Description of the Mathematics Courses

In first two years, the program includes the courses offered in traditional B. Sc. including English,
Mathematics A, Mathematics B, & Physics, etc. In the next two years I study the courses of Advance-
Mathematics. The year and semester vise distribution of the courses with credit Hours is given below.
4 Years /Semester (1-8) (159 Academic Content Courses (80 Cr.Hrs) Pedagogical, Professional &
Cr.Hrs) Compulsory Courses (79
Cr.Hrs)
Year l & 2/ Semester 1-4 Physics Mathematics- Mathematics- 33 Cr.Hrs
16 A B
Cr.Hrs 16 Cr.Hrs 16 Cr.Hrs
Year3 & 4/ Semester 5-8 Advanced Courses in Mathematics 46 Cr.Hrs
32 Cr.Hrs

The mathematics courses I attended at university covered a wide range of topics, including calculus, linear
algebra, and statistical analysis. The detail of content courses passed by me in the area of Mathematics is
given below:
1. A Course of Mathematics (Calculus)+ B Course of Mathematics -I (Vector & Mechanics-1) 2. A Course of
Mathematics -II (Plane Curves & analytic Geometry)+ B Course of Mathematics - II(Mechanics-II)

3. A Course of Mathematics -III (Linear Algebra)+ B Course of Mathematics -III (Calculus - II) 4. A Course
of Mathematics -IV (Ordinary Differential Equations)+ B Course of Mathematics -IV (Metric Spaces &
Group Theory)

5. Advance Mathematics-I (Real Analysis)

6. Advance Mathematics-II (Algebra Group Theory & Linear Algebra)

7. Advance Mathematics-III (Complex Analysis & Differential Geometry) 8. Advance Mathematics-IV

(Mechanics)

9. Advance Mathematics -V (Topology & Functional Analysis)

10. Advance Mathematics -VI (Advance Analysis)

11. Advance Mathematics-VII (Methods of Mathematical Physics)

12. Advance Mathematics-VIII (Numerical Analysis)

Course Title: Mathematics A-I [Calculus (I)]

Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours

Preliminaries
Real numbers and the real line
Functions and their graphs
Shifting and scaling graphs
Solution of equations involving absolute values
Inequalities
Complex numbers,Polar form of complex numbers, De Moivr’s theorem
 Limit and Continuity
Limit of a function, left hand and right hand limits, Theorems of limits
Continuity, Continuous functions
Derivatives and its Applications
Differentiable functions
Differentiation of polynomial, rational and transcendental functions
Mean value theorems and applications
Higher derivatives, Leibniz’s theorem L’Hospitals Rule
Intermediate value theorem, Rolle’s theorem
Taylor’s and Maclaurin’s theorem with their remainders
Integration and Definite Integrals
Techniques of evaluating indefinite integrals
Integration by substitutions, Integration by parts
Change of variable in indefinite integrals
Definite integrals, Fundamental theorem of calculus
Reduction formulas for algebraic and trigonometric integrands
Improper integrals, Gamma functions

Course Title: Mathematics B-I [Vectors & Mechanics (I)]

Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours

Vector Algebra
Introduction to vector algebra
Scalar and vector product
Scalar triple product and vector triple product
Applications to geometry
Vector Calculus
Limit, continuity and differentiability of vector point functions
Partial derivatives of vector point functions
Scalar and vector fields
The gradient, divergence and curl
Expansion formulas
Forces
Fundamental concepts and principles
Inertial-non-inertial frames, Newton’s laws
Resultant of several concurrent forces
The parallelogram law of forces
Resolution of a forces, triangle of forces
 Lamy’s theorem, polygon of forces
 Conditions of equilibrium for a
particle
 External and internal forces, principle of
transmissibility
 Resultant of like and unlike parallel forces
 Moment of forces about a point, Varigon’s theorem
 Friction
Dry friction and fluid friction
Laws of dry friction, coefficients of friction, angle of friction
Equilibrium of a particle on a rough inclined plane
Particle on a rough inclined plane acted on by an external force
Conditions for sliding or titling
Virtual Work
Principle of virtual work
Problems involving tensions and thrust
Course Title: A Course of Mathematics II [ Plane Curves & Analytic
Geometry ] Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours

Plane Analytics Geometry

Conic section and quadratic equations
Classifying conic section by eccentricity
Translation and rotation of axis
Properties of circle, parabola, ellipse, hyperbola
Polar coordinates, conic sections in polar coordinates
Graphing in polar coordinates
Tangents and normal, pedal equations, parametric representations of curves
Applications of Integration
Asymptotes.
Relative extrema, points of inflection and concavity
Singular, points, tangents at the origin
Graphing of Cartesian and polar curves
Area under the curve, area between two curves
Arc length and intrinsic equations
Curvature, radius and centre of curvature
Involute and evolute, envelope
Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions
Rectangular coordinates system in a space
Cylindrical and spherical coordinate system
. Direction ratios and direction cosines of a line
Equation of straight lines and planes in three dimensions
Shortest distance between skew lines
Equation of sphere, cylinder, cone, ellipsoids, paraboloids, hyperboloids
Quadric and ruled surfaces
Course Title: B Course of Mathematics-II [Mechanics (II)] Course Rating:
4 Cr. Hours

Kinematics
Rectilinear motion of particles
 Uniform rectilinear motion, uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion
Curvilinear motion of particle, rectangular components of velocity and
acceleration
Tangential and normal components
Radial and transverse components
Projectile motion
Kinetics
Work, power, kinetic energy, conservative force fields
Conservation of energy, impulse, torque
Conservation of linear ad angular momentum
Non-conservative forces
Simple Harmonic Motion
The simple harmonic oscillator, amplitude, period, frequency,
Resonance and energy
The damped harmonic oscillator, over damped, critically damped and under
damped
Motion, forces vibrations
Central Forces and Planetary Motion
Central force fields, equations of motion, potential energy, orbits
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
Apsides and apsidal angles for nearly circular orbits
Motion in an inverse square field
Centre of Mass and Gravity
Discrete and continuous systems, density of rigid and elastic bodies
Centroid: Discrete and continuous systems, solid region, region bounded by
planes
Semi-circular regions, sphere, hemisphere, cylinder and cone

Course Title: Mathematics A-III [Linear Algebra]

Credits Hours: 4
Matrices, Determinants and System of Linear Equations
Definition of matrix. various types of matrices
Algebra of matrices
Determinant of square matrix, cofactors and minors
Laplace expansion of determinants
Elementary matrices, adjoint and inverses of matrices
Rank of a matrix
Introduction to systems of linear equations
Cramer’s rule, Guassian elimination and Gauss Jordan method
Solution of homologenous and non homogenous linear equations

Vector Spaces
Real vector spaces, subspaces
Linear combination and spanning set.
Linear independence and basis and dimension, row space, Colum Space
 Linear Transformations
 Introduction to linear transformation
 Matrices of linear transformations
 Rank and nullity
 Eigen values and Eigen vectors
 Diagonalization
 Orthogonal diagonalization
 Orthogonal matrices, similar matrices

Course Title: Mathematics B-III [ Calculus (II)]

Credit Hours: 4
Sequence and Series
Sequences, Infinite series, Convergence of sequence and series
The integral test, Comparison tests, Ratio test, Root test
Alternative series, Absolute and conditional convergence
Power series, Interval and radius of convergence
Functions of Several Variables
Functions of two variables, Graphs of functions of two variables
Contour diagrams, Linear functions, Functions of three variables
Limit and continuity of a function of two variables
The partial derivative, Computing partial derivatives algebraically
The second-order partial derivative, Local linearity and the differential
Tangent planes and normal lines
Optimization, Maxima and minima of a function of two variables
Lagrange multipliers
Various methods for finding area and volume surface of revolution
Multiple Integrals
Double integral in rectangular and polar form
Triple integral in rectangular, Cylindrical and spherical coordinates
Course: Teaching of Mathematics Credit Hours: 3

Introduction: This course is designed specifically to equip the prospective science teachers with
the latest pedagogical knowledge required to teach the contents of Mathematics at secondary
level. In addition, the course will also provide the prospective science teachers an acquaintance
with the modern assessment techniques and use of modern equipment and computers in the field
of teaching of Mathematics.
Objectives:
Students will be able to
Differentiate between method, technique and strategy in context of teaching.
Describe various methods for teaching of Mathematics.
Identify most suitable method to teach diverse topics.
Extend their knowledge of teaching to implement various methodologies. Recognize the
importance of teaching of Mathematics.
Demonstrate the use of low cost no cost materials for teaching of Mathematics.
Apply the computer technology for teaching of Mathematics.
Course Contents
1. Teaching of Mathematics
Introduction
Mathematical literacy and its
importance Physical sciences and
limitations of science Definition of
Mathematics
Importance of Mathematics in everyday
life Why teach Mathematics
2. Aims and Objectives of teaching Mathematics

Aims of teaching Mathematics

Criteria for selection of aims
Objectives of teaching
Mathematics
3. Methods of teaching Mathematics
Various methods of teaching
Mathematics Lecture method
Project method
Inductive method
Deductive method
Scientific method
Problem solving
method Choice of best
method
 4. Lesson Planning
Advantages of the Lesson Planning
Feature of a lesson plan
Steps in lesson plan
Distinguishing features of mathematics lesson plan
5. Teaching aids in Mathematics
Importance of teaching aids
Principles for selection of teaching aids
Principles for effective use of teaching
aids Different types of teaching aid
material Charts, Diagrams, Pictures and
Bulletin board Improvised Apparatus
Text books
6. The Mathematics Teacher
Duties and Responsibilities of a Mathematics
teacher Effective use of Mathematics Laboratory
Making Mathematics teaching more Interesting
7. Evaluation in Mathematics
 Introduction
 Designing of Test
 Evaluation of Functional skills
 The Assessment of Practical work
Recent Trends in Teaching of Mathematics
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- I (Real Analysis)
Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours

Real Number System

Ordered sets, Fields, Completeness property of real numbers
The extended real number system, Euclidean spaces
Sequences and Series
Sequences, Subsequences, Convergent sequences, Cauchy sequences
Monotone and bounded sequences, Bolzano Weierstrass theorem
Series, Convergence of series, Series of non-negative terms, Cauchy condensation test
Partial sums, The root and ratio tests, Integral test, Comparison test
Absolute and conditional convergence
Limit and Continuity
The limit of a function, Continuous functions, Types of discontinuity
Uniform continuity, Monotone functions
Differentiation
The derivative of a function
Mean value theorem, Continuity of derivatives
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- I (Real Analysis)
Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours

Real Number System

Ordered sets, Fields, Completeness property of real numbers
The extended real number system, Euclidean spaces
Sequences and Series
Sequences, Subsequences, Convergent sequences, Cauchy sequences
Monotone and bounded sequences, Bolzano Weierstrass theorem
Series, Convergence of series, Series of non-negative terms, Cauchy condensation test
Partial sums, The root and ratio tests, Integral test, Comparison test
Absolute and conditional convergence
Limit and Continuity
The limit of a function, Continuous functions, Types of discontinuity
Uniform continuity, Monotone functions
Differentiation
The derivative of a function
Mean value theorem, Continuity of derivatives
Properties of differentiable functions.
Functions of Several Variables
Partial derivatives and differentiability, Derivatives and differentials of composite
functions
Change in the order of partial derivative, Implicit functions, Inverse functions, Jacobians
Maxima and minima, Lagrange multipliers
The Riemann-Stieltjes Integrals
Definition and existence of integrals, Properties of integrals
Fundamental theorem of calculus and its applications
Change of variable theorem
Integration by parts
Functions of Bounded Variation
Definition and examples
Properties of functions of bounded variation
Improper Integrals
Types of improper integrals
Tests for convergence of improper integrals
Beta and gamma functions
Absolute and conditional convergence of improper integrals
Sequences and Series of Functions
Definition of point-wise and uniform convergence
Uniform convergence and continuity
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- II [Algebra (Group Theory and
Linear Algebra)]
Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours

Groups
 Definition and examples of groups, Subgroups lattice
 Lagrange’s theorem, Cyclic groups
Cayley’s theorem
Complexes in Groups
 Complexes and coset decomposition of groups
 Centre of a group
 Normalizer in a group
 Centralizer in a group
Conjugacy classes and congruence relation in a group
Normal Subgroups
Normal subgroups
Proper and improper
normal subgroups
Factor groups
Isomorphism
theorems
Automorphism
group of a group
Commutator subgroups of a group
Permutation Groups
Symmetric or
permutation group
Transpositions
Generators of the symmetric and
alternating group Cyclic permutations
and orbits, The alternating group
Generators of the symmetric and
alternating groups

Sylow Theorems
Double cosets
Cauchy’s theorem for Abelian and non-
Abelian group
Sylow theorems (with proofs)
Applications of Sylow theory
Classification of groups with at most 7 elements
Ring Theory
Linear Algebra
Vector spaces, Subspaces
 Linear combinations, Linearly
independent vectorsSpanning set
Bases and dimension of a vector space
Homomorphism of
vector spacesQuotient
spaces
Linear Mappings
 Mappings, Linear mappings Rank and nullity
 Linear mappings and system of linear equations
 Algebra of linear operators
Space L( X, Y) of all linear transformations
Matrices and Linear Operators
Matrix representation of a
linear operator
Change of basis
Similar matrices
Matrix and linear transformations
Orthogonal matrices and orthogonal
transformationsOrthonormal basis and
Gram Schmidt process
Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Polynomials of matrices and
linear operatorsCharacteristic
polynomial
Diagonalization of matrices
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- III (Complex Analysis
and Differential Geometry)
Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours

The Concept of Analytic Functions

Complex numbers, Complex planes,
Complex functions Analytic functions
Elementary functions: Trigonometric, Complex exponential,
Logarithmic andhyperbolic functions
Infinite Series
Power series, Derived series, Radius
of convergenceTaylor series and
Laurent series
Conformal Representation
Transformation, conformal
 transformationLinear
transformation
Möbius transformations
Complex Integration
Complex integrals Cauchy-Goursat theorem
Cauchy’s integral formula and their
consequencesLiouville’s theorem
Morera’s theorem
Derivative of an analytic function
Singularity and Poles
 Review of Laurent series Zeros, Singularities Poles and residues Cauchy’s
residue theorem Contour Integration

Expansion of Functions and Analytic Continuation

Mittag-Leffler theorem
Weierstrass’s
factorization theorem
Analytic continuation
Theory of Space Curves
 Introduction, Index notation and summation convention Space curves, Arc
length, Tangent, Normal and binormal Osculating, Normal and rectifying planes
Curvature and torsion
 Fundamental existence theorem of space curves
Theory of Surfaces
Coordinate transformation Tangent plane and surface normal The first fundamental
form and the metric tensor The second fundamental formPrincipal, Gaussian, Mean,
Geodesic and normal curvatures Gauss and Weingarten equations Gauss and Codazzi
equations
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- IV
(Mechanics) Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours

Vector Integration
 Line integrals
 Surface area and surface integrals

Integral Theorems
 Green’s theorem
 Gauss’s theorem
 Gauss divergence theorem
 Stoke’s theorem
Curvilinear Coordinates
Orthogonal coordinates
Unit vectors in curvilinear system
 Arc length and volume elements
The gradient, Divergence and curl
Special orthogonal coordinate systems
Tensor Analysis
 Coordinate transformations, Einstein summation convention
 Tensors of different ranks, Contravariant, Covariant and mixed tensors
 Symmetric and skew symmetric
Quotient law
The line element and metric tensor
Christoffel symbols
Non Inertial Reference Systems
Accelerated coordinate systems and
inertial forcesRotating coordinate
systems
Velocity and acceleration in moving system: Coriolis,
Centripetal and transverse acceleration
Dynamics of a particle in a rotating coordinate system
Planar Motion of Rigid Bodies
Introduction to rigid and elastic bodies, Degrees of freedom,
Translations, Rotations, instantaneous axis and center of
rotation, Motion of the center ofmass
Euler’s theorem and Chasle’s theorem
Rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis: Moments and
products of inertia ofvarious bodies including hoop or cylindrical
shell, circular cylinder, spherical shell
Parallel and perpendicular axis theorem
Radius of gyration of various bodies
Motion of Rigid Bodies in Three Dimensions
General motion of rigid bodies in space: Moments and
products of inertia, Inertia matrix
The momentral ellipsoid
Angular momentum vector and
Principal axes and principal moments of
inertia
Euler Equations of Motion of a Rigid Body
Force free motion
Free rotation of a rigid body with an axis of symmetry
Motion of a spinning top and gyroscopes- steady precession,
Sleeping top principal moment, Euler’s Equations
The Eulerian angles, Angular velocity and kinetic energy in
terms of Euler angles, Space cone
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- V (Topology & Functional
Analysis) Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours

Topology
Definitionand examplesOpen and closed sets Subspaces Neighborhoods Limit points,
Closure of a set Interior, Exterior and boundary of a set
Bases and Sub-bases
 Base and sub bases Neighborhood bases
 First and second axioms of countablility Separable spaces, Lindelöf spaces
Continuous functions and homeomorphism
 Weak topologies, Finite product spaces
Separation Axioms
Separation axioms Regular spaces Completely regular spaces
Normal spaces
Compact Spaces
Compact topological spaces Countably compact spaces Sequentially compact
spaces
Connectedness
Connected spaces, Disconnected spacesTotally disconnected spaces
Components of topological spaces
Metric Space
Review of metric spaces Convergence in metric spacesComplete metric
spaces Completeness proofs Dense sets and separable spaces No-where dense
sets
Baire category theorem
Normed Spaces
Normed linear spacesBanach spaces Convex sets
Quotient spaces Equivalent normsLinear operators Linear functionals
Finite dimensional normed spaces Continuous or bounded linear
operators
Dual spaces
Inner Product Spaces
Definition and examples Orthonormal sets and basesAnnihilators, Projections
Hilbert space
Linear functionals on Hilbert spaces Reflexivity of Hilbert spaces
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- VI (Advanced Analysis)
Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours

Advanced Set Theory

 Equivalent Sets
Addition and multiplication of cardinals
Cartesian product, Axiom of Choice, Multiplication of
cardinal numbersOrder relation and order types, Well
ordered sets, Transfinite induction Addition and
multiplication of ordinals
Statements of Zorn’s lemma, Maximality principle
and their simple implications
Measure Theory
Outer measure, Lebesgue Measure, Measureable Sets and
Lebesgue measure, Non measurable sets, Measureable functions
The Lebesgue Integral
The Rieman Integral, The Lebesgue integral of a
bounded functionThe general Lebesgue integral
General Measure and Integration
Measure spaces, Measureable functions, Integration,
General convergencetheorems
Signed measures, The Lp-spaces, Outer measure and
measurabilityThe extension theorem
The Lebesgue Stieltjes integral, Product measures

Course Title: Advance Mathematics- VII (Methods of Mathematical

Physics)
Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours
Sturm Liouville Systems
Some properties of Sturm-Liouville equations
Regular, Periodic and singular Sturm-Liouville systems and its applications
Series Solutions of Second Order Linear Differential Equations
Series solution near an
ordinary point Series
solution near regular
singular points
Series Solution of Some Special Differential Equations
Hypergeometric function F(a, b, c; x)
Bessel equations
Expression for Jn(X) when n is half odd integer, Recurrence
formulas for Jn(X)Orthogonality of Bessel functions
Introduction to PDEs
Review of ordinary differential equation in more than
one variablesLinear partial differential equations
(PDEs) of the first order
Cauchy’s problem for quasi-linear first order PDEs
PDEs of Second Order
PDEs of second order in two independent variables with
variable coefficientsCauchy’s problem for second order PDEs
in two independent variables
Boundary Value Problems
Laplace equation and its solution in Cartesian, Cylindrical and spherical
polar coordinatesDirichlet problem for a circle
Wave equation
Heat equation
Fourier Methods
The Fourier transform
Fourier analysis of
generalized functionsThe
Laplace transform
Green’s Functions Transform
Expansion for Green’s
functions Transform
Closed form of Green’s functions
Variational Methods
Euler-Lagrange equations
Integrand involving one, two, three and n variables
Necessary conditions for existence of an extremum
of a functionalConstrained maxima and minima
Course Title: Advance Mathematics- VIII (Numerical Analysis)
Course Rating: 4 Cr. Hours

Error Analysis
Errors, Absolute errors, Rounding errors,
Truncation errors Inherent Errors, Major and
Minor approximations in numbers
The Solution of Linear Systems
Gaussian elimination method with pivoting, LU Decomposition methods,
Algorithm and convergence of Jacobi iterative Method, Algorithm and
convergence of GaussSeidel Method
Eigenvalue and eigenvector, Power method
The Solution of Non-Linear Equation
Bisection Method, Fixed point iterative method, Newton Raphson method,
Secant method, Method of false position, Algorithms and convergence of
these methods
Average and central difference operators
Ordinary Differential Equations
Euler’s, Improved Euler’s, Modified Euler’s methods with
error analysis Runge-Kutta methods with error analysis
Predictor-corrector methods for solving initial value problems
Finite Difference, Collocation and variational methods for boundary value problems
Interpolation
Lagrange’s interpolation
Newton’s divided difference interpolation
Newton’s forward and backward difference interpolation, Central
difference interpolation
Hermit interpolation
Spline interpolation
Errors and algorithms of these interpolations
Numerical Differentiation and Integration
Newton’s Forward, Backward and central formulae for numerical differentiation
Difference Equations
Linear homogeneous and non-homogeneous difference equations with constant
coefficients

Friction
Dry friction and fluid friction
Laws of dry friction, coefficients of friction, angle of friction
Equilibrium of a particle on a rough inclined plane
Particle on a rough inclined plane acted on by an external force
Here is the Official Link of Detail Courses that I study during my Bachelor (B.S.Ed) from
University of the Punjab :
https://pu.edu.pk/images/file/Course-Outlines/B.S.Ed.pdf