AN ANALYSIS MORAL VALUE IN NIKOLAI GOGOL OF THE SHORT

STORY “THE OVERCOAT”

Martina Girsang1
Universitas Methodist Indonesia, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
[email protected]

Rinny Sherina Putri Sianturi2

Universitas Methodist Indonesia, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
[email protected]

Yance Cerelina Sihotang3

Universitas Methodist Indonesia, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
[email protected]

Nelly Kristin4
Universitas Methodist Indonesia, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
[email protected]

Arta Jelita Sitohang5

Universitas Methodist Indonesia, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
[email protected]

Abstract
In this study, the researcher chose the short story of Nikolai Gogol “The
Overcoat”. The short story to be analyzed the importance of moral values
used theory of Nurgiantoro (1995:324). The formulation of problem in this
research is “ What are the moral values as reflected in the short story “The
Overcoat”. The research method of this study is descriptive qualitative
method. The primary data is text from the short story “The Overcoat”. The
secondary data is taken from many literary books and some relevant
materials to support and complete the primary data sources. The result of
this study is there are some moral values in the short story” The Overcoat”.
They are forms of moral values in God, form of moral values in human life
with itself, and form of moral values in the social life.

Keywords: Humanism, Moral Value, Nikolai Gogol, The Overcoat, Social

1. INTRODUCTION
Literary works contain human will always judge it by its beauty and
imagination in expressing something that creativity. Artwork can be expressed in
can be enjoyed. it is natural for every various ways, for example, we can enjoy
human being to always love beauty. art with literary works. The art shown in
.Every time people talk about art, they literary works is the art of creativity.

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Pradopo, as stated (1994: 26) As a about The "little man" Akaky Akakievich
representation of the world and human Bashmachkin's life, as a humble copyist at
life, literary works are judged primarily on one of the many county town offices,
their "truth," or everything the author prompts profound reflection on life's
wishes to describe. meaning.
In literary works, is Short stories are The fiction in "The Overcoat" is a
works of short fiction. Fiction is a chance to show how hopeless the real
statement that is only based on fantasy world is, where ordinary people can't get
or fiction, not based on reality. Short justice for breaking the law. In this work,
story is a form of literature which is a there are two worlds: the real one (the
work of fiction usually written in prose, department where our hero works in St.
often in narrative form format. Short Petersburg) and the mystical one
stories are usually short works of fiction, (Bashmachkin's ghost on the sidewalk).
usually written in prose. The earliest As a result, the real and the fantastic
precursor to the short story can be found become intertwined, resulting in bizarre
in the oral tradition of storytelling. The new literary forms and new meanings for
narrative may at times be completely readers.
fabricated. The short story can be literary In the story, Akakiy Akakievitch
or fit the definition of a genre, such as Bashmachkin, a protagonist, is a poor
romance, science fiction, or horror story. government worker whose coat has worn
Reading short stories is very useful out. Akakiy struggles to save up his
for adding insight, language skills, and money so that Petrovich, the tailor, can
training memory and can reduce the level make him a new coat that the tailor sews.
of stress. The most common elements in However, after it was made, the mantle
short stories are moral values. Some was stolen by a rogue. Akakiy, is a shy
parents usually give their children a story person, finally showed his courage and
that contains moral values. When parents went to the Important Personage for
want to tell about moral values, parents help; unfortunately, Akakiy was rejected,
can give an example of a short story. The and he fell ill with a cold and caused
moral values contained in a story are Akakiy to die. However, Akakiy came back
expected to convey good and bad to life as a ghost and roamed about, he
messages in human life. Submission of a got the mantle from people until he got
moral message conveyed by the author the mantle from the Important
through an actor. Actors who play a role Personage. Once Akakiy got his mantle,
in a story. his spirit was never seen again.
In this study, the researcher uses In this study, the researcher analyzed
short story as the object because short the short story The Overcoat written by
story has many elements to be discussed Nikolai Gogol. This is one such short story
that make the researcher interested to that chronicles the life and death of
discuss one of them that is about moral Akaky Akakievich Bashmachkin, a middle-
value. "The Overcoat" by Nikolai Gogol is aged titular councilor who lived an
a fictional short story from Russian, ordinary, sad life and copyist who served
written in 1842. According to Russian in the unnamed department of the
author Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich, "The Russian civil service. In addition,
Overcoat" is one of his best and most researchers want to know the moral
mysterious works. This short story is value of short stories and their

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application in our lives. The purpose of moral values in life because it can influence
this study is that the researcher wants to humans to take examples of commendable
know “what moral values are contained attitudes contained in the personality of
in the short story "The Overcoat" by their lives (Fran Magis in Putri Aulan, 2018).
Nikolai Gogol?” Formality, the capacity to comply, a
connection to a sense of responsibility,
2. LITERATURE REVIEW and a connection to conscience are some
Merriam-Webster defines morality of the characteristics of moral values,
as a matter pertaining to what is right according to Bergens (2001). Ginanjar
and wrong in human behavior and what (2012) says that moral values are seen as
the majority of people regard as right and a rule that people follow in their normal
good in accordance with the appropriate lives to control how they act. According
standards of behavior in that group or to the explanation of these moral values,
society. Giovani et al. claim that ( 2014: 2) a moral value is one that governs all
Moral values are rules for what is right human behavior and is pleasant when
and wrong that tell people what to practiced.
choose and do. There are two terms for According to Nurgiantoro (1995:324),
moral values: morals and values. Hornby there are 3 three types of moral values
(2010) asserts that morals are connected categories, as follows:
to the guiding principles of right and
wrong behavior. 1. Forms of Moral Values in God
Morality encompasses all aspects of God is a man, and in the depths of
human behavior that are influenced by his powerful nature he thinks, wills,
morality. Values, which are connected to enjoys, feels, loves, desires and .suffers
beliefs and attitudes, have an impact on like other people (Zwemer, 2000:7). It
human behavior (Chowdhury, 2016: 1). means that God wants to include man in
Human behavior or attitudes that are everything in the world.
based on values like kindness and truth
are called values. Giovani et al. claim that 2. Form of Moral Values in Human Life
(2014: 4) Positive moral values and with itself.
Negative moral values are the two Moral values that relate to personal
categories of moral values. Serenity, life and relationships, or the way people
responsibility, kindness, and personally treat each other. Nurgiantoro
understanding are positive moral values. (1995:325) states that the human
Negative moral values, on the other problem cannot be separated from the
hand, are heartless, avaricious, sneaky, human-God relationship problem. The
weird, exaggerated, sensitive, and split was only for ease of discussion. It
deceptive. can be related to issues related to an
Putri Aulan (2018) explains that morals individual's self and psyche, such as self-
are qualities that are in human actions and expansion, self-esteem, self-confidence,
are normative (good and bad actions). .fear, death, longing, resentment, and
Suseno (1987) explains that moral means loneliness. Moral values in human life
always referring to the goodness or with oneself are to use all one's potential,
badness of human behavior as a human abilities, and skills to achieve human well-
being. A person can be said to be moral if being and life perfection without harming
he is able to show the right attitude in others. urge people. The moral value of
behaving. Therefore, it is important to have

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being human is responsibility. conventional approach. The most recent
research employs a directed method.
3. Form of Moral Values in the Social The data sources were taken from
Life two data sources, namely primary data
Social beings definitely interact with which is data collected from the short
other people on a daily basis, both in the story The Overcoat, and secondary data
family and in society. Therefore, humans which is data collected from various
must comprehend the rules in order for sources such as articles, journals, and
things to run smoothly and without books about moral values. The researcher
misunderstanding. The term for this is analyzes the moral values in the short
social moral values. The human story entitled “The Overcoat.”
conscience is closely linked to social
moral values.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3. RESEARCH METHOD According to Russian author Gogol
The method in this used by the Nikolai Vasilyevich, "The Overcoat" is one
researcher is a descriptive qualitative of his best and most mysterious works.
method, namely collecting data about The "little man" Akaky Akakievich
the research subject and describing it. Bashmachkin's life, as a humble copyist at
Qualitative researchers are concerned one of the many county town offices,
with process, how things occur (Fraenkel prompts profound reflection on life's
and Wallen, 1993). Therefore, qualitative meaning. The theme of the story is very
research was used by the researcher universal. The author explains to the
because the collected data are words and reader the moral issues of humanism,
not numerical data. poverty, social inequality, .and
In qualitative research, indifference within that framework. Their
comprehensive non-numerical data like top priority is the little man's tragedy.
words are collected, analyzed, and .We accomplish this in other, more
interpreted in order to gain insight into a specific areas.
particular phenomenon of interest. An This research study has a descriptive
exploration method known as a textual qualitative method, which analyzed
analysis requires the analyst to focus on about moral values in The Overcoat short
the communication's content rather than story. In this chapter, the researchers
its structure. When looking at historical would like to present the analyzed moral
narratives and documents, textual values in The Overcoat short story. In this
analysis is frequently used. Because it study, the researchers used Nurgiantoro's
enables researchers to comprehend the theory (1995:324) there are 3 three types
meanings and ideas expressed through of moral values categories, as follows:
written words, textual analysis is crucial Moral values in God, Moral values in
to research. human life with itself, and Moral values
Summit, directed, and conventional in the social life.
qualitative content analysis methods are
available. Words related to a particular 4.1. Moral values in God
topic were selected and counted in the According to Nurgiyantoro (in
summit approach. Codes are extracted Muplihun, 2016) the human relationship
from the text data directly in the with God is the most sacred relationship.

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Humans are creatures that can never be same place, in the same position, at
separated from His creator. the very same duty, precisely the
same copying clerk, so that they used
Quotation 1 to declare that he must have been
“they opened the calendar at another born a copying clerk, uniform, bald
page, and the names which turned patch, and all. No respect at all was
up were: Trifily, Dula, Varakhasy. shown him in the department.”
"What an infliction!" said the (p.306)
mother. "What names they all are! I
really never heard such names. From the quote from the story
Varadat or Varukh would be bad above, Akaky has never been appreciated
enough, but Trifily and Varakhasy!" by his colleagues at all. The people who
(p.306) work in that department always make
fun of Akaky. The researcher sees the
From the quote above, a baby who moral value contained in this quote that
will be baptized and will be given a name God always teaches humans to respect
by the mother is choosing a good name. and love one another in differences.
A baptismal name is the name of a Akaky is also just a sinful human being, he
person sanctified by the Catholic Church needs to be respected. Because in that
and is usually referred to as a saint or short story Akakiy never does evil deeds.
patron saint. His quotes on the mother
say Trifily, Dula and Varakhasy are bad Quotation 3
names. Christians have their own “afterward in his life he shuddered,
baptismal name, whatever baptismal seeing how much inhumanity there is
name given by the parents has a in man, how much savage brutality
meaning. Through the baptismal name, lies hidden under refined, cultured
one is expected to emulate the saint's life politeness, and, my God! even in a
in following God. man whom the world accepts as a
The moral value seen here is that gentleman and a man of honor....
Christians have their own baptismal
name, whatever baptismal name given by It would be hard to find a man who
the parents has a meaning. Through the lived for his work as did Akaky
baptismal name, one is expected to Akakievich. To say that he was
emulate the saint's life in following God. zealous in his work is not enough; no,
When a Christian has a holy name it he loved his work. In it, in that
means that that person is connected in copying, he found an interesting and
Jesus Christ. But to say that any other pleasant world of his own. There was
name for baptism is bad, it is completely a look of en- joyment on his face;
unnatural. Christians have never been certain letters were favorites with
taught to say another baptismal name is him, and when he came to them he
bad. was delighted; he chuckled to himself
and winked and moved his lips, so
Quotation 2 that it seemed as though every letter
“Regardless of how many directors his pen was forming could be read in
and higher officials of all sorts came his face.”
and went, he was always seen in the

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 From the short story quote “The Every human being has the same job with
Ovecoat” the world is really unfair to different tasks, meaning that people who
Akaky. Akaky is a simple and grateful have different tasks have a higher
person. The moral value in the quote is position. Humans who have high
that God gave Akaky a trial because he positions should not be arbitrary and
knew that Akaky was a strong and patient order people who have low positions to
person. Akaky was too patient so he had do their job.
to feel deep pain, but God loved Akaky so
Akaky had to rest for a long time. Quotation 2
“No one could say that they had ever
4. 2. Moral Values in Human Life with seen him at an evening party. After
Itself working to his heart's content, he
According to Zuriah (2015) the would go to bed, smiling at the
behavior of human relations with himself thought of the next day and
can be divided into all forms related to wondering what God would send him
each individual with various characters, to copy. So flowed on the peaceful
including religious, social, democratic life of a man who knew how to be
values, fighting spirit, responsibility, content with his fate on a salary of
respect for the natural environment, four hundred rubles, and so perhaps
discipline, independence, respect , it would have flowed on to extreme
patient, kind, hard working, and honest. old age, had it nor been for the
various disasters strewn along the
Quotation 1 road of life, not only of titular, but
“The head clerk's assistant used to even of privy, actual court, and all
throw papers under his nose without other coun- cilors, even those who
even saying "Copy this" or "Here is an neither give counsel to others nor
in- teresting, nice little case" or some accept it themselves” (p. 309)
agreeable remark of the sort, as is
usually done in well-bred offices. And From the qutation from the short
he would take it, gazing only at the story "The Overcoat" that Akaky really
paper without looking to see who loves his job, he feels all his work
had put it there and whether he had assignments are a gift, he is so grateful to
the right to do so; he would take it get that job. The moral value contained in
and at once be- gin copying it.” (p. this short story is that every human being
306) who has a job must love his job. Because
if someone loves his job, then he does all
From the short story quotation "The his work assignments sincerely and
Overcoat", Akaky is always treated happily. Not all people in this world can
unfairly in his department, where he has have a job, for people out there it is very
to do other people's work that he difficult for them to find work and pay for
shouldn't be doing. But Akaky had no their necessities of life.
other choice but to do the copy job. The
researchers found a moral value in the Quatation 3
short story "The Overcoat" that Akaky “Akaky Akakievich had for some time
was treated unfairly, he was not been feeling that his back and
appreciated at all in his department. shoulders were particularly nipped by

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 the cold, although he did try to run 4. 3. Moral value in The Social Life
the regular distance as fast as he This can be realized by respecting
could. He wondered at last whether other people, both neighbors and the
there were any defects in his surrounding community, with different
overcoat. After examining it cultural, customary, religious and caste
thoroughly in the privacy of his backgrounds (Zubaedi, 2012).
home, he discovered that in two or
three places, on the back and the Quotation 1
shoulders, it had become a regular “The young clerks jeered and made
sieve; the cloth was so worn that you jokes at him. to the best of their
could see through it and the lining clerkly wit, and told before his face
was coming out. I must note that all sorts of stories of their own
Akaky Akakievich's overcoat had also invention about him; they would say
served as a butt for the jokes of the of his landlady, an old woman of
clerks. It had even been deprived of seventy, that she beat him, would ask
the honorable name of overcoat and when the wedding was to take place,
had been referred to as the "dress ing and would scatter bits of paper on his
gown." It was indeed of rather a head, calling them snow.” (p. 306)
peculiar make. Its collar had been
growing smaller year by year as it From the quotation above, it is
served to patch the other parts. The known that Akaky was bullied by young
patches were not good specimens of people who worked in the department.
the tailor's art, and they certainly This is not natural, young people should
looked clumsy and ugly.” (p.310) respect people who are older than
themselves. The researcher found the
From the quotation above Akaky has moral value contained in the short story
a coat that looks worn out and some "The Overcoat" that young children must
parts of it are patched. Because of this, have a sense of respect for one another.
Akaky is often ridiculed by his friends at Before plunging into the world of work, a
the department office. Akaky was never person must have the provision of mind
angry about it, he felt very happy and to respect each other. Because that's
comfortable when he wore that coat. The very important in the world of work and
moral value contained in the quote is don't judge people and sneer.
that if a person is comfortable wearing a
certain outfit, then he will continue to Quotation 2
wear it. Even if it had dirty stains on it, he “Akaky Akakievich never answered a
would definitely wash them until the word, however, but behaved as
stains were gone. Even when the clothes though there were no one there. It
were torn, one's instinct would have had no influence on his work; in the
been to sew them together to make midst of all this teasing, he never
them look whole again. It is human made a single mistake in his copying.
nature to appreciate objects that are very It was only when the jokes became
fond of. too unbearable, when they jolted his
arm, and prevented him from going
on with his work, that he would say:
"Leave me alone! Why do you insult

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 me?" and there was something secretary "But, your Excellency," said
touching in the words and in the Akaky Akakievich, trying to gather
voice in which they were uttered.” (p. the drop of courage he possessed
306-307) and feeling at the same time that he
was perspiring all over, "I ventured,
In the short story quotation "The your Excellency, to trouble you
Overcoat" Akaky is being bullied by because secretaries... er... are people
people in the department and tries to you can't depend on..."
fight those who are making fun of him.
Akaky doesn't always have to be silent, "What? what? what?" said the
every now and then he has to act. The Person of Consequence, "where did
social moral value contained in this short you get hold of that attitude? where
story is that everyone has patience, and did you pick up such ideas? What
patience has limits. We don't always have insubordination is spreading among
to be patient and inactive. Akaky is really young men against their superiors
like humans nowadays who have and their chiefs!" The Person of
personalities like him, patient. Consequence did not apparently
The protagonist is physically and observe that Akaky Akakievich was
spiritually unsuitable. He is not fighting well over fifty, and therefore if he
for the best, has a bad condition, and is could have been called a young man
not a human being. Instead of rewriting it would only have been in
papers, it seems to change once a new comparison with a man of seventy.”
goal is established in life. Akaky now (p. 327)
focuses on purchasing coats. Gogol
reveals a new side to the readers. How From the quotation and utterances
unfair and cruel other people treat above, Akaky tries to report the case of
Bashmachkin. Bullying and ridicule were his missing coat to the Important
his fate. In addition, after Akaki's new Personage. But he was not appreciated at
mantle is taken away, his life's purpose all and he was scorned there. The social
vanishes. Bashmachkin is depressed and moral value here is to help someone
alone once more because he has lost his when he needs help. No matter how light
last joy. or heavy the problem is, try to help solve
the problem.
Quotation 3
“ "Don't you know the way to Quotation 4
proceed? To whom are you "How dare you? Do you know to
addressing yourself? Don't you know whom you are speaking? Do you
how things are done? You ought first understand who I am?" Do you
to have handed in a petition to the understand that, I ask you?” (p. 327)
office; it would have gone to the
head clerk of the room, and to the The uttarances above in the short
head clerk of the section; then it story “The Overcoat” are important
would have been handed to the personages, people who are arrogant
secretary and the would have because they have a high rank. The social
brought it to me.. moral value contained in that speech is
arrogance. Humans always have a proud

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heart when they are above. So he will challenging for literary critics to
humiliate people who are under lowered determine whether it was. censored.
as low as possible. Genres and directions In the
Gogol wanted to illustrate each and nineteenth century, many researchers
every one of the serious social issues that actively supported a new literary trend
he was concerned about. To demonstrate known as realism. He frequently
that officials are powerless to stop addresses pressing social issues like the
people who are careless and only care relationship between different classes,
about themselves. Only the tops in that .poverty and wealth, morality and
case. At the end of the story, immorality, and the context of the
Bashmachkin transforms into a ghost and characters' actions and relationships.
takes revenge on a high-ranking official However, a more precise definition of the
for being indifferent. However, the genre characterizes the "Petersburg
author emphasizes that this is only Tales" works: amazing realism. The
possible in the realm of mysticism. Gogol author can use certain artistic
believed that the overcoat lover was the expressions (freak, hyperbole, author's
instrument of God's highest and fiction) and more actively influence the
righteous judgment. It is important to reader within this direction. The fiction in
note that the wind an artistic detail "The Overcoat" is a chance to show how
accompanies all of this action. My hopeless the real world is, where
opinion is that the blizzard that pierces ordinary people can't get justice for
Petersburg residents to the bone breaking the law. In this work, there are
embodies animal fear, a primal fear that two worlds: the real one (the department
makes even dishonest officials tremble. where our hero works in St. Petersburg)
Everyone, regardless of rank, will suffer and the mystical one (Bashmachkin's
as a result of this element of supreme ghost on the sidewalk). As a result, the
justice. Even though Gogol opposes real and the fantastic become
retribution, he views it as the only means intertwined, resulting in bizarre new
of achieving justice in this tale. literary forms and new meanings for
The researcher was very readers. We only see poverty and
interested in this plantation because, in injustice in the real world, and only
the beginning, he had to work there to fiction lets people get even with
make a living. His observations are all "officials."
"written off" from actual individuals and This is how fantasy is used in Gogol's
situations. He started working on it in stories. The portrayal of the "little man"
1839 and finished it in 1842. An earlier developed alongside the literary trend
version of the story's beginning, dictated toward "realism," and within a short
in Marienbad by Pogodin M.P., .a period of time, it became a favorite genre
historian, collector, journalist, fiction among researchers of the nineteenth
researcher, and publisher, is housed in century. Little people are heroes of low
the Russian State Library. While Gogol social status who do not harm anyone
was in Rome and Vienna, Pogodin helped and are not dangerous. They do not have
him finish his story. It is essential to keep any special abilities or character traits
in mind that the manuscript of Belovaya that set them apart. A.S. Pushkin's main
Gogol has not been preserved, making it character, Samson Vyrin, embodied the
original concept of the "little man" in his

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novel "The Stationmaster." Gogol was The story's focus on fate is also intriguing.
able to combine fantasy and reality in his From a young age, it became clear that
stories by taking into account the Akakiy would be the quiet, steady, and
peculiarities of different directions and peaceful titular adviser who would not
genres. He used issues that were relevant live a happy life.
to Russia at the time as a basis and The main issue with humanism in
supplemented them with a supernatural "Overcoat" The entire cast of characters
plot, which was very successful. To is self-centered and petty. They disregard
present to an amazed audience. morality and the pursuit of material
The fate of young people is the security. Because it causes an
work's central theme. The purpose of this unnecessary issue, they do not require it.
story is to reveal his image. In The If the titular advisor's life isn't going as
Overcoat, N.V. Gogol shows how he feels planned, why assist him? Additionally,
about these people and adds them to the robbers on the sidewalk are pure
their large gallery. He describes the anti-humanism. After becoming a ghost
characters' lives, morals, goals, and and a thief, Akaki cannot rest until his
aspirations in the book. Gogol's entire desire for vengeance is satisfied. The
plot is devoted to a single Bashmachkin if lack of humanism is the root of the
Pushkin's "Station Master" Samson is not problem of indifference. Bashmachkin is
fully revealed. The key to comprehending helped by no one because no one cares.
the author's intention is the little man's When he pleaded for assistance, no one
theme: In order to make us feel empathy reacted. To demonstrate his authority to
for the character in question, the author others, the official who was supposed to
intends to convey the tragic end of a assist the applicant pushed him out the
weak and restricted member of society. door in accordance with his official
The text's central theme is also duties. He wouldn't hurt anyone if he did
compassion and love for one's neighbors. the right thing.
Gogol was a believer, and he included The issue of poverty is present
moral lessons in all of his works. People's throughout the entire work like a ghost.
indifference and egotism are the root It is felt at almost every stage while
causes of suffering and misfortune, and remaining invisible. Bashmachkin has a
only mercy and kindness can combat terrible lot. You won't make much money
them. You need to love and regret if you earn 400 rubles per year. He lived
without expecting anything in return or in in a small, damp, and cold room with
return for it. The social issues that have floorboards that were broken and creaky.
plagued society to this day can only be She disregards the universally accepted
resolved in this manner. In point of fact, rules of health and hygiene in order to
the official only requires support from an purchase a coat: wear clothes, do the
environment that despises him rather laundry, and eat a nutritious meal that
than a suit. fills you up. She didn't even make tea or
When many people see light a candle. Although poverty is not a
Bashmachkin's ghost on the pavement in vice, it hides in a very unpleasant mantle.
the story's epilogue—in particular, an The issue of social inequality is also
important person to whom Bashmachkin brought up throughout the narrative.
turns for assistance—the theme of Bashmachkin is mocked .and ignored by
retribution becomes abundantly clear. influential people because, in his opinion,

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he came in an unattractive form. While REFERENCES
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to lift him up. despite the fact that he has by Nikolai Gogol (Book Analysis).
only recently gained notoriety. Despite BrightSummaries.com.
this, he demonstrated his rank and Cengage Learning Gale. (2017). A Study
superiority. Guide for Nikolai Gogol’s
. “Overcoat.”
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