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 4. CATCHMENT ANALYSIS:
4.1 Stream length calculation:

Figure 15. (Stream length)

By using Geomolg I found a part of the length of the stream in West
Bank Figure 16. (Stream length)Figure 17. (Stream length)

L = 28.5Km, Lc = 18 Km
Using Google Erath to estimate the remaining distance:

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→ L = 28.5 +17 = 45.5 Km
→ Lc = 18 + 17 = 35 Km Figure 18. (Stream length)

Time of concentration tc = (0.0078×Lc) 0.77 / (Sc) 0.385

Figure 19. (1 hour Unit Hydrograph)Figure 20.

The estimated elevation of the catchment ≈ 600 m above sea level

(Stream length)

Sc ≈ 600 / L
= 600/ 45.5 ×103
=0.0132 m/m
→ Tc = (0.0078×35)0.77 / (0.0132)0.385
= 1.94 hr
Now we will develop a 1 hour SCS unit hydrograph:
A= 172.53 Km2 (return to figure 1)
Lag time (tlag) = 0.6 × time of concentration (tc)
= 0.6× 1.94
= 1.164 hr
Time to peak (Tp) =tr/̲2 + t lag
= 0.5 + 1.164
= 1.664 hr
Flow peak (Qp) = 2.08 ×A/ Tp
= 2.08 × 172.35 / 1.664
= 215.66 m3/s
Base time (Tb) = 2.67×Tp
= 2.67 × 1.664
= 4.45 hr

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 Figure 21. (1 hour Unit Hydrograph)

4.2 Check calculation:

Figure 22. ( Stream shape)Figure 23. (1 hour Unit Hydrograph)
Runoff volume = Area under the graph
= 0.5 × 4.45 × 215.31×3600
= 1 724 633.1 m3
Depth should be approximately 1 cm
Depth = Volume / Area
= 1 724 633.1 m3/ 172.53 ×106 m2
= 9.99 × 10-3 m
= 0.999 cm ≈ 1 cm OK

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4.3 Estimating Stream Order:
Stream order: is a positive whole
number used in geomorphology
and hydrology to indicate the level
of branching in a river system.

Using Geomolg to get the shape of the stream

Figure 24. (Stream shape)

Figure 25. (Stream shape)Figure 26. ( Stream shape)

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 Figure 27. (Stream shape)

So it’s Carley that the stream is 4th order.

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5. LIMITATIONS:
Obstacles were encountered in preparing this report and the
main ones is:
 In calculation the stream length, which was able to determine
the exact length of the West Bank segment by using
Geomolg, and in order to find the remaining part of the
length, Google Earth was used.
 In calculation of exact slope of the stream, approximately
slope was used.

6. REFERENCES:
 Dr. Hafez Shaheen.
 Dr. Mohammad Almasri Slides.
 Geomolge.
 Google Earth.

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