Chapter Four
Reactions in Aqueous
Solution
Chem 110
Chapter Four
Solutions and concentrations
• Solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances.
• When water is the solvent, the solution is called aqueous solution.
• Concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given
amount of solvent.
• The concentration of a solution can be expressed in many different ways.
• MOLARITY (M): is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
moles of solute (mol)
Molarity =
liters of solution (L)
n Unit of molarity is mol/L
M=
V
where M = molarity
n = number of moles
V = volume of solution in liters
Chem 110
Chapter Four
Solutions and concentrations
• Steps to prepare a solution of known molarity :
Chem 110
Chapter Four
Solutions and concentrations
• Example1:
How many grams of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) are required to prepare a
250 mL solution whose concentration is 2.16 M.?
Chem 110
Chapter Four
Solutions and concentrations
• Example1:
How many grams of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) are required to prepare a
250 ml solution whose concentration is 2.16 M.?
n
M=
V
where M = molarity
n = number of moles
V = volume of solution in liters
M =2.16 , V =250 mL = 250/1000= 0.25 L
n=MXV
= 2.16 X 0.25 = 0.54 mol
Chem 110
Chapter Four
Solutions and concentrations
n = mass / molar mass
Molar mass of K2Cr2O7 =
Mass (g)
2 x 39.1 + 2x52 + 7x16=294.2 g/mol
Mole (mol) Molar mass
Mass = n x molar mass
= 0.54 x 294.2 = 158.9 g
Chem 110
Chapter Four
Solutions and concentrations
• Example 2:
In a biochemical assay, a chemist needs to add 3.81 g of glucose (C6H12O6) to
a reaction mixture. Calculate the volume in milliteres of a 2.53 M glucose
solution he should use for the addition.
Chem 110
Chapter Four
Solutions and concentrations
• Example 2:
In a biochemical assay, a chemist needs to add 3.81 g of glucose (C6H12O6) to
a reaction mixture. Calculate the volume in millilitres of a 2.53 M glucose
solution he should use for the addition.
M = n/V
Molar mass of C6H12O6 =180.2 g/mol
n = mass/molar mass
= 3.81 / 180.2
= 0.021 mol
M = n/V
V = n/M
= 0.021 / 2.53 = 8.30 X 10-3 L
= 8.36 X10-3 X 103L = 8.30 mL
Chem 110
Chapter Four
Solutions and concentrations
FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS
NaCl Na + Cl
1 mol 1 mol 1mol
1M 1M 1M
Ba (NO3)2 Ba+2 + 2NO3-
1 mol 1 mol 2 mol
1M 1M 2M
Chem 110
Chapter Four
Solutions and concentrations
• Example:
What mass of Na2SO4 is needed to prepare 350 mL of a solution having a sodium
ion concentration of 0.125 M?
Na2SO4 2 Na+ + SO4 -2
MNa+ = 0.125, V= 350 mL, mass Na2SO4= ??
Moles of Na+
Molarity of Na+
=
volume
====➔ Moles of Na+ = M X V = 0.125 X 0.35 L = 0.044 mol of Na+
Na2SO4 2 Na+ + SO4 -2
Mass Na2SO4 = mol X molar mass
1 mole 2 moles Na
Na2SO4 ion = 0.022 x 142 = 3.12 g of
Na2SO4
? 0.044 mol
Chem 110
? = 0.04375 / 2 = 0.022 mol Na2SO4
Chapter Four
Dilution
Dilution
Add Solvent
Chem 110
Chapter Four
Dilution
• Dilution : is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a
more concentrated one.
M1 V1 = M2 V2
BEFORE AFTER
• Example 1 :
How you would prepare 5.00 x 102 mL of a 1.75 M H2SO4 solution, starting with
an 8.61 M stock solution of H2SO4?
M1 = 8.61 , V1= ?, M2 = 1.75, V2 = 5.00 X102
M1 V1 = M2 V2
8.61 X V1 = 1.75 X 5.00 X 102
V1 = 1.75 X 5.00 X 102 / 8.61 = 101.6 mL.
Chem 110
Chapter Four
Dilution
• Example 2:
How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3 from a stock solution of 4.00
M HNO3?
M1 = 4 , V1= ?, M2 = 0,2, V2 = 60
M1 V1 = M2 V2
4 X V1 = 0.2 x 60
V1 = 0.2 X 60 / 4 = 3 mL.
Chem 110
• Example 3: M1V1 + M2V2 = MfVf
Chem 110
