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Lessons
Module 1 01 Why cloud technology is transforming business

Digital Transformation 02 Fundamental cloud concepts

with Google Cloud
03 Cloud computing models and shared responsibility

It’s time to jump into module 1, “Digital Transformation with Google Cloud. In this
section of the course, you’ll explore why cloud technology is transforming business,
fundamental cloud concepts, and cloud computing models and the shared
responsibility model.
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Lessons
Module 1 01 Why cloud technology is transforming business

Digital Transformation 02 Fundamental cloud concepts

with Google Cloud
03 Cloud computing models and shared responsibility

Let’s get started!

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Innovations, paradigm
shifts, and digital

01
transformation
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Innovation over the ages

Innovation doesn’t come in a linear pattern. It comes in waves. And each of these
waves is powered by a breakthrough technology. There was the age of the printing
press, the steam engine, electricity, the transportation age, the first computers and,
today, data and cloud infrastructure. Each of these inventions triggered thousands of
innovations, changing what's possible in life and work.

Consider the invention of the printing press. It was revolutionary because it gave
everyone access to books, encyclopedias, and even playing cards in their daily lives.
It also led to a broader recognition of intellectual property through widely distributed
patents, which in turn prepared the world for the first industrial revolution. There was
no turning back!

Steam-powered engines brought us cars and trains, which then radically transformed
the transportation industry; allowing businesses to produce and transport goods at
scale.

The entire Industrial Revolution resulted from new technologies that came together
and facilitated new ways of working.

In the same way, electricity brought us the light bulb, household appliances, and
eventually the computer.
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Paradigm shift

A fundamental and
irreversible change in
the way that humans work
and engage with the world

What the printing press, the steam engine, and electricity all have in common is that
they’re examples of a paradigm shift: a fundamental and irreversible change in the
way that humans work and engage with the world.
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Cloud technology

is the catalyst for thousands of

is transforming how… innovations that change how…

Organizations create value We navigate the world

People work We interact with media

People live We diagnose illness

We combat environmental issues

Well, we’re right in the middle of another paradigm shift: one of digital transformation.
Cloud technology is transforming how organizations create value, how people work,
and ultimately, how people live. It’s the catalyst for thousands of innovations that
change how we navigate the world, how we interact with media, how we diagnose
illness, or how we combat environmental issues.
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Discussion
What is a digital transformation?

How would you define this term?

Can you think of industries that have gone through

digital transformation recently?

Because this is an introduction to digital transformation, let's make sure we're using
the same definition.
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Digital transformation

When an organization uses new digital technologies, such as

public, private, and hybrid cloud platforms to create or modify
business processes, culture, and customer experiences to meet
the needs of changing business and market dynamics.

Digital transformation, as a term, has become prominent over the past few years. But
what are the key components of a digital transformation, how do they relate to the use
of cloud technologies, and why do so many organizations pursue it?

At Google Cloud, we define digital transformation as when an organization uses new

digital technologies, such as public, private, and hybrid cloud platforms to create or
modify business processes, culture, and customer experiences to meet the needs of
changing business and market dynamics.
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How does digital transformation

help organizations?

Change how they operate

Redefine relationships

Modernize applications

Create services

Deliver value

Organizations choose digital transformation frameworks to foster innovation,

generate new revenue streams, and adapt quickly to market changes and customer
needs.

Digital transformation helps organizations change how they operate and redefine
relationships with their customers, employees, and partners by modernizing their
applications, creating new services, and delivering value.

For that reason, rapid advances in digital technology are redefining every industry.

● Many vehicles are now software-driven, and they receive regular updates much
like a laptop or phone.

● In chemistry, big data and artificial intelligence (or AI) facilitates drug
discovery.

● Financial service institutions use cloud’s vast computing power to provide

better insights than ever before.
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“50% of all IT spending

will go toward digital
transformation and
innovation by 2024.
“By 2025, more than 90%
of new enterprise apps
will have AI embedded
within them.
DC FutureScape: Worldwide DC FutureScape: Worldwide
IT Industry 2020 Predictions IT Industry 2020 Predictions

With smart analytics that are increasingly embedded in everything and devices that
generate exponential amounts of data, traditional on-premises computing solutions
can no longer suffice. As business innovation becomes more driven by software, the
IDC FutureScape report predicts that over 50% of all IT spending will go toward digital
transformation and innovation by 2024.

In fact, IDC also predicts that, by 2025, more than 90% of new enterprise apps will
have AI embedded within them. Leading organizations will rely more heavily on AI to
launch new business models, create more customized experiences, and optimize
operations to reduce costs. Understanding the scale and power of the cloud is more
critical than ever before.
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02
What is cloud?

So what is the cloud and cloud technology, exactly? And how does it support digital
transformation?
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The cloud is a metaphor for the network of data centers

The cloud is a metaphor for the network of data centers which store and compute
information that’s available through the internet.

Essentially, instead of describing a complex web of software, servers, computers,

networks, and security systems, all of that has been combined into one word: “cloud.”
You may also hear the term ‘cloud computing’ which is the same thing, just specifying
more the computing power and capabilities of the cloud, all the other hardware and
software is still needed to support that computing work.
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IT infrastructure implementations

On-premises Private cloud Public cloud Hybrid cloud Multicloud

To better understand the cloud, it might help to explore the different ways
organizations can implement their information technology (or IT) infrastructure.

The list includes:

● On-premises
● Private cloud
● Public cloud
● Hybrid cloud
● Multicloud
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On-premises

Hosted on-site

Located and operated in an organization’s

data center

Traditional way of managing IT infrastructure

Doesn’t require third-party access

Owners have physical control

On-premises
No payment for ongoing access

On-premises IT infrastructure, which is often abbreviated to “on-prem,” refers to

hardware and software applications that are hosted on-site, located and operated
within an organization's data center to serve their unique needs. This implementation
is the traditional way of managing IT infrastructure.

The benefit of on-premises is that it doesn’t require third-party access, which gives
owners physical control over the server hardware and software and doesn’t require
them to pay for ongoing access.
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On-premises drawbacks

Require physical space

Require a specialized room

Require expert personnel

Difficult to scale

Acquire more computing resources

On-premises than needed

However, to have the computing power to run their required workloads, organizations
must buy physical servers and other infrastructure through procurement processes
that can take months.

These systems require physical space, typically a specialized room with sufficient
power and cooling. After configuring and deploying the systems, businesses then
need expert personnel to manage them.

This long process is difficult to scale when demand spikes or business expands.

Organizations often acquire more computing resources than they actually need, which
results in low utilization and high overhead.
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On-premises vs cloud computing

On-premises Cloud computing

Cloud computing addresses these issues by offering computing resources as

scalable, on-demand services.
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Private cloud

Dedicated to a single organization

Single-tenant or corporate cloud

Same kind of ongoing maintenance and

management as for traditional
on-premises infrastructure

Hosted within an organization’s own

private servers
Private cloud Benefits of a public cloud but with
more customization available

A private cloud is a type of cloud computing where the infrastructure is dedicated to a

single organization instead of the general public. This type is also known as
single-tenant or corporate cloud.

Typically, an organization has to perform the same kind of ongoing maintenance and
management for a private cloud as it would for traditional on-premises infrastructure.

A private cloud is hosted within an organization’s own private servers, either at an

organization’s own data center, at a third-party colocation facility, or by using a private
cloud provider.

It is when an organization has virtualized servers in its own data centers, or those of a
private cloud provider, to create its own private dedicated environment.

Private cloud computing gives businesses many of the benefits of a public

cloud—including self-service, scalability, and elasticity—with more customization
available from dedicated on-premises infrastructure.
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Private cloud use cases

Private cloud Existing on-prem Regulatory

investment reasons

Organizations might use private cloud if they have already made significant
investments in their own infrastructure or if, for regulatory reasons, data must be kept
on-premises or hosted in a certain way.

On-premises servers are also often referred to as private clouds, but generally the
distinction can be made that on-premises software runs in a local environment,
whereas a private cloud is accessed through the internet.
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Public cloud

Public cloud

The public cloud is where on-demand computing services and infrastructure are
managed by a third-party provider, such as Google Cloud, and shared with multiple
organizations or “tenants” through the public internet.

This sharing is why public cloud is known as multi-tenant cloud infrastructure, but
each tenant’s data and applications running in the cloud are hidden from other
tenants.
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Public cloud

Layouts Apartment block Tenants

You can think of it like an apartment building that’s maintained by a property

management company. The building has many units and tenants. Each unit might
have a slightly different layout, but still has all the amenities a tenant needs to live
there. And each unit is locked and private to the tenant who pays for that space.

In these lessons, when we refer to “cloud,” unless otherwise stated, we’re talking
about the public cloud.
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Public cloud benefits

On-demand availability No need to acquire,

Pay only for
of computing and configure, or manage
what is used
infrastructure resources resources

Because public cloud has on-demand availability of computing and infrastructure

resources, organizations don't need to acquire, configure, or manage those resources
themselves, and they only pay for what they use.
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Hybrid cloud and multicloud

On-premises Private cloud Public cloud Hybrid cloud Multicloud

The final two ways that organizations can implement IT infrastructure is hybrid cloud
or multicloud.

Although they’re not the same, these two terms are often used interchangeably, so
let's take a moment to define them.
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Hybrid cloud

Hybrid cloud On-premises

In a hybrid cloud, applications run in a combination of different environments.

The most common hybrid cloud example is combining a public and private cloud
environment, like an on-premises data center, and a public cloud computing
environment, like Google Cloud.

It's not always possible, or necessary, for an organization to rely solely on the cloud.
For example, requirements might call for on-premises infrastructure to work with
public cloud services.
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Multicloud

On-premises Multiple public clouds

The term multicloud describes architectures that combine at least two public cloud
providers, such as Google Cloud, Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, or others.
An organization might choose multicloud if they want to take advantage of the key
strengths of different public cloud providers. Organizations might operate a
combination of on-premises and multiple public cloud environments, therefore
implementing both hybrid and multicloud simultaneously.

So, although hybrid cloud and multicloud are related, they aren’t interchangeable
terms.
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Today, most organizations embrace a

multicloud strategy

89% of respondents 80% of respondents

have a multicloud strategy have a hybrid strategy

Flexera 2022 State of the Cloud Report

Today, most organizations embrace a multicloud strategy. According to the “Flexera

2022 State of the Cloud Report,” 89% of respondents reported having a multicloud
strategy, and 80% of them take a hybrid approach by combining public and private
cloud.

We’ll talk about this in more detail later today.

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Discussion
What are your current and future IT infrastructure implementations?

● Why do you think the majority of organizations

are implementing hybrid and/or multicloud?

● What cloud strategy are you using today?

● What was your goal for moving to the cloud?

Let’s pause for a quick discussion. I’m curious to hear about your current and future
infrastructure implementations.
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03 The benefits of
cloud computing

So, what are the benefits of cloud computing compared to traditional on-premises
infrastructure?
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Scalability

Access to scalable resources

Latest technology on-demand

Accelerates deployment time

It's scalable. Cloud computing gives organizations access to scalable resources and
the latest technologies on-demand, so they don’t need to worry about capital
expenditures or limited fixed infrastructure. This can significantly accelerate
infrastructure deployment time.
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Flexibility

Access services from anywhere

Scale services up

Scale services down

It’s flexible. Organizations and their users can access cloud services from anywhere
with an internet connection; scaling services up or down as needed to meet business
requirements.
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Agility

Develop new applications

Rapidly get them into production

No infrastructure worries

It’s agile. Organizations can develop new applications and rapidly get them into
production, without worrying about the underlying infrastructure.
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Strategic value

Competitive advantages

Higher return on investment

Innovate and try new ideas

It offers strategic value. Because cloud providers stay updated with the latest
innovations and offer them as services to customers, organizations can get more
competitive advantages—and a higher return on investment—than if they’d invested in
soon-to-be obsolete technologies. This lets organizations innovate and try new ideas
faster.
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Security

Stronger than enterprise data centers

Depth and breadth of mechanisms

Dedicated teams

It’s secure. Cloud computing security is recognized as stronger than that in enterprise
data centers, because of the depth and breadth of the security mechanisms and
dedicated teams that cloud providers implement.
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Cost-effectiveness

Pay for what is used

No overbuilding data centers

IT staff can work on strategic initiatives

Finally, it’s cost-effective. No matter which cloud computing service model

organizations implement, they only pay for the computing resources they use. They
don’t need to overbuild data center capacity to handle sudden spikes in demand or
business growth, and they can deploy IT staff to work on more strategic initiatives.
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Real-world examples:
Why it’s critical to

04
transform and embrace
new technology
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Not being open to change is risky

for an organization

As the world and business change, keeping technology the same instead of being
open to transforming is risky for an organization.

Let’s illustrate this by looking at two examples: one embraces new technology and
uses it to their advantage, and the other doesn’t.
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Nintendo

NES Pokemon Go

Hanafuda Game Boy Switch

1889 1985 1989 2016 2017

First up is Nintendo. Nintendo has been creating games since 1889! They started with
traditional Japanese playing cards, called Hanafuda, which were made possible by the
printing press.

From there, they have consistently used new technology to transform their business,
and become a leader in the gaming industry. They were even among the first to
introduce gaming consoles and mobile gaming devices.

Still, they didn’t just stop after these successes. Instead, they revolutionized mobile
gaming when they launched Pokemon Go in 2016, and then the first cloud gaming
console—Nintendo Switch—one year later in 2017.

At a time when most of their competitors were failing, Nintendo transformed by using
one new technology after the next, consistently maintaining and even expanding its
market share and customer base along the way.

More recently, Nintendo has been using Google Cloud to bring games to smartphones
worldwide.
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What makes Nintendo so successful at transforming?

Why?

Play

How?

So, what makes Nintendo so successful at transforming?

The answer is that they consistently focus on “why” they exist, not “how” they operate.
They exist because they want people to play, and naturally, they’ll use any new
technology as a resource to achieve this mission.

If they focused on liquid crystal displays, or LCDs, as the best tool for gaming, then
each new technology would have posed a threat to them. Instead, they used LCDs for
a while, and then quickly shifted as the next technology became available to continue
motivating people to play.
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Encyclopaedia publishers focused on the ‘how’

Printing presses
How?
Warehouses

Bookshelf makers

Shipping and receiving

Sales model

By contrast, companies that sold encyclopedias, for example, all focused on “how”
they operate–how to print and sell a specific set of books. And this was what they
were proud of: a beautiful set of leather-bound books lined up on the shelves of the
finest libraries. And because of their high cost, only a few scholars or the elite could
afford them.

For businesses that made and sold encyclopedias, they needed printing presses,
well-kept warehouses, bookshelf makers, a way to ship and receive heavy containers,
and a good door-to-door sales model.

These companies were so focused on manufacturing books that they lost sight of
their initial mission: to capture, catalog, and share human knowledge.
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Digital transformation is an ongoing process,

not a one-time effort

Nintendo Encyclopedias

Nintendo and encyclopedia companies were both born from the printing era; Nintendo
began with traditional playing cards, and encyclopedias stemmed from hard copy
books. Because they reacted to technological innovations differently, they
experienced different outcomes.

The reality is that digital transformation is an ongoing process, not a one-time effort.
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Organizations must embrace new technology

Opportunity to evolve

Serve customers better

Gain a competitive advantage

Today, countless industries around the world are disrupted by digitalization: from
healthcare to entertainment, from retail to manufacturing.

It's critical that organizations embrace new technology as an opportunity to evolve,

serve their customers better, and gain a competitive advantage.

This is where cloud computing plays a significant role.

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Discussion
What is your “why” for embracing transformation?

● What are you trying to achieve with digital

transformation?

● What is your organization’s mission statement?

○ Does it align more with why or how?

● What is the risk of not embracing transformation

and new technology for your organization?

Let’s pause for a quick discussion. I’m curious to hear about why you and/or your
organization have chosen to embrace transformation.
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Cloud eras

05
To understand the cloud computing landscape today and what true digital
transformation looks like, we should first understand how we got here.
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VM cloud era

No need to buy or operate hardware

Major catalyst for cloud-native companies

Very few startups operated their own data centers

VM Cloud Era

It started with the VM cloud era. VM stands for virtual machine. New organizations,
mostly startups, realized that they could forgo ever buying or operating hardware and
just start in the cloud. This was a major catalyst for many of the great cloud-native
companies that we all rely on today, such as Twitter, Spotify, and PayPal.

By the end of this first VM cloud era, very few startups operated their own data
centers.
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Infrastructure cloud era

Saved costs

Faster development

Better security

Reduction of management load

Focus on building new capabilities

Infrastructure
Cloud Era

Next was the infrastructure cloud era, which is when organizations migrated their IT
infrastructure to the cloud.

This migration saved costs because infrastructure could scale up and down more
quickly and easily. Faster development was possible because companies didn’t need
long-term infrastructure planning and security was better.

Also, reducing the management load on IT staff lets organizations direct more people
and resources to focus on building new capabilities.

In this last decade of the infrastructure cloud, companies that ignored this migration
were left trailing behind.
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Digital transformation is more than simply

migrating and shifting systems to the cloud

Didn’t provide:

Transformative results

Disruptive results

Didn’t change:
How people worked

VM Cloud Era Infrastructure

Cloud Era

Although the return on investment of these early cloud migrations was important, it
didn’t provide compelling transformative or disruptive results or fundamentally
change how people worked outside of IT.

This is because digital transformation is more than simply migrating and shifting
systems to the cloud for cost saving and convenience.

As we look ahead, reinventing the future means changing not only where business is
done, but how it is done. It requires maximizing the benefits of the cloud and building
an environment that enables every person, process, and technology to bring the
highest level of innovation to the business.
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A transformation cloud provides an environment for…

App and infrastructure modernization

Data democratization

People connections

Transformation
Trusted transactions
cloud

Transformation
Cloud Era

This is what brings us to the transformation cloud era, where organizations are not
just making infrastructure decisions, but are truly focusing on transforming.
Digitalization is now fundamental, and this era is about spreading transformation
among all teams in an organization.

To facilitate this degree of constant innovation and progress, today’s most ambitious
organizations are building transformation clouds.

A transformation cloud is a new approach to digital transformation. It provides an

environment for app and infrastructure modernization, data democratization, people
connections, and trusted transactions.

It’s built on an easy-to-use platform with customized industry solutions that gives
organizations the confidence that they are saving money and creating a more
sustainable future for everyone.
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A transformation cloud era organization…

Benefits from cloud computing

Drives innovation

Generates new revenue streams

Adapts quickly to market changes

Organization Adapts quickly to customer needs

Transformation
Cloud Era

The result is an organization that benefits from cloud computing to drive innovation,
generate new revenue streams, and adapt quickly to market changes and customer
needs.

A major indicator for organizations that are accelerating their innovation is how they
think about transformation.

Instead of asking infrastructure questions about where their apps and services should
run, they ask transformation questions about how to build an environment that helps
every person, process, and technology to adapt to changing business needs.

A major indicator for organizations that are accelerating their innovation is how they
think about transformation.

Instead of asking infrastructure questions about where their apps and services should
run, they ask transformation questions about how to build an environment that helps
every person, process, and technology to adapt to changing business needs.
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Biggest challenges and needs to

accelerate digital transformation

Data Infrastructure Hybrid Security Sustainability

workplace

So, what are the types of problems and questions that make organizations undergo a
digital transformation?

At Google, when we talk to our customers about their biggest business challenges
and what they need to accelerate digital transformation, we consistently hear five
themes.

1. First, they want to be the best at understanding and using data. Today,
organizations must unify data across streams, lakes, warehouses, and
databases so that they can quickly and easily break down data silos, generate
real-time insights, and make better business decisions; thus reducing cost and
inefficiencies.

2. Second, they want the best technology infrastructure. Organizations are

looking for a cloud platform that will serve as their foundation for growth and
has the flexibility to innovate securely and adapt quickly based on market
needs.

3. Third, they want to create the best hybrid workplace. The fundamental shift in
how and where we work requires new, stronger connections and collaboration,
and many interactions that took place in person have been digitized. This
change requires more intentional connections and collaboration.

4. Fourth, it’s critical for organizations to know that their data, systems, and
users are secure. The digital world is seeing more severe security issues, so
now companies are rethinking their security posture. They must find ways to
identify and protect everything from people and customers to data and
 1. transactions in a fast-changing environment.

2. Finally, organizations are prioritizing sustainability as a critical, board-level

topic. They want to create a more sustainable future through products and
services that minimize environmental impact.

These are the top drivers for digital transformation that we see, and the challenges
that many organizations face as they navigate their journey.
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06 Google’s
transformation cloud
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Capabilities that form the basis of

the transformation cloud

Data Open Collaboration Trust Sustainable

infrastructure technology

There are five primary capabilities that form the basis of the transformation cloud.

They are:
● Data
● Open infrastructure
● Collaboration
● Trust
● And sustainable technology and solutions.

Let’s explore each, starting with the data.

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Data is critical for innovation and differentiation

Only 26.5% of companies have

succeeded in creating a data-driven
organization, to realize tangible and
measurable value from their data

NewVantage Partners
Data and AI Executive Survey 2022

Data is the key to unlocking value from AI, making it critical for innovation and
differentiation.

But becoming a data-driven company can be difficult if datasets are siloed across
operational and analytical data stores.

According to the NewVantage Partners’ Data and AI Executive Survey 2022, only
26.5% of companies have succeeded in creating a data-driven organization, to realize
tangible and measurable value from their data.
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Data cloud

A data cloud is a unified solution to manage

data across the entire data lifecycle.

Data clouds let organizations identify and

process data with great scale, speed,
security, and reliability.

Data Leading companies use a data cloud to

encourage data-driven transformation, all
with AI built in.

A data cloud is a unified solution to manage data across the entire data lifecycle,
regardless of whether it sits in Google Cloud or in other clouds.

It lets organizations identify and process data with great scale, speed, security, and
reliability.

Leading companies like Ford, Spotify, Wayfair, and UPS use a data cloud to encourage
data-driven transformation quickly, securely, and at scale, all with AI built in.
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Open infrastructure cloud

Freedom to securely innovate and scale from

on-premises, to edge, to cloud.

Brings services to different physical locations,

while leaving the operation, governance, and
evolution of the services to Google Cloud.

Run applications in the place that makes the most

Open sense, using hybrid and multicloud approaches
infrastructure based on open-source software.

Facilitates faster innovation and reduces lock-in

to a single cloud provider.

Next up is the open infrastructure.

Organizations choose to modernize their IT systems on Google’s open infrastructure

cloud because it gives them freedom to securely innovate and scale from
on-premises, to edge, to cloud on an easy, transformative, and open platform.

Open infrastructure cloud brings Google Cloud services to different physical locations,
while leaving the operation, governance, and evolution of the services to Google
Cloud.

Instead of relying on a single service provider or closed technology stack, today most
organizations want the freedom to run applications in the place that makes the most
sense, using hybrid and multicloud approaches based on open source software.

An open infrastructure cloud facilitates faster innovation and reduces lock-in to a

single cloud provider by giving organizations the choice and flexibility to build,
migrate, and manage their applications across on-premises and multiple clouds.
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Open standard vs open source

Software with particular specifications

Accessible and usable by anyone
Guidelines for software functionality

Open standard

Let’s take a moment to define two terms that are often confused: open standard and
open source.

Open standard refers to software that follows particular specifications that are openly
accessible and usable by anyone. They have guidelines for software functionality,
which help avoid vendor lock-in and ensure that the products that use these
standards perform in an interoperable way. Examples of open standards are HTTP for
requesting content on the web or XML for storing structured data.
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Open standard vs open source

Source code is publicly available

Free for anyone to use, modify, and share
Created through public collaboration

Open source

Open source refers to software whose source code is publicly accessible and free for
anyone to use, modify, and share. A decentralized community generally develops open
source software as a public collaboration, based on a philosophy of transparency and
the open exchange of ideas.

Open source plays a critical role in an open cloud to deliver customers the portability
they expect.
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Collaboration cloud

Helps transform how people connect, create,

and collaborate.

People and culture are as important as

technology.

Organizations have increased both location and

time flexibility in work arrangements.
Collaboration
Information and frontline workers across
regions and industries need to collaborate
securely from anywhere, and on any device.

Collaboration helps transform how people connect, create, and collaborate.

A transformation cloud isn’t just about technology. People and culture are just as
important. Organizations have increased both location and time flexibility in work
arrangements since the COVID-19 pandemic began, and hybrid work is here to stay.

With the definition of the workplace forever changed, it's essential that information
and frontline workers across regions and industries connect, create, and collaborate
securely from anywhere, and on any device. This new hybrid work environment needs
to support a mix of in-person and remote interactions, including immersive digital and
mobile experiences.
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Collaboration cloud

At Google, for example, we offer a collaboration cloud through Google Workspace.

Workspace brings together communication and collaboration apps including Gmail,
Chat, Calendar, Drive, Docs, Sheets, and Meet into a people-first experience powered
by Google AI.
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Trusted cloud

A trusted cloud helps organizations protect

what's important with advanced security tools.

The annual cost of cyber crime is expected to

reach $10.5 trillion annually by 2025.

Organizations are finding ways to identify and

protect everything, from people and customers
to data and transactions.
Trust
Organizations want to find, analyze, resist, and
remediate threats at global scale while
maintaining control of their digital assets.

A trusted cloud helps organizations protect what's important with advanced security
tools.

According to Cybersecurity Ventures, the annual cost of cyber crime is expected to

reach $10.5 trillion annually by 2025.

Due to the rise of cybersecurity threats, every company is rethinking its security
posture. This means finding ways to identify and protect everything, from people and
customers to data and transactions—in a fast-changing environment.

Organizations see the cloud as more secure than on-premises, and they want to make
it simple so that employees, customers, and contractors can safely access their
services. They want to create better visibility to find, analyze, resist, and remediate
threats at global scale, and benefit from cloud innovations while maintaining control
of their digital assets.
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Sustainable technology

Using technology and solutions that help

organizations build and work more sustainably.

Cloud computing is estimated to save 1 billion

metric tons of CO2 emissions by 2024.

The largest corporations have the opportunity to

lead the way in helping the world reduce its
emissions and operate on carbon-free energy.
Sustainable
technology Google Cloud partners with customers to
decarbonize their digital apps and infrastructure
with our sustainable technology and solutions.

Finally, a transformation cloud is built on a sustainable foundation, using technology

and solutions that help organizations build and work more sustainably. Today,
organizations are now encouraged to help create a cleaner, more sustainable world
and they need new technologies that help them progress consistently.

According to IDC, cloud computing is estimated to save 1 billion metric tons of CO2
emissions by 2024.

The largest corporations have the opportunity to lead the way in helping the world
reduce its emissions and operate on carbon-free energy always. For that reason,
companies are moving to the cloud, and they want a sustainable infrastructure to
power their business.

At Google Cloud, for example, we partner with customers to decarbonize their digital
apps and infrastructure with our sustainable technology and solutions.
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Sustainable technology

Google Cloud data centers are

2 times as energy-efficient as a
typical enterprise data center.

Moving to Google Cloud can

Sustainable
technology
dramatically decrease a customer's
IT-related carbon footprint.

We proudly operate the cleanest cloud in the industry, with the smartest data centers
that are 2 times as energy-efficient as a typical enterprise data center.

Moving to Google Cloud can dramatically decrease a customer's IT-related carbon

footprint.
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Discussion
Do the transformation themes align with your organization's goals?

Consider the capabilities of a transformative cloud:

● Data
● Open infrastructure
● Collaboration
● Trust
● Sustainable technology and solutions

Which are most important to your organization?

What challenges do you foresee on the journey?
Where in the cloud journey are you today?

Do the transformation cloud themes align with your organization's goals?

Consider the capabilities of a transformative cloud:

● Data
● Open infrastructure
● Collaboration
● Trust
● Sustainable technology and solutions

● Which are most important to your organization?

● What challenges do you foresee on the journey?
● Where in the cloud journey are you today?
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The Google Cloud

07
Adoption Framework

So, how can organizations approach their cloud journey?

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How can organizations approach their cloud journey?

People

Technology Process

Moving to the cloud offers enormous benefits for transforming businesses. Yet there
are also risks.

The challenge is multidimensional, with far-reaching implications for the solutions

that will run in the cloud, and also for the technologies that support them, the people
who must implement them, and the processes that govern them.

The rubric of people, process, and technology is a familiar one. It forms the basis of
the Google Cloud Adoption Framework, which was created to support customers on
their cloud journey.
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The Google Cloud Adoption

Framework serves as a map

The framework structures and aligns

Short-term tactical objectives

Mid-term strategic objectives

Long-term transformational objectives

The value of the Google Cloud Adoption Framework is that it serves as a map to help
organizations adopt the cloud quickly and effectively by creating a comprehensive
action plan for accelerating cloud adoption.

It does this by structuring and aligning short-term tactical, mid-term strategic, and
long-term transformational business objectives.

It provides a solid assessment of where an organization is in its cloud journey and

actionable programs that get it to where it wants to be.
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Cloud maturity assessment

Establishes where an
organization is currently

Reveals areas where an

organization might be
weaker or underinvested

A cloud maturity assessment helps to establish where an organization is currently

regarding the cloud adoption themes recognized by Google Cloud.

It can quickly reveal any areas where an organization might be weaker or

underinvested. This is especially powerful if an organization was previously unaware
of this lack of maturity.

The Google Cloud Adoption Framework is more than just a model; it's also a map to
real, tangible tasks that organizations need to adopt the cloud.

After cloud maturity has been assessed and actions have been recommended, it's
easy to scope and structure a cloud adoption program using the framework.
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Lessons
Module 1 01 Why cloud technology is transforming business

Digital Transformation 02 Fundamental cloud concepts

with Google Cloud
03 Cloud computing models and shared responsibility

Welcome to the second lesson of the Digital Transformation with Google Cloud
module. To understand the impact that the cloud can have on a business, it’s
important to first recognize some of the fundamental cloud concepts.
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Cloud adoption
success stories

01
Cloud adoption has made a positive impact on some of the world’s leading
companies across various industries.
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Customer Story - Humana

Let’s see how Humana uses Google Cloud to reimagine the future of healthcare.

Google Cloud helps Humana analyze hundreds of calls a day from customers,
patients and members. Google Cloud’s speech-to-text API turns calls into transcripts
instantly and then all this data is used to find patterns and trends. That means
Humana can review hundreds of calls in minutes rather than days. Together, Humana
and Google Cloud are making healthcare better one day at a time.
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02 Total cost
of ownership

Organizations often perform a cloud total cost of ownership (or TCO) analysis when
they are considering moving to the cloud.
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Total cost of ownership (TCO)

Dominated by the Based on monthly

initial purchase On-premises Cloud subscriptions or
of hardware and software pay-per-use models

This analysis aims to weigh the cost of cloud adoption against the cost of running
their current on-premises systems.

For on-premises, TCO is associated with assessing the cost of static resources
throughout their lifetime. However due to the dynamic nature of the cloud, predicting
future costs can be challenging. A common mistake that organizations make when
attempting to calculate cloud TCO is to directly compare the running costs of the
cloud against their on-premises system. These costs are not equivalent.

The cost of on-premises infrastructure is dominated by the initial purchase of

hardware and software, but cloud computing costs are based on monthly
subscriptions or pay-per-use models.
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On-premises considerations

Power

Cooling

Maintenance

On-premises Support services

It's also important to consider all the operational costs of running your own data
center, such as power, cooling, maintenance, and other support services. A data
center is a building or facility that houses a large amount of IT infrastructure,
computing, and storage resources in one place.
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The opportunity cost of not migrating to the cloud

On-premises Cloud

Finally, intangible costs, such as the opportunity cost of not migrating to cloud and
the missed benefits, should be considered.
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Capital expenditures
versus operating

03
expenses
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Managing costs change when you move to the cloud

On-premises Cloud

One area where cloud differs from traditional IT is in how managing costs changes
when you move to the cloud.
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From capital expenditure to operating expenses

Capital Operating
expenditures expenses

With organizations moving from on-premises infrastructure to on-demand cloud

services, there’s a major shift in spending from capital expenditures to operating
expenses.

But what’s the difference between these two?

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Capital expenditures (CapEx)

Upfront business expenses

put toward fixed assets

Capital
expenditures
(CapEx)

Capital expenditures, or CapEx, are upfront business expenses put toward fixed
assets. Organizations buy these items once, and they benefit their business for many
years.

For example, in IT, these expenditures might mean buying hardware like servers,
printers, or cooling systems. Maintaining these assets is also considered CapEx
because it extends their lifetime and usefulness.

Small businesses can find CapEx spending challenging because large one-time
purchases are often high cost. The more money you put toward CapEx means less
free cash flow for the rest of the business.
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Operating expenses (OpEx)

Recurring costs for a more

immediate benefit

Operating
expenses
(OpEx)

And then there are operating expenses, or OpEx, which are recurring costs for a
more immediate benefit. This represents the day-to-day expenses to run a business.

In IT, these expenses might be yearly services like website hosting or domain
registrations, or the subscription fee for cloud services. OpEx covers the spendings
on pay-as-you-go items, but are not considered major long-term investments like
CapEx items.
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Recognizing cost differences

On-premises Cloud

Understanding the difference between CapEx and OpEx is helpful in recognizing how
costs differ between on-premises and the public cloud.
In the on-premises CapEx model, cost management and budgeting are a one-time
operational process completed annually.
Data centers require a huge CapEx investment up front as organizations purchase
space, equipment, and software and hire a workforce to run and maintain everything.
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Capital expenditures (CapEx)

Historic growth Now Multiple years

Forecasting is based on a metric such as historic growth to determine the needs for
the next month, quarter, year, or even multiple years.
Moving to cloud’s on-demand OpEx model enables organizations to pay only for what
they use and only when they use it. Budgeting is no longer a one-time operational
process completed annually. Instead, spending must be monitored and controlled on
an ongoing basis due to the dynamic nature of cloud use within organizations.
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Infrastructure procurement changes in the cloud

Any employee can create resources

in seconds on infrastructure owned
and managed by a cloud provider.

How infrastructure is procured has radically changed, too. In a more decentralized

cloud world, any employee can create resources in seconds on infrastructure owned
and managed by a cloud provider.

Organizations save on power, cooling, and floor space; they save on management
because they don’t have to install, operate, upgrade, and troubleshoot it themselves.
And they're not depreciating the equipment—the cloud provider is.

Cloud gives organizations the ability to start small and grow organically instead of
having to guess at what is needed next week, next month, and next year.

Costs match actual usage and are now operational expenses.

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Quiz
Question

An organization has shifted from a CapEx to OpEx based spending model. Which of these
statements is true?
A. They will only pay for what they forecast.
B. Budgeting will only happen on an annual basis.
C. They will only pay for what they use.
D. Hardware procurement is done by a centralized team.

An organization has shifted from a CapEx to OpEx based spending model. Which of
these statements is true?

A. They will only pay for what they forecast.

B. Budgeting will only happen on an annual basis.
C. They will only pay for what they use.
D. Hardware procurement is done by a centralized team.
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Quiz
Answer

An organization has shifted from a CapEx to OpEx based spending model. Which of these
statements is true?
A. They will only pay for what they forecast.
B. Budgeting will only happen on an annual basis.
C. They will only pay for what they use.
D. Hardware procurement is done by a centralized team.

The correct answer is C.

A. They will only pay for what they forecast.

○ Why this is the incorrect answer: While organizations using OpEx
models will undoubtedly factor in forecasts for expected usage to
predict expenses, paying for what they forecast isn't the core function
of shifting to OpEx. Paying for actual usage is.

B. Budgeting will only happen on an annual basis.

○ Why this is the incorrect answer: Budget cycles can vary with both
CapEx and OpEx spending. OpEx spending, due to its potential for
variability, might even make quarterly or monthly budgeting more
important for an organization.

C. They will only pay for what they use.

○ Why this is the correct answer: This is the core distinction between
CapEx (Capital Expenditure) and OpEx (Operating Expenditure). In a
CapEx model, a company invests in owning an asset upfront. With
OpEx, the company pays for a service on an ongoing basis, only paying
for the amount of service actually used. This is similar to paying a
monthly internet bill versus buying a router outright.

D. Hardware procurement is done by a centralized team.

○ Why this is the incorrect answer: This statement about hardware
procurement could sometimes be true, but it's not directly related to
the shift from CapEx to OpEx. Both models could implement
centralized or decentralized hardware procurement practices.
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Discussion
What impact would an OpEx model have on your organization?

Considerations:

● Procurement
● Forecasting
● Billing
● Cost management
● Impact on people and teams

What value might an OpEx model bring to your

business?

What impact would an opex model have on your organization?

Considerations:
● Procurement
● Forecasting
● Billing
● Cost management
● Impact on people and teams

What value might an opex model bring to your business?

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Private cloud,
hybrid cloud, and

04
multicloud strategies
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Recall, most organizations embrace a

multicloud strategy

89% of respondents 80% of respondents

have a multicloud strategy have a hybrid strategy

Flexera 2022 State of the Cloud Report

Today, most organizations embrace a multicloud strategy. According to the “Flexera

2022 State of the Cloud Report,”, 89% of respondents reported having a multicloud
strategy, and 80% of them take a hybrid approach by combining public and private
cloud.
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What is a hybrid or multicloud strategy used for?

Let’s explore different

requirements, drivers, and
uses cases

So, what is a hybrid or multicloud strategy used for? Let's explore some different
business requirements, drivers, and use cases that lead an organization to choose
this kind of approach.
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01 | Access to the latest technologies

Best-in-class approach to cloud features

Scale, security, and agility to innovate fast

Advanced capabilities

Access to the latest technologies

Running workloads in multiple clouds empowers organizations to leverage the latest
innovations and capabilities from each cloud provider, thus taking a best-in-class
approach to cloud features and obtaining the scale, security, and agility to innovate
fast. Cloud can help organizations build out capabilities, such as advanced analytics
services, that might be difficult, or impossible, to implement in existing environments.
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02 | Running apps on-premises

Freedom to innovate while still meeting

legacy technology needs

Running apps on-premises

Organizations may have regulated applications that must remain on-premises or
mainframe systems that are difficult to move to the cloud. A hybrid approach provides
the freedom to innovate while still meeting legacy technology needs.
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03 | Modernize at the right pace

Migrate at a pace that makes sense

Transform technical infrastructure

over time

Modernize at the right pace

With a hybrid cloud, organizations can migrate applications to the cloud at the pace
that makes sense for their business and transform their technical infrastructure over
time.
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04 | Improved return on investment

Expand cloud computing capacity without

increasing data center expenses

Reduce CapEx or general IT spending

Improve transparency

Improved return on investment

By adding a public cloud provider to their existing on-premises infrastructure,
organizations can expand their cloud computing capacity without increasing their
data center expenses. This can help reduce CapEx or general IT spending, and
improve transparency regarding costs and resource consumption.
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05 | Flexibility through choice of tools

Wider choice of tools and developer

talent

Better response to changing market

demands

Avoid vendor lock-in concerns

Flexibility through choice of tools

Hybrid and multi-cloud strategies have advantages for organizations as a whole, but
specifically benefit development teams that are working on different projects and
tackling unique challenges across different lines of business.

A wider choice of tools and developer talent can be applied to a particular business
problem, which means responding better to changing market demands. It also avoids
vendor lock-in concerns.
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06 | Improve reliability and resiliency

Distribute core workloads across multiple

cloud and on-premise infrastructures

Reduce downtime

Reduce concerns about over-dependance

on a single source of failure

Improve quality and availability of a service

Improve reliability and resiliency

Organizations can distribute core workloads across multiple cloud and on-premises
infrastructures to reduce downtime and concerns about over-dependence on a single
source of failure. This approach can improve the quality and availability of a service.
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07 | Maintain regulatory compliance

Ensure compliance with regional data

governance, residency, or digital
sovereignty requirements

Maintain regulatory compliance

Many industries have rules from governmental or regulatory bodies regarding where
their app can operate. Adopting a hybrid solution is an effective way for an
organization to ensure compliance with regional data governance, residency, or digital
sovereignty requirements.
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08 | Running apps at remote edge locations

Meet performance and latency

requirements

Run select apps at the network

edge

And finally, running apps at remote edge locations

Organizations in industries that run distributed apps at remote locations, such as
kiosks in retail or networks in telecom, can benefit from hybrid cloud. These apps
often require improved performance and low latency, and a hybrid approach lets them
run select apps at the network edge.
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Quiz
Question

An organization has made significant investments in their own infrastructure and has
regulatory requirements for their data to be hosted on-premises. Which cloud
implementation would best suit their needs?
A. Public Cloud
B. Private Cloud
C. Platform as a service
D. Software as a service

An organization has made significant investments in their own infrastructure and

has regulatory requirements for their data to be hosted on-premises. Which cloud
implementation would best suit their needs?

A. Public Cloud
B. Private Cloud
C. Platform as a service
D. Software as a service
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Quiz
Answer

An organization has made significant investments in their own infrastructure and has
regulatory requirements for their data to be hosted on-premises. Which cloud
implementation would best suit their needs?
A. Public Cloud
B. Private Cloud
C. Platform as a service
D. Software as a service

The correct answer is B.

A. Public Cloud
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: Public clouds (like AWS, Google
Cloud, or Azure) offer high scalability and flexibility, but data is housed
in the cloud provider's data centers. For an organization with regulatory
requirements to house data on-premises, this wouldn't be suitable.

B. Private Cloud
○ Why this is the correct answer: A private cloud provides the security
and control offered by on-premises infrastructure but leverages cloud
computing features for scalability and resource management. This is
an ideal model when strict data regulations dictate that an organization
must maintain complete control over their data and environment.

C. Platform as a service.
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: PaaS provides a development and
deployment environment but not the underlying infrastructure itself.
The organization's regulatory requirements necessitate control over the
underlying infrastructure, making PaaS less suitable.

D. Software as a service
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: SaaS solutions (like Salesforce or
Gmail) are pre-built applications. Since the organization needs custom
control over their data hosting, a pre-built application wouldn't meet
their needs.
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Quiz
Question

An organization wants to innovate using the latest technologies, but also has compliance
needs that specify data must be stored in specific locations. Which cloud approach would
best suit their needs?
A. Public Cloud
B. Multicloud
C. On-premises infrastructure
D. Hybrid Cloud

An organization wants to innovate using the latest technologies, but also has
compliance needs that specify data must be stored in specific locations. Which
cloud approach would best suit their needs?

A. Public Cloud
B. Multicloud
C. On-premises infrastructure
D. Hybrid Cloud
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Quiz
Answer

An organization wants to innovate using the latest technologies, but also has compliance
needs that specify data must be stored in specific locations. Which cloud approach would
best suit their needs?
A. Public Cloud
B. Multicloud
C. On-premises infrastructure
D. Hybrid Cloud

The correct answer is D.

A. Public Cloud
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: The shared infrastructure of public
clouds doesn't always address specific data location requirements for
compliance.

B. Multicloud
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: While a multicloud approach can
increase flexibility, it doesn't inherently solve the issue of compliance
related to data location.

C. On-premises infrastructure
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: While full on-premises offers
maximum control over data location, it might create limitations on
access to the latest technologies or scaling resources quickly to take
advantage of new opportunities.

D. Hybrid Cloud
○ Why this is the correct answer: A hybrid cloud approach combines
on-premises infrastructure with public cloud services. This gives the
organization the flexibility to take advantage of innovative public cloud
technologies while keeping sensitive data in a controlled, compliant,
on-premises environment.
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How a network

05
supports digital
transformation
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The importance of a reliable network

The ability to connect customers, employees,

cloud applications, and devices enables modern
organizations to succeed.

With every innovation, the underlying apps and

services rely on the network to communicate and
connect.

Digital transformation has increased the importance of the network. The ability to
connect customers, employees, cloud applications, and devices enables modern
organizations to succeed.
With every innovation, the underlying apps and services rely on the network to
communicate and connect.
But how does a reliable networking architecture support a digital transformation
strategy?
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A reliable network supports digital transformation

Provides exceptional user Makes it easy to

Can scale without needing to
experience and high communicate and manage
add hardware
performance data globally

A fast, reliable, and low-latency global network ensures exceptional user experience
and high performance. It also makes it easier to communicate and manage data
globally. With ever more distributed workforces and online businesses, having virtual
network services that can easily scale without adding hardware ensures that
organizations can adapt.
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How does a network operate?

Fiber-optic networks

Optical fibers

Pulses of light

Fiber-optic cables

So, how does a network operate?

Let's start with the foundation of the modern internet: fiber-optic networks.

Fiber-optic cables contain one or more optical fibers, which are thin strands made of
glass or plastic. These fibers are used to transmit data as pulses of light over long
distances.

Subsea fiber-optic cables carry 99% of international network traffic, yet we barely
notice they exist.

The first subsea cable was deployed in 1858 for telegraph messages between Europe
and North America. A message took over 17 hours to deliver, at 2 minutes and 5
seconds per letter by Morse code.

Today, a single cable can deliver a whopping 340 Terabits per second. That's more
than 25 million times faster than the average home internet connection!
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How is this content available within milliseconds?

Every shared video, sent email, and downloaded app depends on data traffic that
moves through international network infrastructure. But how is this content available
to people within milliseconds?
A rich ecosystem of companies and local providers build a global infrastructure that
provides businesses and people around the world with the best possible internet
experience.
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Internet service providers (ISPs)

Business ISP Customer

Verizon

Vodafone

Softbank

These include companies like internet service providers (or ISPs). ISPs provide
access to the internet to both personal and business customers, handling the traffic
between the customer and the internet as a whole.
Some examples of ISPs include Verizon, Vodafone, and Softbank.
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The Google network of fiber-optic cables

The infrastructure that makes Google’s global reach possible is our network of
fiber-optic cables that run on both land and sea. This network connects our data
centers and points of presence like highways connect major cities.
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Google owns and operates data centers

Google owns and operates data centers all over the world. In these Google data
centers, products like Search, Gmail, YouTube, and Google Cloud are run for people
and organizations around the world, 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
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Internet protocols

IP address Domain name DNS

Internet Protocol Domain Name System

Within this vast global network, how do all the different parts recognize and
communicate with each other? There are protocols that make it work.
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IP address

IP stands for Internet Protocol

A series of numbers that can identify a

network or the location of a particular
device on a network

Let's start with an IP address. The IP stands for Internet Protocol, and this address is
a series of numbers that can identify a network or the location of a particular device
on a network.
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Domain name

An easy-to-remember name that maps

directly to an IP address or set of IP
addresses on the internet

The unique name that appears after the

@ sign in email addresses and after
www. in web addresses

The domain name example.com might

translate to the IP address 198.102.434.8

A domain name is an easy-to-remember name that maps directly to an IP address or

set of IP addresses on the internet. It’s the unique name that appears after the @
sign in email addresses and after www. in web addresses. For instance, the domain
name example.com might translate to the IP address 198.102.434.8. Other
examples of domain names are google.com and youtube.com.
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Domain Name System

A DNS server is a database of domain names

mapped to IP addresses used by computers to
communicate with each other.

It’s like the phone book of the web. Every time

you visit a website, your computer performs a
DNS lookup.

In the same way a phone book translates a name

like "Acme Pizza" into the correct phone number,
DNS translates a web address like
www.google.com into the IP address of the
computer hosting that site.

And then there’s a Domain Name System, or DNS. A DNS server stores a database of
domain names mapped to IP addresses that can be queried and used by computers
to communicate with each other.
This system is like the phone book of the web. Every time you visit a website, your
computer performs a DNS lookup. A phone book translates a name like "Acme Pizza"
into the correct phone number to call; similarly, the DNS translates a web address like
"www.google.com" into the IP address of the computer hosting that site. In this case,
it’s the Google homepage.
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Discussion
What impact could poor network performance
have on digital transformation?

Considerations:

● User experience
● Business operations
● Communication
● Data management
● Innovation and transformation

What impact could poor network performance have on digital transformation?

Considerations:
● User experience
● Business operations
● Communication
● Data management
● Innovation and transformation
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06 Network
performance:
Bandwidth and
latency
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Network performance and measurement

Bandwidth Latency

Now that you’ve been introduced to some of the fundamentals of networking, let’s
explore how networks perform and are measured.
Two important terms in networking are bandwidth and latency. Let’s define them
both.
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Bandwidth

A measure of how much data a network can

transfer in a given amount of time

Measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or

gigabits per second (Gbps)

Higher bandwidth allows a computer to

download information more quickly

Bandwidth

Bandwidth is a measure of how much data a network can transfer in a given amount
of time.

This rate of data transfer is typically measured in terms of “Megabits per second” (or
Mbps) or “Gigabits per second” (or Gbps). Generally speaking, a higher bandwidth
allows a computer to download information from the internet more quickly.
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Bandwidth

One way to think of bandwidth is to picture water flowing through a pipe. The
bandwidth would be the volume of water a pipe can handle flowing through per
second. A wider pipe can handle more water.
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Bandwidth

Home internet Data center

Bandwidth: Bandwidth:
100 Mbps to 1+ Gbps 10 to 100 Gbps

An internet service provider may provide a home internet connection with 100
MegaBits per second to over 1 GigaBit per second; a data center may have lines with
bandwidth from 10 to 100 GigaBits per second!
Having a high bandwidth is useful when sending a large amount of data per second,
such as streaming high-definition video, but it’s not the only important measure of
network performance. For example, for users playing real-time multiplayer games
online, latency will matter much more.
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Latency

The amount of time it takes for data

to travel from one point to another

Measured in milliseconds

Describes delays in communication

over a network

Latency

Network latency is the amount of time it takes for data to travel from one point to
another. Often measured in milliseconds, latency, sometimes called lag, describes
delays in communication over a network.
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Latency

Going back to our flowing water analogy, latency is the delay from the moment the
water pipe is opened until water starts flowing through.
Ideally, latency should be as close to zero as possible. However, because it’s a result
of the physical distance that data must travel – through wires, fiber optics, routers,
and more – to reach its destination, each “hop” along the way adds a small amount
of latency to the communication.
No matter how much data you can send and receive at once, it can only travel as fast
as network latency allows.
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Latency can affect an app’s performance

The farther a user is from a

server, or the more fragmented
the network is, the bigger the
latency.

Latency Performance

Imagine an image file took just 10 milliseconds to download with a high-bandwidth

connection, but a user had to wait 100 milliseconds before receiving the first byte of
data.

In this case, the latency, or how much time it took for data packets to travel from one
point to another in the network, accounted for most of the time.

Cloud computing and mobile technologies have made it easier for developers to
reach global audiences, but high latency can drag down an application's
performance.

Websites run slower for some users depending on their physical location, even if both
the user and the server have excellent bandwidth.

So the farther a user is from a server, or the more fragmented the network is, the
bigger the latency. Reducing latency is essential to reaching users faster.
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Quiz
Question

Which network performance metric describes the amount of data a network can transfer
in a given amount of time?
A. Latency
B. Bandwidth
C. Domain Name System (DNS)
D. Fiber optics

Which network performance metric describes the amount of data a network can
transfer in a given amount of time?

A. Latency
B. Bandwidth
C. Domain Name System (DNS)
D. Fiber optics
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Quiz
Answer

Which network performance metric describes the amount of data a network can transfer
in a given amount of time?
A. Latency
B. Bandwidth
C. Domain Name System (DNS)
D. Fiber optics

The correct answer is B.

A. Latency
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: Latency refers to the time it takes for
a data packet to travel from the source to the destination and back, not
a direct measure of the amount of data transferred.

B. Bandwidth
○ Why this is the correct answer: Bandwidth is the definitive metric for
the amount of data a network can transfer in a given time. It's typically
measured in bits per second (bps), kilobits per second (Kbps),
megabits per second (Mbps), and so on. Think of it as the width of a
highway – the wider it is, the more cars (data) can travel through at
once.

C. Domain Name System (DNS)

○ Why this is the incorrect answer: DNS plays the role of a "phonebook"
for the internet. It translates human-readable domain names (like
www.google.com) to machine-readable IP addresses. DNS is vital for
finding resources on the network but doesn't directly relate to data
transfer capacity.

D. Fiber optics
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: Fiber optics are a type of
transmission medium. They use light to carry data over long distances
and offer extremely high bandwidths. However, fiber optics in
themselves are just a physical element; they don't directly tell you the
○ actual data transfer rate.
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Google Cloud

07
regions and zones
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Google’s network is one of the largest of its kind

Europe

North America Asia

South America
Australia

Google has invested billions of dollars over the years to build its network, which is
one of the largest networks of its kind on Earth. It’s designed to give customers the
highest possible throughput and lowest possible latencies for their applications.
Google Cloud’s infrastructure is based in five major geographic locations: North
America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.
Having multiple service locations is important because choosing where to locate
applications affects qualities like availability, durability, and latency, the latter of
which measures the time a packet of information takes to travel from its source to
its destination.
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Regions and zones

Regions represent independent geographic
areas and are composed of zones.

Location Regions Zones

Each of these locations is divided into several different regions and zones. Regions
represent independent geographic areas and are composed of zones.
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Regions
Zones

europe-west2-a
Region
London

europe-west2 europe-west2-b

europe-west2-c

For example, London, or europe-west2, is a region that currently comprises three

different zones.
A zone is an area where Google Cloud resources are deployed.
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Zones can ensure resource redundancy

europe-west2-a

europe-west2-b

europe-west2-c

Virtual Machine Zones Resource redundancy

For example, if you launch a virtual machine using Compute Engine, it will run in the
zone that you specify to ensure resource redundancy.
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You can also run resources in different regions

Natural disaster

Region 01

Region 02

Region 03

Regions Application

You can also run resources in different regions. This is useful for bringing
applications closer to users around the world and also for protection in case there
are issues with an entire region, such as a natural disaster.
Some of Google Cloud’s services support placing resources in what we call a
multi-region.
For example, Cloud Storage lets you place data within the Europe multi-region. This
means it's stored redundantly in at least two geographic locations, separated by at
least 160 kilometers within Europe, like London and Belgium.

You can find the most up-to-date numbers for Google Cloud regions and zones at
cloud.google.com/about/locations.
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Google’s
edge network

08
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Keeping traffic on Google’s private network

A recommended best
practice for
organizations is to
keep their traffic on
Google’s private When a user opens a
network for most of its Google app or web
journey. page, Google responds
to that request from an
edge network
location.

Lowest latency

A recommended best practice for organizations is to keep their traffic on Google’s

private network for most of its journey. Using the same network that powers
products like Gmail, Google Search, and YouTube allows organizations to take
advantage of the performance that global infrastructure provides.
When a user opens a Google app or web page, Google responds to that request from
an edge network location that will provide the lowest latency.

Understanding Google’s edge network and how it maintains caches that store popular
content near its users helps organizations choose when to hand off traffic to Google.
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Network’s edge

Network's edge

Entry point to the network

A network's edge is defined as the place where a device, or an organization's

network, connects to the internet. It’s called the “edge” because this is the entry
point to the network.
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Google’s edge network is how we connect with ISPs

Needs

Performance
Internet Service Providers
Cost

Google’s edge network is how we connect with ISPs to get traffic to and from users.
It’s made up of network infrastructure that organizations can hand off traffic to
based on user needs, performance, and cost.
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Network infrastructure supports transformation

Google aims to
deliver services with:

High performance

High reliability

Low latency

Google aims to deliver its services with high performance, high reliability, and low
latency for users. We have invested in network infrastructure that's aligned with this
goal and that also allows us to exchange traffic efficiently and cost-effectively with
network operators.
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Quiz
Question

An organization wants to ensure they have redundancy of their resources so their

application remains available in the event of a disaster. How can they ensure this happens?
A. By putting resources in the Domain Name System (DNS)
B. By assigning a different IP address to each resource
C. Using the edge network to cache the whole application image in a backup
D. By putting resources in different zones

An organization wants to ensure they have redundancy of their resources so their

application remains available in the event of a disaster. How can they ensure this
happens?

A. By putting resources in the Domain Name System (DNS)

B. By assigning a different IP address to each resource
C. Using the edge network to cache the whole application image in a backup
D. By putting resources in different zones
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Quiz
Answer

An organization wants to ensure they have redundancy of their resources so their

application remains available in the event of a disaster. How can they ensure this happens?
A. By putting resources in the Domain Name System (DNS)
B. By assigning a different IP address to each resource
C. Using the edge network to cache the whole application image in a backup
D. By putting resources in different zones

The correct answer is D.

A. By putting resources in the Domain Name System (DNS)

○ Why this is the incorrect answer: DNS helps users find resources on
the internet by translating domain names to IP addresses. While DNS is
critical for application accessibility, simply putting resources in DNS
doesn't create redundancy or guarantee disaster recovery.

B. By assigning a different IP address to each resource

○ Why this is the incorrect answer: While unique IP addresses are
necessary for network communication, they don't inherently provide
redundancy. If a server with a specific IP address fails, the application
relying on it will likely become unavailable.

C. Using the edge network to cache the whole application image in a backup
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: Edge networks help improve
application performance by bringing content closer to users, and
caching can reduce load on back-end systems. However, caching in
itself doesn't guarantee full redundancy in case of a major disaster
affecting core application resources.

D. By putting resources in different zones

○ Why this is the correct answer: Zones are geographically distinct
locations with independent power, cooling, and networking
infrastructure. Spreading resources across multiple zones significantly
reduces the risk of a single site disaster taking down an entire
application.
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Lessons
Module 1 01 Why cloud technology is transforming business

Digital Transformation 02 Fundamental cloud concepts

with Google Cloud
03 Cloud computing models and shared responsibility

Let’s start the third lesson of Digital Transformation with Google Cloud.

When moving to the cloud, there are decisions to make around the type of cloud
computing service model to use. This decision impacts the levels of responsibility
between an organization and their cloud service provider.
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Cloud computing
service models

01
Cloud adoption has made a positive impact on some of the world’s leading
companies across various industries.
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The cloud's impact on resource management

Traditional IT Cloud computing

Organizations are responsible for all Allows for a third party to be

of their IT infrastructure when it's responsible for some part of the
completely on-premises. infrastructure.

The world of cloud computing has a diverse set of computing service models to
choose from, depending on customer requirements. You might have heard of terms
like IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. These terms represent the different cloud computing
models provided “as a service” by cloud providers. As a service” refers to the way IT
resources are consumed in these models, and is a key difference between cloud
computing and traditional IT.

● In traditional IT, an organization consumes resources, such as hardware,

software, and development tools, by purchasing, installing, managing, and
maintaining them in its own on-premises or self-managed data center.
Organizations are responsible for all of their IT infrastructure when it's
completely on-premises.

● In cloud computing, the cloud service provider owns, manages, and maintains
the resources. The customer consumes those resources, which are provided
on a subscription or pay-as-you-go basis. All you need is an internet
connection. Cloud computing allows for a third party to be responsible for
some part of the infrastructure. This means that organizations then have more
time to focus on their core business.
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Cloud computing service models

01 02 03

Infrastructure as Platform as Software as

a service (IaaS) a service (PaaS) a service (SaaS)

Coming up, we're going to explore three different cloud computing service models:

● Infrastructure as a service, or IaaS, which offers infrastructure resources such

as compute and storage.
● Platform as a service, or PaaS, which offers a develop-and-deploy
environment to build cloud apps.
● And software as a service, or SaaS, which delivers complete applications as
services.

Each model offers distinct features and functionalities, and knowing the differences
between them helps organizations choose one to best fit their business’ needs.

It’s important to remember that most organizations that use cloud often use a
combination of cloud computing models to solve for different needs.
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Abstraction hides underlying infrastructure

Google SaaS End users

Workspace Software as a service

Abstraction level
Cloud Run, PaaS Software
App Engine Platform as a service developers

Compute Engine, IaaS

Infrastructure as a service IT engineers
Cloud Storage

You can visualize these cloud computing models in layers. As you move up the layers
from one model to another, each model requires less knowledge and management of
the underlying infrastructure. This concept is called abstraction.

In cloud architecture, as the level of abstraction increases, less is known about the
underlying implementation. The goal of "abstracting away” infrastructure is to reduce
complexity by removing unnecessary information and simplifying operations.

To give some examples of products you may be familiar with:

● Compute Engine and Cloud Storage are examples of Google Cloud IaaS
products. You can create and run virtual machines with Compute Engine, and
you can store any type of data with Cloud Storage.
● Cloud Run and BigQuery are examples of Google Cloud PaaS products.
○ Cloud Run is a fully managed, serverless platform for developing and
hosting applications at scale, which takes care of provisioning servers
and scaling app instances based on demand.
○ BigQuery is a fully managed enterprise data warehouse that manages
and analyzes data, and can be queried to answer big data questions
with zero infrastructure management.
● Finally, the suite of products that make up Google Workspace is an example of
a Google Cloud SaaS product.
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IaaS:

02
Infrastructure as
a service

Now let's look at each of these computing models in more detail.

We’ll start with infrastructure as a service, or IaaS.

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Features of IaaS

On-demand availability of almost infinitely

scalable infrastructure resources over the
internet.

Lease resources instead of having to buy

hardware outright, paying only for what’s
used.
01
Same technologies and capabilities as a
Infrastructure as traditional data center without having to
a service (IaaS) physically maintain or manage it.

IaaS is a computing model that offers the on-demand availability of almost infinitely
scalable infrastructure resources, such as compute, networking, storage, and
databases as services over the internet.

IaaS allows organizations to lease the resources they need instead of having to buy
hardware outright, and they only pay for what they use.

It provides the same technologies and capabilities as a traditional data center without
having to physically maintain or manage all of it.
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IaaS transforms CapEx into OpEx

capital expenditures operational expenses

One of the main reasons businesses choose IaaS is to reduce their capital
expenditures and transform them into operational expenses. As we previously
discussed earlier today
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Comparing traditional IT to the IaaS model

Traditional IT IaaS

Procurement processes Individual services

Physical spaces Cloud provider managed

IT professionals Businesses focus on work

Challenging to scale

IaaS is appealing because acquiring computing resources to run applications or store

data the traditional way requires time and capital.

Organizations must purchase equipment through procurement processes that can

take months. They must also invest in physical spaces, which are typically specialized
rooms with power and cooling. And after deploying the systems, they need IT
professionals to manage them.

This traditional way is challenging to scale when demand spikes or business grows.
Organizations risk running out of capacity, or overbuilding and ending up with
underutilized infrastructure.

In contrast, IaaS resources are offered as individual services, so organizations can

choose what they need. The cloud provider manages the infrastructure, and
businesses can concentrate on installing, configuring, and managing software and
keeping their data secure.
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The benefits of IaaS

Economical Efficient Boosts Reliable Scalable

productivity

So, what are the benefits of IaaS?

It’s economical. Because IaaS resources are used on demand and you only pay for
what you use, IaaS costs are fairly predictable and easy to budget for.

It’s efficient. IaaS resources are regularly available when you need them. As a result,
there are fewer delays when infrastructure is expanded and resources aren’t wasted
by overbuilding capacity. This efficiency leads to faster development lifecycles and
ultimately a faster time to market.

It boosts productivity. Because the cloud provider is responsible for setting up and
maintaining the physical infrastructure, IT departments save time and money. They
can then redirect resources to more strategic activities.

It’s reliable. IaaS has no single point of failure. Even if one component of the hardware
resources fails, the service usually remains available.

And it’s scalable. One of the biggest advantages of IaaS in cloud computing is the
capability to scale the resources up and down rapidly according to business needs.
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IaaS use cases

Unpredictable workload volumes or need to move

quickly in response to business fluctuations

Require more infrastructure scalability and agility

than traditional data centers can provide

High business growth that outpaces

infrastructure capabilities.
Unpredictable spikes in demand for
infrastructure services
IaaS
Low utilization of existing infrastructure resources

So, what scenarios would IaaS be good for?

The flexibility and scalability of IaaS is useful for organizations that:

● Have unpredictable workload volumes or need to move quickly in response to

business fluctuations.
● Require more infrastructure scalability and agility than traditional data centers
can provide.
● Have high business growth that outpaces infrastructure capabilities.
● Experience unpredictable spikes in demand for infrastructure services.
● And see low utilization of existing infrastructure resources.
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03 PaaS:
Platform as a service

Platform as a Service, or PaaS, is a computing model that offers a cloud-based

platform for developing, running, and managing applications. PaaS provides a
framework for developers that they can build upon and use to create customized
applications.
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Features of PaaS

Provides a platform for developers to

develop, run, and manage their own apps

No need to build and maintain the

associated infrastructure

Can use built-in software components to

02
build applications
Platform as
Reduces the amount of code written
a service (PaaS)

PaaS is appealing because it provides a platform for developers to develop, run, and
manage their own apps without having to build and maintain the associated
infrastructure. They can also use built-in software components to build their
applications, which reduces the amount of code they have to write.
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The benefits of PaaS

Reduces Scalable Reduces Flexible

development management
time

So, what are the benefits of PaaS?

It reduces development time. Developers can go straight to coding instead of

spending time setting up and maintaining a development environment, which leads to
faster time to market.

It's scalable. With PaaS, organizations can purchase additional capacity for building,
testing, staging, and running applications whenever they need it. It also allows for
applications to be designed to take advantage of the inherent scalability of cloud
infrastructure.

It reduces management. By abstracting the management of underlying resources

even further than IaaS, PaaS offloads infrastructure management, patches, updates,
and other administrative tasks to the cloud service provider. This provides a
cost-effective way to focus on new functionality.

And it's flexible. With support for different programming languages and easy
collaboration for distributed teams, PaaS provides developers with the flexibility to
deliver various projects—from prototypes to enterprise solutions—on the same
platform.
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PaaS use cases

Create unique and custom applications
without owning and managing infrastructure

Rapidly test and deploy applications

Have legacy applications and want to

reduce the cost of operations

Have a new app project to be deployed

quickly by growing and updating the app as
fast as possible
PaaS Want to only pay for resources while they’re
being used

Want to offload time-consuming tasks

So, what scenarios would PaaS be good for?

PaaS is suitable for organizations that:

● Want to create unique and custom applications without investing a lot in
owning and managing infrastructure.
● Want to rapidly test and deploy applications.
● Have many legacy applications and want to reduce the cost of operations.
● Have a new app project that they want to deploy quickly by growing and
updating the app as fast as possible.
● Want to only pay for resources while they’re being used.
● And want to offload time-consuming tasks such as setting up and maintaining
application servers and development and testing environments.
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SaaS:

04
Software as a Service

Software as a service, or SaaS, is a computing model that offers an entire application,

managed by a cloud provider, through a web browser.

The cloud provider hosts the application software in the cloud and delivers it through
a browser. With this model, you don’t need to download or install any of it.
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Features of SaaS

Abstracts technology completely from the

consumer

The end user doesn’t need to care about

the underlying infrastructure

Organizations pay a subscription fee for

03
access to a ready-to-use software product
Software as
Google Workspace is a Google Cloud SaaS
a service (SaaS)
product

SaaS is appealing because it abstracts technology completely from the consumer; the
end user doesn’t need to care about the underlying infrastructure, which is the cloud
provider's responsibility. Organizations simply pay a subscription fee for access to a
ready-to-use software product.

Google Workspace, which includes tools such as Gmail, Google Drive, Google Docs,
and Google Meet, is a Google Cloud SaaS product.
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The benefits of SaaS

Low Cost-effective Flexible

maintenance

So, what are the benefits of SaaS?

It's low maintenance. SaaS eliminates the need to have IT staff download and install
applications on each individual computer. With SaaS, vendors manage all potential
technical issues, such as data, servers, storage, and updates in the cloud. This helps
to streamline maintenance and support for an organization.

It's cost-effective. SaaS is based on a subscription model with a fixed, inclusive,

monthly or annual account fee. Predictable costs and per-user budgeting allows for
clear financial governance.

It's flexible. Everything is available over the internet when a user signs in to their
personalized account online. They can access the software from anywhere, any
device, anytime.
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SaaS use cases

Want to use standard software solutions

that require minimal customization

Don’t want to invest time or internal

expertise in maintaining applications or
infrastructure

Need more time for IT teams to focus on

strategic projects
SaaS
Need to access apps from various devices
and locations

And what scenarios would SaaS be good for?

Well, SaaS is suitable for organizations that:

● Want to use standard software solutions that require minimal customization.
● Don’t want to invest time or internal expertise in maintaining applications or
infrastructure.
● Need more time for IT teams to focus on strategic projects.
● And need to access apps from various devices and locations.
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Discussion
Think of an application in your business today.
What business drivers would lead you to choose
one service model over the other for a particular
use case?

● Considerations that may influence your choice:

○ Business needs
○ Required functionality
○ Available expertise

● What benefits would using a particular service

model bring your organization?

Think of an application (or particular process or workload) in your business today.

What business drivers would lead you to choose one service model over the other for
a particular use case? (eg IaaS, PaaS or SaaS)

Considerations that may influence your choice:

● Business needs
● Required functionality
● Available expertise

What benefits would using a particular service model bring your organization?
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Choosing a cloud
computing model

05
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Choosing the best cloud computing option

IaaS PaaS SaaS

A highly flexible, A platform designed Ready to use

scalable service, while for building software features, without the
maintaining control of products. hassle of installations.
infrastructure.

So, how does an organization decide which cloud computing model is the best option
for them? The answer depends on their business needs, required functionality, and
available expertise.

If they are looking for a highly flexible, scalable service— while maintaining control of
their infrastructure— then IaaS is the right choice. This model offers the most control
and customization, but also requires the most management responsibilities and
technical expertise.

If they need a platform designed for building software products, then PaaS would help
their business immediately. This provides a cost-effective way to build applications,
but still requires some technical expertise and less management.

If they want features that are ready to use, without the hassle of installations, then
SaaS might be the best option. This represents the least management responsibilities
and technical expertise, but also offers the least control and customization.

These computing models are not mutually exclusive, though. Depending on the use
case, most organizations will use combinations of all three to solve for different
business needs.
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Compare options based on variables

Management level

Control

Responsibility

Flexibility

Expertise needed

They’ll need to compare their options based on variables such as management level,
control, responsibility, flexibility, and expertise needed.
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Scenario: IaaS

Imagine a large organization needs to implement

a new inventory management system.

Use in-house expertise to develop the

system and manage the infrastructure
IT team has complete control over server
configurations
IT team has to manage and maintain servers

For example, imagine a large organization needs to implement a new inventory

management system.

If they had the in-house expertise to develop it and the willingness to manage the
infrastructure, they could build this with IaaS resources. The organization's IT team
would have complete control over server configurations, but also bear the burden of
managing and maintaining them.
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Scenario: PaaS

Imagine a large organization needs to implement

a new inventory management system.

Build a custom CRM application while

offloading management of infrastructure
Retain complete control over application
features
Reduce management load

They could choose a PaaS solution and build a custom CRM application while
offloading management of infrastructure to the cloud service provider; retaining
complete control over application features, but reducing the management load.
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Scenario: SaaS

Imagine a large organization needs to implement

a new inventory management system.

Buy a ready-made solution

No daily management of infrastructure

Give up all control over software features

and functionality

Finally they could choose to buy a ready-made SaaS solution; having no daily
management of infrastructure, but also giving up all control over features and
functionality in the software.
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Compare the benefits and tradeoffs for each use case

IaaS PaaS SaaS

Each of these options is a viable solution, so organizations must compare the

benefits and tradeoffs for each use case. These cloud computing service models give
organizations choices, flexibility, and options that on-premises hosting simply can’t
provide.
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When driving, you don’t think about how

the engine is operating under the hood

Ignition

Brake

Gear

Accelerate

Engine

Think about abstraction in the way that you operate a car. When you turn on the
ignition, press the brake, put the car into gear, and accelerate, you’re not thinking
about how the engine is physically operating under the hood, right?

That complexity is abstracted away from you, so you can focus on driving safely to
your destination. Abstraction is one of the core features of cloud computing.
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Organizations must decide the level of control

and management they require

On-premises IaaS PaaS SaaS

Like owning a car; Like leasing a car; Like taking a taxi; Like taking a bus;
you’re responsible you choose the car you provide the you get access to
for its usage and but the car doesn't directions but don’t transport, but it's
maintenance. belong to you. do the driving. less customizable

When choosing between cloud computing service models, organizations must decide
the level of control and management they’ll require, or how much they want to hide
technical details and focus on business needs.

Let’s use a transportation analogy to see how on-premises, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS
compare with each other.

● On-premises IT infrastructure is like owning a car. When you buy a car, you’re
responsible for its usage and maintenance. Upgrading means buying a new
car, which takes time and can be costly.
● IaaS is like leasing a car. When you lease a car, you choose a car and drive it
wherever you want, but the car isn’t yours. Upgrading is easier though, as you
can just lease a new car.
● PaaS is like taking a taxi. You provide specific directions, like the code, but the
driver does the actual driving.
● And SaaS is like going by bus. You still get access to transport, but it's less
customizable. Buses have designated routes, and you share the space with
other passengers.
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Quiz
Question

Which cloud computing service model offers a develop-and-deploy environment to build

cloud applications?
A. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
B. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
C. Software as a Service (SaaS)
D. Function as a Service (FaaS)

Which cloud computing service model offers a develop-and-deploy environment to

build cloud applications?

A. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

B. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
C. Software as a Service (SaaS)
D. Function as a Service (FaaS)
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Quiz
Answer

Which cloud computing service model offers a develop-and-deploy environment to build

cloud applications?
A. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
B. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
C. Software as a Service (SaaS)
D. Function as a Service (FaaS)

The correct answer is B.

A. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

○ Why this is the incorrect answer: IaaS provides the foundation of cloud
computing – virtualized compute, storage, and network resources.
However, it doesn't include the pre-configured development tools and
application frameworks typically offered by PaaS.

B. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

○ Why this is the correct answer: PaaS is designed specifically to deliver
a comprehensive environment for developing, testing, deploying, and
managing cloud-based applications. It provides essential infrastructure
(servers, storage, networking) along with middleware, development
tools, databases, and other components developers need without them
having to manage the underlying layers.

C. Software as a Service (SaaS)

○ Why this is the incorrect answer: SaaS provides access to ready-to-use,
often web-based, applications managed by the vendor (think Gmail or
Salesforce). Users consume these applications but don't develop their
own within a SaaS environment.

D. Function as a Service (FaaS)

○ Why this is the incorrect answer: FaaS is best suited for executing
discrete, event-driven code snippets (functions). It doesn't provide the
full suite of tools and frameworks typically needed for building
complete cloud applications.
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Quiz
Question

Which option best describes a benefit of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?

A. It’s efficient, as IaaS resources are available when needed and resources aren’t
wasted by overbuilding capacity.
B. It reduces development time, as developers can go straight to coding instead of
spending time setting up and maintaining a development environment.
C. It's cost-effective, as all infrastructure costs are handled under a single monthly or
annual subscription fee.
D. It has low management overhead, as all administration and management tasks for
data, servers, storage, and updates are handled by the cloud vendor.

Which option best describes a benefit of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?

A. It’s efficient, as IaaS resources are available when needed and resources aren’t
wasted by overbuilding capacity.
B. It reduces development time, as developers can go straight to coding instead
of spending time setting up and maintaining a development environment.
C. It's cost-effective, as all infrastructure costs are handled under a single
monthly or annual subscription fee.
D. It has low management overhead, as all administration and management
tasks for data, servers, storage, and updates are handled by the cloud vendor.
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Quiz
Answer

Which option best describes a benefit of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?

A. It’s efficient, as IaaS resources are available when needed and resources aren’t
wasted by overbuilding capacity.
B. It reduces development time, as developers can go straight to coding instead of
spending time setting up and maintaining a development environment.
C. It's cost-effective, as all infrastructure costs are handled under a single monthly or
annual subscription fee.
D. It has low management overhead, as all administration and management tasks for
data, servers, storage, and updates are handled by the cloud vendor.

The correct answer is A.

A. It’s efficient, as IaaS resources are available when needed and resources aren’t
wasted by overbuilding capacity.
○ Why this is the correct answer: This directly relates to the core benefit
of IaaS: scalability and elasticity. With IaaS, organizations can quickly
add or remove compute, storage, and network resources as needed.
This prevents costs associated with buying and maintaining hardware
they might not fully utilize.

B. It reduces development time, as developers can go straight to coding instead

of spending time setting up and maintaining a development environment.
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: This describes a benefit more typical
of Platform as a Service (PaaS). PaaS includes pre-configured
development tools, reducing setup time for developers.

C. It's cost-effective, as all infrastructure costs are handled under a single

monthly or annual subscription fee.
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: IaaS generally uses a pay-as-you-go
model rather than a flat subscription fee. Costs vary based on usage,
making it cost-effective in preventing overprovisioning, but not through
a single, flat fee.

D. It has low management overhead, as all administration and management

tasks for data, servers, storage, and updates are handled by the cloud vendor.
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: While IaaS does reduce a degree of
infrastructure management, certain tasks still fall under the
○ organization's responsibility, such as virtual network configuration,
managing user accounts, and installing necessary applications and
middleware to name a few. The vendor mainly handles the physical
hardware and virtualization layer.
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The shared

06
responsibility model
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The shared responsibility model

Organization Cloud provider

is always responsible is always responsible for
for securing their data securing the infrastructure

One area of responsibility where each of the cloud computing models differ is
security.

When an organization manages its data in its own data centers, that organization is
responsible for all aspects of its security. However, as infrastructure is moved to the
cloud, some aspects of the responsibility shift to the cloud provider.

This concept is called the shared responsibility model.

Security in the cloud is a shared responsibility between the cloud provider and the
customer. Although direct responsibilities change based on the cloud computing
service model, organizations are always in control of securing their data, and the
cloud provider is always responsible for securing the infrastructure.
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Security of the cloud vs. security in the cloud

Security of the cloud Security in the cloud

Cloud provider Customer

At Google Cloud, we defend organizations’ data against threats and fraudulent activity
with the same infrastructure and security services we use for our own operations.

However, security of the cloud and security in the cloud are two different things.

Simply put, the cloud provider is responsible for the security of the cloud, while the
customer is responsible for security in the cloud.
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“ 99% of all cloud security

failures will result from
user error
Is the Cloud Secure?
Gartner, 2019

It's important for organizations to understand how the specific customer

responsibilities vary according to the type of cloud computing model used.

This is especially important because, according to a Gartner report, 99% of all cloud
security failures will result from user error through the year 2025.

Organizations must understand their roles and responsibilities in cloud security to

guarantee it.
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Who is responsible for securing what?

Cloud provider Customer

Hardware Configurations

Networks Access policies

Physical security User data

If you look at the various cloud computing models together, you can see where the
cloud provider’s responsibility ends and where the customer's responsibility begins.

A general guideline for shared responsibility is that "if you configure or store it, you're
responsible for securing it."

This generally means that a cloud provider is responsible for securing the parts of the
cloud that it directly controls, such as hardware, networks, and physical security.

At the same time, the customer is responsible for securing anything that they create
within the cloud, such as the configurations, access policies, and user data.
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Ratios of On-prem IaaS PaaS SaaS

Content
responsibility Access Policies
Usage
Deployment
Web App security
Identify
Operations
Access and authentication
Network security
Guest OS, data & content
Audit logging
Network
Storage + encryption
Hardened Kernel + IPC
Customer responsibility Boot
Hardware
Google responsibility Physical security

No matter which cloud provider you use, there is shared responsibility. Let’s examine
the ratios of responsibility between Google Cloud as a service provider and our
customers.

The blue squares represent the parts of the infrastructure security that the customer
is responsible for, while the yellow squares represent the elements that Google Cloud
is responsible for. Ad You’ll notice that the blue squares represent the customer
responsibility, which decreases as you move from on-premises to SaaS.

Let's begin with on-premises. When an organization runs its own on-premises data
centers, security for the infrastructure is solely the responsibility of the organization's
internal teams. They are responsible for securing servers and the data stored on
them.

Next is infrastructure as a service. When an organization transitions to an IaaS

computing model, it assigns some IT security responsibilities to Google Cloud. This
includes being responsible for the physical resources and sharing responsibility with
the customer for the security of the infrastructure and network.

The rest, such as the security of the operating system, software stack required to run
their applications, and their data, is the responsibility of the customer. This allows
customers the most freedom and control, but also places most of the responsibility in
their hands.
When an organization uses the platform as a service model, more of the
responsibility is passed over to Google Cloud. This includes full responsibility for the
physical infrastructure, the access and authentication, network security, and guest
operating systems. The customer is still responsible for the security of any content,
such as code or data, produced on the platform.

Lastly, with the software as a service model, Google Cloud is responsible for almost
every aspect of security—from the underlying infrastructure to the actual application.
Customers still have some security responsibilities, such as application usage,
access policies like authentication settings to prevent phishing attacks, and the user
content.
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Customers are always responsible for the

security of their data

One important aspect of the shared responsibility model is that customers are always
responsible for the security of their data, whether they have on-premises data centers
or only pay a monthly subscription for a single user license. The customer controls
who or what has access to their data.

Google Cloud is committed to keeping customers’ data secure, but security is a

shared responsibility, and requires collaboration.
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Discussion
A retail company with on-premises servers is struggling to
meet seasonal peaks in their business and the impact on
their supply chain. One of the appeals of cloud is offloading
repetitive IT management, yet they are concerned about
giving up control, and the expertise needed to be
responsible for the cloud security.

They considered building a custom supply chain app, but are

unsure they have the expertise and resources to manage the
app infrastructure, as it's not their core business focus.

What service model would you recommend and why?

A retail company with on-premises servers is struggling to meet seasonal peaks in

their business and the impact on their supply chain. One of the appeals of cloud is
offloading repetitive IT management, yet they are concerned about giving up control,
and the expertise needed to be responsible for the cloud security.

They considered building a custom supply chain app, but are unsure they have the
expertise and resources to manage the app infrastructure, as it's not their core
business focus.

What service model would you recommend and why?

Considerations
● Management level
● Expertise of people
● Level of control and customization
● Responsibility
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Quiz
Question

What is seen as a limitation of on-premises infrastructure, when compared to cloud

infrastructure?
A. The on-premises networking is more complicated.
B. Scaling processing is too difficult due to power consumption.
C. Maintenance workers do not have physical access to the servers.
D. The on-premises hardware procurement process can take a long time.

What is seen as a limitation of on-premises infrastructure, when compared to cloud

infrastructure?

A. The on-premises networking is more complicated.

B. Scaling processing is too difficult due to power consumption.
C. Maintenance workers do not have physical access to the servers.
D. The on-premises hardware procurement process can take a long time.
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Quiz
Answer

What is seen as a limitation of on-premises infrastructure, when compared to cloud

infrastructure?
A. The on-premises networking is more complicated.
B. Scaling processing is too difficult due to power consumption.
C. Maintenance workers do not have physical access to the servers.
D. The on-premises hardware procurement process can take a long time.

The correct answer is D.

A. The on-premises networking is more complicated.

○ Why this is the incorrect answer: This isn't inherently a greater
limitation than the complexity of managing networking in a cloud
environment. Both require specialized knowledge.

B. Scaling processing is too difficult due to power consumption.

○ Why this is the incorrect answer: Power consumption can be a factor
in limiting on-premises scaling, but the more pressing issue is usually
just having available physical space in data centers, rather than solely
an issue of power capacity.

C. Maintenance workers do not have physical access to the servers.

○ Why this is the incorrect answer: This isn’t always the case.
Organizations often have physical on-premises data centers or server
rooms where their on-site teams can work directly on equipment.
Furthermore, remote management tools increasingly reduce the need
for hands-on access for many maintenance tasks.

D. The on-premises hardware procurement process can take a long time.

○ Why this is the correct answer: This is a significant limitation. Buying
new hardware involves research, vendor selection, price negotiation,
shipping, and then physical installation and configuration. This process
can take weeks or even months, potentially creating delays for
businesses needing to grow or respond to new opportunities.
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Quiz
Question

In the cloud computing shared responsibility model, what types of content are customers
always responsible for, regardless of the computing model chosen?
A. The customer is responsible for all infrastructure decisions, server configurations and
database monitoring.
B. The customer is responsible for securing anything that they create within the cloud,
such as the configurations, access policies, and user data.
C. The customer is responsible for security of the operating system, software stack
required to run their applications and any hardware, networks, and physical security.
D. The customer is not responsible for any of the data in the cloud, as data management
is the responsibility of the cloud provider who is hosting the data.

In the cloud computing shared responsibility model, what types of content are
customers always responsible for, regardless of the computing model chosen?

A. The customer is responsible for all infrastructure decisions, server

configurations and database monitoring.
B. The customer is responsible for securing anything that they create within the
cloud, such as the configurations, access policies, and user data.
C. The customer is responsible for security of the operating system, software
stack required to run their applications and any hardware, networks, and
physical security.
D. The customer is not responsible for any of the data in the cloud, as data
management is the responsibility of the cloud provider who is hosting the
data.
 Proprietary + Confidential

Quiz
Question

In the cloud computing shared responsibility model, what types of content are customers
always responsible for, regardless of the computing model chosen?
A. The customer is responsible for all infrastructure decisions, server configurations and
database monitoring.
B. The customer is responsible for securing anything that they create within the cloud,
such as the configurations, access policies, and user data.
C. The customer is responsible for security of the operating system, software stack
required to run their applications and any hardware, networks, and physical security.
D. The customer is not responsible for any of the data in the cloud, as data management
is the responsibility of the cloud provider who is hosting the data.

The correct answer is B.

A. The customer is responsible for all infrastructure decisions, server

configurations and database monitoring.
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: The extent of customer responsibility
for infrastructure and configuration varies greatly depending on the
cloud computing model. With IaaS, there's more customer involvement,
whereas in PaaS and SaaS much of this is handled by the provider.

B. The customer is responsible for securing anything that they create within the
cloud, such as the configurations, access policies, and user data.
○ Why this is the correct answer: Regardless of whether it's IaaS, PaaS,
or SaaS, the customer always retains responsibility for the data they
put into the cloud and how they configure its security.

C. The customer is responsible for security of the operating system, software

stack required to run their applications and any hardware, networks, and
physical security.
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: These responsibilities generally fall
on the cloud provider, especially for aspects like hardware and physical
security. However, with IaaS, some operating system or network
configuration duties might still rest with the customer.

D. The customer is not responsible for any of the data in the cloud, as data
management is the responsibility of the cloud provider who is hosting the
data.
○ Why this is the incorrect answer: Ultimate responsibility for the data
○ and its associated risks belongs to the customer.