Basic-commands.

md 2024-09-04

2. Basic SQL Commands

SELECT Statement

Introduction to SELECT

The SELECT statement is fundamental in SQL, used to query data from one or more tables. It allows you to
specify which columns you want to retrieve and can be used to filter and sort the results.

Retrieving data from a database

To retrieve all columns from a table, use SELECT *. To select specific columns, list them separated by commas.

-- Retrieve all columns from the Employees table

SELECT * FROM Employees;

-- Retrieve specific columns from the Employees table

SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employees;

Note: To perform all the queries, we need a database and table where the data is
stored. This setup will enable us to practice all the SQL commands effectively.
Below, I will use SQL code to create a database, a table, and populate it with
sample data.

This will provide a practical environment for executing various SQL commands,
allowing you to test and understand how each command works.

Create the Database and Table

First, create a new database and then a table within it. You can copy and paste this code to set up the
environment:

-- Create the database

CREATE DATABASE SampleDB;

-- Use the database

USE SampleDB;

-- Create the table

CREATE TABLE Employees (
EmployeeID INT PRIMARY KEY,
FirstName VARCHAR(50),
LastName VARCHAR(50),
Department VARCHAR(50),
Salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
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JoinDate DATE
);

-- Insert sample data

INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Department, Salary,
JoinDate)
VALUES
(1, 'John', 'Doe', 'HR', 50000, '2020-01-15'),
(2, 'Jane', 'Smith', 'IT', 60000, '2019-03-10'),
(3, 'Michael', 'Johnson', 'Finance', 75000, '2021-07-22'),
(4, 'Emily', 'Davis', 'IT', 65000, '2022-11-11'),
(5, 'James', 'Brown', 'HR', 45000, '2018-05-30');

The outputs shoud look like this after executing the commands :

When writing SQL commands, especially for creating tables, it's often helpful to format your code with
line breaks and indentation. This makes the code more readable and easier to debug.

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In this formatted version, each column definition is on a new line. This clarity helps in several ways:

Readability: It's easier to see each column and its type, making the structure of the table clear at a glance.
Debugging: If there's an error or typo, it's simpler to identify and fix it. Each part of the table definition is
separate, so you can quickly locate and address issues.

Maintenance: When you need to modify the table structure later, having a well-organized format makes it
easier to make changes and understand the existing structure.

Although you can write the entire command on a single line, it can become challenging to spot errors or
understand the command, especially in more complex statements. Therefore, we recommend using a
formatted approach for better clarity and ease of use.

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SELECT DISTINCT

Removing duplicates from result sets

The SELECT DISTINCT statement ensures that only unique values are returned, eliminating duplicate rows
from the results.

Example:

To get a list of unique departments:

SELECT DISTINCT Department FROM Employees;

Result:

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WHERE Clause

Filtering results using WHERE

The WHERE clause filters records that meet specific criteria. It's used to specify the conditions for selecting
rows.

Example:

To find employees in the 'IT' department:

SELECT FirstName, LastName, Salary

FROM Employees
WHERE Department = 'IT';

Result:

Operators in WHERE Clause

You can use various operators to filter results:

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= : Equal
> : Greater than
< : Less than
>= : Greater than or equal
<= : Less than or equal
<> or != : Not equal (We can choose any of them)
BETWEEN : Between a certain range
LIKE : Search for a pattern
IN : Specify multiple possible values

Example:

To find employees with a salary between 50000 and 70000:

SELECT FirstName, LastName, Salary

FROM Employees
WHERE Salary BETWEEN 50000 AND 70000;

Result:

To find employees whose names start with 'J':

SELECT FirstName, LastName

FROM Employees
WHERE FirstName LIKE 'J%';

-- To find the Names end with 'J' we will write `%j` and for finding any
specific word or charecter in btw names we will write '%j%' .

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Result:

To find employees in departments 'IT' or 'Finance':

SELECT FirstName, LastName, Department

FROM Employees
WHERE Department IN ('IT', 'Finance');

Result:

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ORDER BY

Sorting results with ORDER BY

The ORDER BY clause sorts the result set based on one or more columns. You can sort in ascending (ASC) or
descending (DESC) order.

Example:

To sort employees by salary in descending order:

SELECT FirstName, LastName, Salary

FROM Employees
ORDER BY Salary DESC;

Result:

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AND, OR, NOT Operators

Combining multiple conditions with AND, OR, NOT

These logical operators are used in the WHERE clause to combine or negate conditions.

AND: Requires both conditions to be true.

OR: Requires at least one condition to be true.
NOT: Negates a condition.

Example:

To find employees in the 'IT' department with a salary greater than 60000:

SELECT FirstName, LastName, Department, Salary

FROM Employees
WHERE Department = 'IT' AND Salary > 60000;

Result:

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To find employees who are not in the 'HR' department:

SELECT FirstName, LastName, Department

FROM Employees
WHERE NOT Department = 'HR';

Result:

INSERT INTO

Inserting new data into a table

The INSERT INTO statement adds new rows to a table. You need to specify the columns and values for the
new row.

Example:

To add a new employee:

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INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Department, Salary,

JoinDate)
VALUES (6, 'Robert', 'Wilson', 'Marketing', 55000, '2023-04-18');

Updated Table:

-- Write this to view full table

SELECT * FROM employees;

Before

After

Note: A new record with EmployeeID 6 has been added.

NULL Values

Understanding and handling NULL values

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NULL indicates the absence of a value. It's not the same as an empty string or zero. Use IS NULL or IS NOT
NULL to check for NULL values.

Example:

To find employees with a NULL salary (none exist in our example):

SELECT FirstName, LastName, Salary

FROM Employees
WHERE Salary IS NULL;

Result:

UPDATE Statement

Modifying existing data in a table

The UPDATE statement is used to change existing records. You must specify which rows to update and what
new values to set.

Example:

To update the salary of 'James Brown':

UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = 50000
WHERE FirstName = 'James' AND LastName = 'Brown';

Updated Table:

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DELETE Statement

Removing data from a table

The DELETE statement is used to remove rows from a table. Be careful with DELETE as it permanently removes
data.

Example:

To delete the record of 'John Doe':

DELETE FROM Employees

WHERE FirstName = 'John' AND LastName = 'Doe';

Updated Table:

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SELECT TOP

Limiting the number of records

The SELECT TOP clause limits the number of rows returned in the result set. This is particularly useful for
pagination or when you need a subset of data.

Example:

To get the top 3 highest salaries:

SELECT FirstName, LastName, Salary

FROM Employees
ORDER BY Salary DESC
LIMIT 3;

Result:

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Well will Cover new topics in next Doc

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