..

.-

~ ~ ~rl! ~ ~- ~~- ~ ~ §lf1

~·e~
"Jj)ra_m,S__ lC\1'1l 1 !., ,-111~
..
Ideas of space and time, reference frame, ordinate systems and their use in anolySlng
position vector, instantaneous and ove- recliineor and cu,vilineor motions; angular
rage velocities. speeds and occelerattons: motion variables: angular position. angular
types of motion: rectilinear motion, velocity and angular occeleroHon, lcine-
curviUnear mo tion in o plane and in llilee n-,otici al errculor motion; constrained or
dimensions: Cartesian and polar co- dependent motion.

BACK TO BASICS
Average velocity u,. and average acceleration a,. of a particle:
r u
a,.
t t
Here r is position vector of the particle.
Instantaneous velocity u and instantaneous acceleration a of a
particle:
dr dv
V - a
dt di.
Usually the term "instantaneous" is dropped and in practice, we simply
speak and write velocity and acceleration instead of instantaneous ·velocity
and instantaneous acceleration.
I>i11placem ent r and distance travelled s i.n a time interval [t1, t 2]:
,, '•luldt
r udt v,. t, t, s
,, ~
 1.2 Chapter-I

Angular Motion Variables:

Angular position is an angle made by position vector from a fixed direction.
Average angular velocity .. and average angular acceleration

Instantaneous angular velocity and instantaneous angular acceleration

d d
di di
Acceleration a ofa particle: normal and tangential components:
Tanfential component of acceleration:
It accounts for change in speed.
de, du
d d

a u u
a a
u u
Normal Component of Acceleration:
It accounts for change in direction of motion.
u'
a !'I u " u

Here , is time rate at which velocity vector rotates and is radius

of curvnture of the trnjectory nt the point UJ1dcr conside.rnlion.
In circular motion, this component of acceleration is usually called
centripetal acceleration and radius of curvature becomes radius r of
the circular path.
Angular motion and line ar motion variables in circular motion:
s u r a r
Here centre of the circular path is taken as the origin or the coordinate
system.
Kinematics of translational motion in polar coordinate system:

dr dr.
u
dt
- e
dt '
r-ddt e re, r e
a r r ' e, r 2r e r r • e, r 2r e
Here components along base unit vectors and e,
are known as radial e
and transverse components respectively.
The first derivative of a variable with respect to time is generally denoted
by putting a single dot ( ) and double derivative by putting a double dot C)
over the variable.
 ,.~ffi om&➔ ,1., m<c..11ii➔ n-1,,, -
1.

(b) 30 s
(a) 20 s
(c) 40 s (d)45 s

2. Sam used to walk to school every morning, and it takes _h im 20 min.

Once on his way, be realized that he had forgotten bis homework
notebook at home. He Ju,,.w that ifhe con tinued walking to school at the
same speed, he would be there 8 min before I.he bell, so he went back
home for the notebook and arrived the school 10 min after the bell. I f he
had walked al1 the way wit.h his u sual speed, what fraction of the way
to school had he covered till the moment he turned back?
(a) 8/20 (b) 9/20
(c) 10/20 (d) 12/20
3. Three particles A, B and C start moving simultaneously with constant
velocities from three places. The starting places are collinear and that
of B is somewhere in between those of A and C. In the absence of C,
particles A and B would have collided t1 time after they started and in
the absence ofB, particles A and C would have collided t 2 time after they
started. What would have happened. if A were not present?
(a) H 12 > t,, particles Band C may or may not collide.
(b) If 12 > t 1, particles Band C collide in the interval (I,. la).
(c) H t2 11, particles B and C may collide at an instnnt t t2 •
(d)H 12 t,, particles Band C may collide in the interval It,, tl].

4. A ~article moving continuously in the positive x-direction passes the

positions x = 9 m_a_nd _17 m at_the instants t = 1 s and 3 s respectively.
Its averag~ veloc1hes m t~e time intervals (1 e, 3 s] and [O 8 , 6 s] are
equal Which of the folloWlilg statements is/arc correct?
(a)lt was at x = 5 matt= Os.
(b)Tt is moving with a uniform speed.
(c) Average velocity in the interval [:~ s. 6 s J ,,. ,t m/s.
(d) Information is insufficient t.o decide any of the above.

"· :h:~ ,~n~~ ::sses mark-A, driver applies brakes. Thereafter reducing
f or Yfrom 160 km/h at A, the car passes mark C with a speed
4 km/h. The marks are nt equal distances on the road as shown below .

.--Cl!, I
Mark-A l\,la.rk-8 Mo.rk-C

Tion 1.3 otlnnnlM"'

 Where on the road was the car moving with a speed 100 km/h? Neglect
the size of the car as compared to the distances involved.
(a)At mark-B
(b) Botwocn mark-A and mark-8
(c) Between mark-8 and mark-C
(d)Information is insufficient to decide.

6. Two particles A and B start from the same point and move in the positive
x-direction. In a time interval of 2.00 s after they start, their velocities
v vary wiLh time l as shown in I.he following figures. What is the maxi-
mum separation between the particles du.ring this time interval?
vl(m/1) Particle A u/(m/sl Particle B
2.00 2.00 - - ~ - - - --

1.00

1.00 2.00 ti• 1.00

(a) 1.00 m (b) 1.25 m

(c) 1.50 m (d)2.00 m

7. A material particle is chasing another one and both of them are moving
on the same straight line. After they pass a particular point, their
velocities v vary with time t as shown in the figure. When will the chase
end?
(a) 4.0 s (b) 6.0 s
(c) 12 s (d) Insufficient information.

8 . Two cars A and B simultaneously start a race. Velocity v of the car A

varies with time t according to the graph shown in the figure. It acquires
a velocity 50 m/s few seconds before t = I 00 sand thereafter moves with
this speed. Car B runs together with car A till both acquire a velocity 20
mis; after this, car B moves with zero acceleration for one second and
then follows velocity-time profile identical to that of A with a delay of
one second. In this way, car B acquires the velocity 50 mis one second
ai\.er A acquires it. How much more distance s does the car A cover in
the first 100 s as compared to the car B?
(a) s = 30 m (b) s < 30 m
(c) s = 20 m (d) Insufficient information.

!I. A model rocket fired from the ground ascends with a constant upward
acceleration. A small bolt is dropped from the rocket 1.0 s after the firing
and fuel of the rocket is finished 4.0 s afte·r the bolt is dropped. Air-time
of the bolt is 2.0 s. Acceleration of free fa.LI is 10 m/s2. Which of the
following statements is/are correct?
(a)Acceleration of the rocket while ascending on its fuel is 8.0 m/s2•
(b)Fuel of the rocket was finished at a height 100 m above the ground.
(c) Maximum speed of the rocket during its upward flight is 40 mis.
(d)Total air-time of the rocket is I 5 s.

10. Drag force of a fluid on a body is proportional to the velocity of the body
relative to the fluid. A student drops several small identical stones from

c,/(m/s) vl(ml•) I ,◄ Chaple<• I

50 ---:;-;;;·---~-

3 4 ti&
00 100 tis
 ICinemottcs of l ronslotionof Motion 1.5

different heights over II deep lake and prepares graphs between speed u
of every stone in the water and time I. The g-raphe can be divided into
three categories as shown here. Which of the following explanatio ns of
these graphs appear reasonable?
:.1=:--
(a) The first graph is for a stone dropped from a s mall height, and the
second is for a stone dropped from n large height.
(b) The first graph is for a stone dropped from a large height, and the
second is for a stone dropped from a small height.
:.k:----
(c) Tho third graph is for a stone dropped from a bcighL sufficient Lo
acquire the speed 11 0 at the instant it enters the waler.
:.1....- - -
(d)The third graph is not possible.
ylm
I 1. From a place on the ground that is 20 m away from a well, a bullet is 60
fired aiming at a 50 m high mark on the wall Tho location of the bullet . ·i
is shown by a circular doL at some point of time. Where on the wall will 2.5
the bullet hit?
:dm
(a) 20 m mark (b) 25 m mark 00 10 15 20
(c) SO m mark (d)35 m mark

12. A cylindrical pipe of radius r is rolling Lowards a Crog sitting on the

horizontal ground. Centre of the pipe is moving with a constant velocity
u. To save itself, the frog jumps off and pa88Cs over the pipe touching it
only Ill the top. Denoting air-time of the frog by T, horizontal range of
the jump by R ond acceleration due to gravity by g, which of the
following conclusions can you make?

(a) T -1f, (b) T 4i

(c) R 4 ..{;; u i (d) R 4 ..{;; u .ff
I:J. Seven buoys A. B, C, D, E, F and G are released in a lake at regular - @
intervals in a manner to make a square pattern as shown in the figure. I
The buoys A, C, E a.n d G are on the vertices and tho buoys B, D and F
are at tbc midpoints of the sides of the squarc.1£t be buoys were released
cp
I
in a uniformly flowing river in the same manner, the buoy G falls on A.
What p11Uem would they make in the river?
© @-©
© .@
/I <of,·®
(a) ®® (b)

©@-® ©".. @ ®
@ @
'·,·•. / .\
: \
(c) ~® (d) @®
© ~ ':@ ©-@·®
1.6 Chopler-1
14. Two motorboats that can move with velocities 4.0 m/s and 6.0 mis
relative to water are going up-stream in a river. When the faster boat
overtakes the slower boat, a buoy is dropped from the slower boat. After
lapse of a time interval, both the boats turn back simultaneously and
move at the same speeds relative to the water as before. Their engines
are switched off when they reach the buoy again. If the maximum
separation between the boats is 200 m after the buoy is dropped and
water flow velocity in the river is 1.5 mis, find distance between the
places where the faster boat passes by the buoy.
(a) 75 m (b) 150 m
(c) 300 m (d) 350 m

15. On a road going out of a city, lights of the last traffic signal glow green
for l.O min and red for 2.0 min. After the traffic signal, the road is
straight and vehicles nm at their constant speeds that lie in the range
60 km/h to 80 km/h. This mode of operation of traffic lights causes the
vehicles to come out of the city in groups. Some distance away from the
traffic signal, these groups merge and become indistinguishable.
Assuming that the vehicles acquire their constant speeds after the
traffic signal in negligible time, which of the following conclusions can
you make?
(a) The groups become indistinguishable 4 .0 km after the traffic signal.
(b)The groups become indistinguishable 8.0 km after the traffic signal.
{c) Wider is the range of speed of the vehicles; greater is the distance
where the groups become indistinguishable.
(d) Larger is the number of fast. moving vehicles, shorter is the distance
where the groups become indistinguishable.

16. Two students simultaneously start from the same place on a circular
track and run for 2 min. In this time, one of them completes three and
the other four revolutions. Due to thick vegetation in a circular area as
shown in the figure, either of the boys can see only one third of the track
at a time. How long during their run do they remain visible to each
other?
(a) 20 s (b) 40 s
(c) BO s (d) 160 s

y I 7. At a pa.r ticular instant of time, position vector r , velocity vector t1 and

angular position of a particle traversing a path AB are shown in the
figure. Here is the angle made by the velocity vector with the positive
x-axis. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
A
d usin
{a)Modulus of angular velocity is - ----
dt r
X

(b) Modulus of tangen tial component of acceleration is rd' 2 •

dt
{c) Modulus of normal component of ae(!t!]eration is 11 ~ •

(d)Modulus of normal component of acceleration is v.!...

dt
 Kinematics of
18. A boy takes 60 min to swim across a river, if his goal is to minimize time;
and takes 180 min, if his goal is to minimize to zero the distance that he
is carried downstream. In both these attempts, the boy swims with the
same speed relative to the river current. Which of the following
statements can be true?
(a) He can swim r elative to water fast.er thim the river current.
(b) He cannot swim relative to water faster than the river current.
(c) If width of the river
(d) LC he crosses a
km qownstrelllll, ,
(a)Maximum speed ofD 1s 4 mis.
(b) Maximum acceleration of B is 2 m/s2 •
(c) During one revolution of A. distance travelled by B is 32 m.
(d) ModuluR of velocity of o particle relative to the other is a constant.
22. Three ants A, Band Care crawling on a large horizontal tabletop always
occupying vertices of an equilateral triangle, size of which may vary
with time. lf at an instant, speeds of A and B are VA and v8 , which of the
following conclusions can you make for speed vc of C?
(a) Ve 0.5 VA v, (b) Ve 0.5 v. VB

(c) Ve VA Va (d) Ve v,\ Va

23. Components along and perpendicular to a position vector are known as

radial and transverse components respectively. A particle is projected
horizontally from the top a tower. Assume acceleration due to gravity to
be uniform and the origin of the coordinate system at the point of
projection.
19. Two balls A and D are simultaneously released on two frictionless
inclined planes from the positions shown. The inclined planes have
equal inclinations. The balls pass through a particular horiwntal level
12 sand 4 s after they were released. How long after they were released
will they be closest to each other'!
(a) 6 s (b) 8 s
(c)l2s (d)l6e

20. A horizontal wax ba.r B rests between a wedge and a vertical wall as
shown in the figure. The wedge starts moving towards the wall with a
constant acceleration 0.5 mm/s2• The moment the wedge starts moving,
a continuous supply of heat from the wall starts melting 1.0 mm length
of the wax bar per second. If the bar always remains horizontal, which
of Lhe following conclusions can you make?
(a)The bar first moves downwards and then upwards.
(b)The bar stops for a moment after 2.0 s from the beginning.
(c) Modulus of displacement of the bar in the first 4 s is 1.5 mm.
(d)Distance traveUed by the bar in the first 4 sis 1.5 mm.

21.
Motion y
/4-::::lnilotionolfro
~
 Kinematics of Tronslofionol Motion 1.9
separation between every two adjacent cars again becomes 10 m after
the whole convoy stops, what can be the deceleration of the cars during
braking?
(a) 2 mi!!2 (h) 4 m/p.2
(c) 2 (d) Insufficient information

Questions 29 to 31 a re based on th e following physical situatio n.

53/1
A hot air balloon of constant ascent velocity can be used to investigate
wind velocities at various altitudes. Employing this idea, one day a hot
air balbon was released at a distance l = 100 m from a point, where a
telescope was installed to track the balloon. Since wind velocity was
almost zero up to a height of approximately 30 m that day, the balloon 15 I j
first rose upwards and then due to horizontal drift caused by the wind
it followed a plane curvilinear path. During continuous tracking of the 3.35 50 t/min
balloon, the telescope has been rotated in a vertical plane without
change in azimuth. A graph depicting bow the angle of elevation varies
with time thus obtained is shown in tbe figure.

29. Ascent velocity of the balloon is closest to

(a) 2.67 m/min (b) 6 m/min
(c) 8 mlmin (d) Information is insufficient to decide.

30. Wind velocity at the altitude of the balloon, where angle of elevation
acquires its maximum value is closest to
(a) 4 mlmin (b) 6 m/min
(c) 8 m/min (d) 10 m/min

31. Horizontal drift of the balloon, when angle of elevation acquires its
maximum value is closest to
(a) 180 m (b) 200m
(c) 300 m (d) Insufficient information.

Que stions 32 to 35 are bas e d on the fo llowing physical s ituation.

Two particle A and B are moving towards each other on a straight line
with equal speeds 5 m/s. At an instant that is assumed t = 0 s, distance
between the particles is 100 m. It is desired to move another particle C
always maintaining a distance 40 m from the particle A and 30 m from
the particle B.

32. When and for how long can the particle C fulfil the given condition?
(a) t (b) t
(c) t (d) t

33. What is speed of the particle C at the instant t = 5 s?

(a) 3.5 m/s (b) 4.8 mis
(c) 5 mis (d) 6 mis

:34_ What is modulus of acceleration of the particle Cat the instant t = 5 s?

(a) 2.3 m/s2 (b) 0.58 m/s2
(c) 0.90 m/s2 (d) 3.30 m/s2
U O Chapler-1
:15. At the instant, when the line joining locations of A and B is
perpendicular to the line joining locations of B and C, what are the
magnitudes of velocities of C relative to A and B respectively?
(a) 0 mis. and 5 mis (h) 0 mlr. and 10 m/r.
(c) 3.75 mis and 0 mis (d) 3.75 mis and 10 mis

•=®G§11!!1·11 1111,i·Mt1fl,i,O,t.i
I. In an announcement on a railway station, a passenger hears that the
a
last train has passed the station t 1 =30 min earlier than h is train. On
the next station that is s = 20 km away from the previous station, in
another announcement he hears that the first train arrived t 2 = 20 min
earlier than his train. Reading time from his watch , he calculates
average speed of his train to be 11p = 60 km/h_ Relying on the announce-
ments and the passenger's calculations, determine average speed of the
first train.

2. One day you were on a picnic with your class. During return journey
from the picnic spot to your school, it began to rain, therefore the driver
reduced speed of the bus and drove with an average speed 11 ; = 60 km/h
instead of the scheduled average speed v0 = 70 km/h. After the rain
stopped, the driver drove the bus at an average speed 11 2 = 75 km/h and
covered the remaining s = 40 km exactly in scheduled time. How long
did it rain?

3. There is a narrow bridge somewhere on a road conneeting two towns.

Two cars travel from one of the t-0wns to the other with a constant speed
v, everywhere on the road, except on the bridge, where they travel with
another constant speed 112 • How the separation s between the cars varies
with time t is shown in the following graph.
slm
., = 500 t - - - . . ; ~ - - - - - - - --;;,.---

I, =10 =
t, 30 t, = 80 I, = 100 Us

(a)What is the speed 111 of the cars on the road?

(b) What is the speed 112 of the cars on the bridge?
(c) What is length of the bridge?

=
4. Traffic signals are installed at every s 1.00 km on a long straight road.
A signal remains red for = 30 s and green for next = :30 s. The signals
are synchronized io such a way that at a time, alternate signals remain
red and the other remain green. The scheme is shown in the following
figure.
 Kinematics of Tronslotionol Motion LI I

IGrecn IGreen
Any 30 •
duration
IBro ~
Next 30• IGroen IRed IGreeo IRed
duration

Suggest possible constant speeds at which a vehicle can run on this road
without a stop.
5. A traffic officer receives complaints on frequent traffic jams at a traffic
signal on the main street of a busy market. He studied the traffic pattern
and to simplify calculations made a reasonable assumptions that all the
vehicles are identical in size and move with identical speeds. At present,
durations of red and the green signals are equal a.n d average speed of
traffic advancement is u1 = 1.5 mis. For improvement in the situation, if
he orders to make duration of green signals = 2 times and to leave that
of red signals unchanged, what would be average speed u2 of the traffic
advancement?

6. An engineer designs a robot that can climb stairs. U the robot climbs
with a constant speed u, battery of the robot discharges completely in a
time interval . This dependence is shown in the fol1owing graph.
0 .08 :::: :::::: :::: !!: : : • ::: ;:::: ••n •:::::- ! ., :: :::: _..,..,,.....,. &
::::•
! /e I
·~·~m~~··g~•~~l~~-~~-g~!§i~gg~g~~~~~~g~gg.:-g~g
O.Oti ................................................................-.~·--·····
:=::.::=: ::::::.:::::::::: ::.:::L::;:.:.:..:::: ::,: : :.:::=.::•.::::::.~ :;::

:::: :::::: .::: ::: :::::: ::::: ::::::::::::::•:.::::::..::::::::

oao o 0&00&0 O oao • • • o • - · • • O H O o - • • • • • • • - • • • __.. . . . . . - - : : : : : : :.: . : • • ;
0.04 :::. :::::: :::: ::: : ::::: : :: : : ::::::!!'·~:;..:::: : ::: •• : ::::: ::: ::
:·. :::::: :::::-::::· ::-;·-;: :::~ . ::•::,:::::: ::::.:.:. ::::::::
'~g :::g~ ·E~~n ~~ ••g mg:..,:.ggg••~~ ~g~=·•..::=:1gm
. · - .
............ .........................................................................
0.02 :::: :::::: ::: : : ::: : :' : : :.:::::::: ::: :::::: - ·::. ::::::.

-
: ::

00
::::::::::::::::::····::::::-··::::::--···::::::- ::::::'"
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
.. 3.0 uf(m/s)
0.5

With the help of the graph, determine the maximn.m length of a

staircase, which the robot can climb with a constant velocity.

7. A semi-cylindrical groove of radius r = 20 cm is made on a horizontal

floor. An ant wants to cross the groove. A boy decides to help the ant
making a bridge consisting of straight wire segments. But all the wires
available are of length l =38 cm, so the boy rigidly connects two wires
at right angle and places the bridge in the groove as shown in the figure.
If the ant can crawl up a wire segment at speed u = 0.5 emfs and down
a wire segment at speed 2v, in what minimum time can the ant cross
the groove with the help of this bridge?

S. A particle covers a distance unidirectional1y with uniform acceleration.

Tf its average velocity is Vav, what could be range of modulus of its
instantaneous velocity at the midpoint of the path?

9. Relation between average velocity u•• of a body and time L is shown in

the graph. lf during the time interval considered, the body did not
change diredion of motion, draw a graph between instantaneous
velocity of the body and time. 14:1.
2 3 4 tis
 Kinematics of Tronslotionol Motion LI I

IGrecn IGreen
Any 30 •
duration
IBro ~
Next 30• IGroen IRed IGreeo IRed
duration

Suggest possible constant speeds at which a vehicle can run on this road
without a stop.
5. A traffic officer receives complaints on frequent traffic jams at a traffic
signal on the main street of a busy market. He studied the traffic pattern
and to simplify calculations made a reasonable assumptions that all the
vehicles are identical in size and move with identical speeds. At present,
durations of red and the green signals are equal a.n d average speed of
traffic advancement is u1 = 1.5 mis. For improvement in the situation, if
he orders to make duration of green signals = 2 times and to leave that
of red signals unchanged, what would be average speed u2 of the traffic
advancement?

6. An engineer designs a robot that can climb stairs. U the robot climbs
with a constant speed u, battery of the robot discharges completely in a
time interval . This dependence is shown in the fol1owing graph.
0 .08 :::: :::::: :::: !!: : : • ::: ;:::: ••n •:::::- ! ., :: :::: _..,..,,.....,. &
::::•
! /e I
·~·~m~~··g~•~~l~~-~~-g~!§i~gg~g~~~~~~g~gg.:-g~g
O.Oti ................................................................-.~·--·····
:=::.::=: ::::::.:::::::::: ::.:::L::;:.:.:..:::: ::,: : :.:::=.::•.::::::.~ :;::

:::: :::::: .::: ::: :::::: ::::: ::::::::::::::•:.::::::..::::::::

oao o 0&00&0 O oao • • • o • - · • • O H O o - • • • • • • • - • • • __.. . . . . . - - : : : : : : :.: . : • • ;
0.04 :::. :::::: :::: ::: : ::::: : :: : : ::::::!!'·~:;..:::: : ::: •• : ::::: ::: ::
:·. :::::: :::::-::::· ::-;·-;: :::~ . ::•::,:::::: ::::.:.:. ::::::::
'~g :::g~ ·E~~n ~~ ••g mg:..,:.ggg••~~ ~g~=·•..::=:1gm
. · - .
............ .........................................................................
0.02 :::: :::::: ::: : : ::: : :' : : :.:::::::: ::: :::::: - ·::. ::::::.

-
: ::

00
::::::::::::::::::····::::::-··::::::--···::::::- ::::::'"
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
.. 3.0 uf(m/s)
0.5

With the help of the graph, determine the maximn.m length of a

staircase, which the robot can climb with a constant velocity.

7. A semi-cylindrical groove of radius r = 20 cm is made on a horizontal

floor. An ant wants to cross the groove. A boy decides to help the ant
making a bridge consisting of straight wire segments. But all the wires
available are of length l =38 cm, so the boy rigidly connects two wires
at right angle and places the bridge in the groove as shown in the figure.
If the ant can crawl up a wire segment at speed u = 0.5 emfs and down
a wire segment at speed 2v, in what minimum time can the ant cross
the groove with the help of this bridge?

S. A particle covers a distance unidirectional1y with uniform acceleration.

Tf its average velocity is Vav, what could be range of modulus of its
instantaneous velocity at the midpoint of the path?

9. Relation between average velocity u•• of a body and time L is shown in

the graph. lf during the time interval considered, the body did not
change diredion of motion, draw a graph between instantaneous
velocity of the body and time. 14:1.
2 3 4 tis
2:3, Two bikers simultaneously start a race with constant speeds from point
A to traverse a triangular track ABC, one clockwise and the other in
anticlockwise sense. They simultaneously cross at B first time after a
time interval t 1 4 min. 1f they continue the race, how long after they
cross at B first ti.me will they again aimuJtaneou11ly cross at B?

.24. On a straight section of a highway, sensors are installed to measure

traffic density. For each lane of the highway, a sensor runs on an
overhead wire. On a particular day, a sensor running with a speed u 5
km/h opposite to the flow of traffic underneath, count.s N 360 vehicles
in a length L I km of the highway. l.f all the vehicles are moving with
the aame constant speed v 40 km/h and density of the vehicles is
uniform, calculate number of vehicles per I 100 m of the lane.

25. A train passeB a platform with n uniform speed. A boy standing on the
platform decides to estimate length of a coach and speed of the train.
For this purpose, he first runs with a constant speed or u 10 km/h in
tho direction of the motion of the train n.nd passcl:i by n coach in n1 30
steps. Then he turns b11ck 1 runs at the same constant speed and puees
by a coach in n2 20 steps. If the boy covers a distance l = 1.0 m in each
step, answer the following qucstlont1.
(a) What is the apeed of the train?
(b) What i• the length or a coach?

:Hi. A ship of length l 160 m moving with velocity u, 36 km/h on the sea
suddenly discovered a sinking boat straight ahead. A rescue boat has
boon lowcrod from tho mid or tho ahip, which wont to tho sinking boat
with speed uh 72 km/h. When the rescue boat overtakes the lending
edge of the ship, the sinking boat was x 0 3.0 km away, 'l'he rescue boat
reaches the sinking boat, spends to 1.0 min there to take t.he people on
board and then returns with the same speed. Determine time taken in
the whole rescue operation from the moment the rescue boat was
lowered to the moment the rescue boat returned to the mid of the ship
from where it was lowered.

2. 7. At the initial instant, two particles are observed at different locations

moving towards each other with velocities u 1 and u 2 • If they arc
subjected to constant accelerations a 1 and a 2 i.n directions opposite to
their initial velocities, they will meet twice. If ti.me interval between
the8e two meetings is t, find suitable expression for their initial
separation.
2 8. At a particular instant., a particle moving with a constant velocity is
approaching a fixed point with a velocity u 3 mis and after a time
interval t 6 s the particle passes the position closest to the fixed point
with a velocity u 5 mis. Find the closest di.stance between the fixed
point end the particle.
1!1. Two material particles A and 8 are moving in free space. How their
ptulition coordinates x, y and z vary with time t is shown in the following
graphs.

A
t:s:
1.1 4 Chcpler-1

b=300 m c =500m

C a = 400m B
 Kinemoti~ of Tronslo1ionol Motion 1.1 S

xlm
I
y/m zim , __
I IA IB

10
\
. I

I
10
I
I 10
"
"
I
- -"'-·~--
6 5 5
I
__
00
- . - -\-B
n- ti• 00
\. 8
'
5
-
tis 00
,
'<A
'
---
5 tis
Determine at what instant of time the particles are closest to each other
and the closest separation.

30. Consider two steamers A and B on a calm sea. Steamer A is moving

towards the north with a constant speed IIA = 30 km/h and steamer B
t-0wards the south with a constant speed 118 = 10 km/h. If smoke ejected
by steamer A spreads in a straight line from the steamer towards the
west and smoke ejected by steamer B spreads in another straight line
from the steamer towards the north-west, determine magnitude and
direction of the wind velocity.

31. Two identical boats are moving relative to the water cw-rent with equal
speed Gb/w = 1.0 mis. To a boy standing on the ground, the first boat
appears moving perpendicular to the river current and t-0 another boy
st.anding on a r-dft in the river. the second boat appears moving
perpendicular to the shoreline. In a certain time interval, distances of
the boats from the shoreline increase by y 1 = 4.0 m and y 2 5.0 m =
respectively. Calculate speed of the river current.

32. A man in a boat starts from a point A and wants to reach a point C on Br- -tc 0

the other bank of a river of width b. The point C is at disbmce a

downstream from a point B, which is directly opposite to the point A
The water current velocity u., is uniform everywhere. Find the
minimum speed of the boat relative to the water current and
b
A
I
! 90•
corresponding direction in which the boat must be st~ered.
I
□

33. Three points A, B, and C are on a straight horizontal line with equal
distances between adjacent points. At an instant all the three points
start moving, the point A begins to move vertically upwards with a
constant velocity u and the point C vertically downwards with a
constant acceleration a without any initial velocity. How should the
point B move vertically so that the three points always remain collinear?

31 . Three blocks A, Band Care suspended with the help of three pulleys
and two threads with equal horizontal separation between adjacent
hlnck". Tnitinlly thP. hlnck,s nrP. hP.ld at rP.>:t at thP. "amP. lP.vP.1 and thP.n
released. The blocks move in such a way that they always remain in a
straight line. Jf a t an instant, the block Bis observed moving downwards
with velocity 4 cm/s relative to block A, find velocities of all the blocks
at this instant.
- -
ii.i,t:l!l'l-11I1 - - ~1u,
11,MIIUl,i·ilel-! 1 ~~---iM

I. A 10 km long straight road connects two towns A and B. Two cyclists ---,=---~--.A___
~ r--
start simultaneously, one from town A and the other from town B. On
reaching the opposite town a cyclist immediately returns to his starting
town whereas the other cyclist takes some rest and then returns to his ;---<-----1
starting town. Both of them can ride at a speed 20 km/h in absence of
;J r,. A boat is moving with uniform velocity llb = 20 mis pulling a water skier
with the help of a tug-rope of length I 10 m. To increase bis speed the
water skier tilts the skies slightly away from the direction of motion of
the boat. As he does so, the tug rope rotates. What is the s peed u. of the
skier with respect to the ground and angular velocity of lh.e rope, when
= 30° and 60°?

36. The load A is being pulled with the help of two inextensible strings that
pass over two fixed pulleys as shown in the figure. At an instant
velocities of the ends of the string being pulled are u 1 and u 2 and the
angle between the strings connected to the load is , what is speed of the
load'?
37. A stick AB of length I stands vertically on a horizontal floor leaning on
a wall. A beeUe P starts climbing the slick from the floor. When the
beetle starts climbing, the lower end B of the stick is made lo move away
from the wall with a constant velocity 11. The beetle climbs the stick with
a constant speed u relative to the stick. If the upper end A does not leave
the wall, what maximum height can the beetle rise?
:Hl. A spacecraft is moving in space, where all the external forces can be
neglected. Any change in its speed and direction of motion can be
accomplished by rockets installed on it. At an instant when it is moving
with a speed u = 100 mis, the crew inside decides to take a 90° turn with
an acceleration of constant modulus and then move in the new direction
with the same speed 11. The rockets installed can provide a maximum
acceleration a 2• Find the minimum time spent and shape of

the path followed during the turn.

3!J. A dog running with a constant speed II is chasing a cat that is running
with a constant velocity u . During the chase, the dog always heads
towards the cat. At an instant, direction of motion of the dog makes
angle with that of the cat and the distance between them is r. Find
magnitude of acceleration of the dog at this instant.
40. A straight track is tangent to a circular track of radius r. Two material
points A and B start simultaneously from the common point of the
tracks. The point A moves with uniform velocity u on the straight track
whereas the point Bon the circular track always keeping itself collinear
with the centre of the circular track and the point A. Find suitable
expression for magnitude of acceleration of the point B when it is at
angular position .
 K.inemotics of Tronslotionol Motion Ll 7
wind but during their whole journey uniform wind from town A to B
increases speed of a cyclist going with the wind by the same amount as
it decreases the speed of the cyclist going against the wind. Both the
cyclists meet twice, first2 km and then 6 km away from one of the towns.
In which town and for what period a cyclist rests.
2. Imagine a change in the famous story of the hare and the tortoise. In
this new story, when the hare wakes up, he finds the tortoise x 0 = 10.0
km ahead moving with a constant velocity. The hare not ready t-0 give
up starts running again with a constant velocity. In its effort to win, it
overcomes this distance in time t 1 , but during this time the tortoise
crawls further a dist ance x 1 , the hare overcomes x 1 in time t 2 , but the
tortoise in this time crawls further a distance x 2 • This situation
continues repeatedly. A monkey, who was the referee measures only
distance x~ = 0.08 m and time t1 = 1.28 x 10 7 s. Assuming the hare and
the tortoise as particles, find their speeds. How long after the hare
wakes up, will it win?

3. A train is moving at a constant speed of v 90 km/h on a straight level •

track. From a railway station P on the track, there is a vi]Jage Q at a P ll
distance y =1.2 km in a direction perpendicular to the track. When the
engine Eis x = 1.6 km away from the station, the driver honks a beep of
born of duration = 44 s. Calculate durations of the honking r and Q Q •
heard at the station and in the village. Speed of sound in still air is c =
360 m is and there is no wind.
4. A material point moving along a straight line enters an 87.5 m segment
with speed 5.0 mis and leaves with speed 10 mis. The particle crosses
the segment with unidirectional acceleration that never exceeds 1.0
m/s2 • Find range of average acceleration of the point on this segment.?
5. Two balls are dropped from the top of a cliff at a time interval t = 2 s.
The first ball hits the ground, rebounds elastically (reversing direction
instantly without losing speed), and collides with the second ball at a
height h. = 55 m above the ground. How high is the top of the cliff?
6. A ball released from a certain height, falls in the influence of gravity,
strikes the ground and repeatedly rebounds elastically. During a time
interval t = 8 s from the instant it is released, it. covers a dist.a.nee s = 20
m. How many collisions during this time did the ball make with the
ground? Acceleration of free fall is g = 10 m/s2•
7. During the last second of its flight, a ball thrown vertically upwards
covers one-half of the distance covered during the whole flight. The point
of projection and the point of landing may or may not be in the same
horizontal level. What maximum possible duration of the flight can be
obtained? Neglect :ur rcsista.nce a.nd """umc nccolcrotion of froo fall to
be 10 m/s2 •
8. A boy starts from point A and passes point C of a track ABC shown in A B
the figure . Portion AB of length / is straight an d portion BC is a
semicircle of radius r (r < [). Anywhere on the track, the modulus of the
maximum acceleration of the boy is a. Find minimum transit time of the
boy from A to C.
,)
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