European Journal of Orthodontics 31 (2009) 632–637 © The Author 2009.

2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society.
doi:10.1093/ejo/cjp046 All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: [email protected]
Advance Access Publication 17 June 2009

Non-syndromic concomitant hypodontia and supernumerary

teeth in an orthodontic population
Margarita Varela, Patricia Arrieta and Cesar Ventureira
Unidad de Ortodoncia, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain

SUMMARY The simultaneous occurrence of hypodontia and supernumerary teeth in the same individual
is termed ‘concomitant hypo-hyperodontia’ (CHH). There appears to be a correlation between CHH
and some syndromes, but this anomaly is very rare in the general population. The aim of this study
was to investigate the frequency of CHH in a large sample of non-syndromic orthodontic patients. The

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records of 2108 consecutive non-syndromic orthodontic patients aged from 7 to 16 years were examined
retrospectively. Every patient had at least one panoramic radiograph. When the diagnosis of hypodontia
and/or hyperodontia was made in a child under 10 years of age, a second panoramic film was taken 2–4
years later. Statistical analysis of the data was undertaken using a chi-square test.
Single or multiple hypodontia was diagnosed in 137 patients (6.5 per cent), 62 males and 75 females.
One or more supernumerary teeth were found in 42 patients (2 per cent), 22 males and 20 females. CHH
was diagnosed in seven subjects (0.33 per cent), four males and three females. In the CHH subpopulation,
the total number of absent and supernumerary teeth was nine and eight, respectively. Hypodontia always
occurred in the permanent dentition and was more frequent in the mandible than in the maxilla (four versus
three teeth). Supernumerary teeth were more frequent in the permanent than in the primary dentition (six
versus two teeth). Five supernumeraries were located in the maxilla and three in the mandible.

Introduction
syndromes (Yusof, 1990). The reported prevalence of
Reports of the prevalence of hypodontia in the literature supernumerary teeth in the permanent dentition in the
vary widely, ranging from 0.5 to 2.4 per cent for the primary Caucasian population ranges from 0.1 to 3.8 per cent
and from 2.6 to 11.3 per cent for the permanent dentition (Burzynski and Escobar, 1983) and from 0.3 to 0.8 per cent
(Polder et al., 2004; Larmour et al., 2005). These data in the primary dentition (Ravn, 1971; Taylor, 1972). The
exclude agenesis of one or more third molars, with a wide range reported for the permanent dentition can be
prevalence of 11.5 per cent (Sandhu and Kaur, 2005). The explained by differences in detection methods, population
reported hypodontia gender ratio is approximately 2:3 type, and age of the evaluated subjects. In the permanent
(male:female, Polder et al., 2004). In the Caucasian pop- dentition, supernumerary teeth are more frequent in males
ulation, the most frequently absent teeth are the mandibular than in females, with a 2:1 ratio (M:F) in Caucasian
second premolars, followed by the maxillary lateral incisors populations (Rajab and Hamdan, 2002). In some Asian
(Polder et al., 2004), but in some Asian populations, agenesis surveys, the predominance of male patients is 6.5:1 (Davis,
of the mandibular lateral incisors is more prevalent (Davis, 1987), but this sexual dimorphism is not observed in the
1987; Endo et al., 2006). Hypodontia can be associated with primary dentition (Kinirons, 1982).
other dental abnormalities, such as a cleft lip and palate The crowns of supernumerary teeth may show either a
(CLP) as well as with more than 50 syndromes (Ranta, normal appearance or different atypical shapes and their
1988; Larmour et al., 2005). The aetiology of hypodontia roots may be completely or incompletely developed (Garvey
is multifactorial. The most supported theory suggests et al., 1999). Approximately, two-thirds of primary and one-
a polygenic mode of inheritance, with epistatic genes quarter of permanent supernumerary teeth erupt normally.
and environmental factors exerting some influence on the The rest remain unerupted and may produce complications
phenotypic expression of the genes involved (Thesleff, (Asaumi et al., 2004; Tirologou et al., 2005). Supernumerary
2000). teeth, particularly when multiple, can be associated with a
Supernumerary teeth, also called hyperodontia, may CLP and with a small number of systemic syndromes, such
occur in both dentitions, unilaterally or bilaterally, and in as cleidocranial dysostosis and Gardner syndrome (Rajab
one or both jaws (Rajab and Hamdan, 2002; Fernández and Hamdan, 2002). Several theories have been proposed to
Montenegro et al., 2006). A mesiodens is the most frequent explain the aetiology of supernumerary teeth. The available
type of supernumerary tooth (Kim and Lee, 2003; Russell data suggest a pattern of multifactorial inheritance that
and Folwarzcna, 2003). Multiple supernumerary teeth are gives rise to hyperactivity of the dental lamina (Rajab and
rare in individuals with no other associated diseases or Hamdan, 2002).
HYPODONTIA AND SUPERNUMERARY TEETH 633

Concomitant hypo-hyperodontia Díaz, Madrid, Spain, during the period from January 1996
to December 2005. All patients aged between 7 and 16 years
The simultaneous occurrence of both conditions, hypodontia
who had complete records were included in the sample.
and supernumerary teeth, in the same individual is termed
Those with a CLP or systemic syndromes were excluded.
‘concomitant hypo-hyperodontia’ (CHH) or oligo-
The developmental absence of one or more third molars
pleiodontia. In the general population, CHH is rare and
was not considered a criterion for hypodontia. The pop-
published studies of its prevalence are scarce. Moreover,
ulation evaluated consisted of 2108 non-syndromic subjects,
most of these studies are reports of single (Camilleri, 1967;
903 male and 1205 female, aged from 7 to 16 years. The
Munns, 1967; Brook and Winter, 1970; Mercer, 1970;
gender ratio was approximately 5:7. All the subjects were of
Nathanail, 1970; Low, 1977; Ferguson, 1984; Zhu et al.,
Caucasian origin.
1996; Segura and Jiménez-Rubio, 1998; Matsumoto
An intraoral examination had been undertaken in all
et al., 2001; Sharma, 2001; Das et al., 2006) or very few
patients and the radiographic records included at least one
(Spyropoulos et al., 1979) cases or surveys which present
panoramic radiograph, which was supplemented when
incomplete information or other methodological shortcomings

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necessary by periapical, occlusal views, and a computed
(Werther and Rothemberg, 1939; Niswander and Sujaku,
tomograph. The frequency and distribution of hypodontia,
1963; Horowitz, 1966). In surveys of the general population
supernumerary teeth, and concomitance of these anomalies
or of children attending general dental practices, the frequency
in an individual were recorded. When hyperodontia and/or
of CHH ranges between 8 and 15 per 10 000 (Mercer, 1970;
hypodontia of a permanent tooth was diagnosed in a patient
Brook, 1974). Its prevalence seems to be higher in certain
under 10 years of age, the radiographic examination was
Asian populations (40 per 10 000 in a Chinese survey; Davis,
repeated after a period of 2–4 years to diagnose any new
1987) As in the case of both isolated hypodontia and
supernumerary teeth or to exclude the diagnosis of
hyperodontia, CHH is found more frequently in the permanent
pseudohypodontia due to delayed formation of germs.
than in the mixed or primary dentitions (Ranta, 1988). There
appears to be a correlation between CHH and CLP and
with some syndromes such as Down (Kevin et al., 1997; Statistical analysis
Acerbi et al., 2001) and Ellis van Creveld (Varela and
Statistical analysis of the data was undertaken using a chi-
Ramos, 1996; Hattab et al., 1998). These associations can be
square test.
explained by the higher prevalence of isolated hypodontia
and supernumerary teeth in these conditions.
The aetiology of CHH, a combination of two conditions Results
that can be considered as opposite developmental disorders,
CHH was found in seven of the 2108 patients (0.33 per
is unknown. Genetic and environmental causes have been
cent), four males and three females. The gender ratio was
proposed and several attempts have been made to find a
1.3:1 (M:F). The frequency of CHH was 0.44 per cent for
possible interpretation of the association of both numerical
males and 0.25 per cent for females. The differences by
abnormalities. It may result from disturbances in migration,
gender, although favouring males in both cases, were not
proliferation, and differentiation of neural crest cells or
statistically significant.
from interactions between the epithelial and mesenchymal
One or more supernumerary teeth were found in 42
cells during the initiation of odontogenesis (Ranta, 1988).
individuals (2 per cent of the overall sample), of which 22
When hypodontia and hyperodontia are located in the same
(52.4 per cent) were male and 20 (47.6 per cent) female.
jaw and quadrant, the association could be considered a
The gender ratio of the hyperododontia subpopulation was
transposition (Segura and Jiménez-Rubio, 1998), which is the
1.1:1 (M:F). The proportion of patients with supernumerary
positional interchange of two adjacent teeth or the development
teeth by gender was 2.43 per cent for males and 1.65 per
and eruption of a tooth in a position normally occupied by a
cent for females. The difference was not statistically
non-adjacent tooth (Peck and Peck, 1995). However, this theory
significant.
can explain neither CHH in different quadrants nor many cases
Agenesis of one or more teeth, excluding the third molars,
of CHH in the same quadrant with atypical morphologies.
was present in 137 individuals (6.5 per cent of the overall
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of
sample), 62 males and 75 females. The gender ratio of
non-syndromic CHH in a large sample of orthodontic
hypodontia in this subpopulation was 1:1.2 (M:F). The
patients and to ascertain the distribution frequencies of the
proportion of hypodontia by gender was 6.5 per cent for
teeth involved.
males and 6.8 per cent for females.
The percentage of patients with hypodontia who presented
concomitance of supernumerary teeth was 5.1 per cent (6.45
Subjects and method
per cent males and 4.0 per cent females). The corresponding
The subjects were selected from those who attended for percentage of patients with hyperodontia and concomitance
consultation at the Orthodontic Unit of Fundación Jiménez of agenesis was 16.7 per cent (18.2 per cent males and 15
634 M. VARELA ET AL.

per cent females). Therefore, the likelihood of a patient of

any gender with agenesis also having supernumerary teeth
was approximately 1 in 18. The chance of a subject of any
gender with supernumerary teeth also having missing teeth
was 1 in 6.
Supernumerary teeth and hypodontia were located in the
same dentition (permanent) in six of the seven subjects, in
the same jaw in five and in the same quadrant in two. The
overall number of supernumerary teeth was eight, three of
them in the primary dentition. Two patients had a mesiodens,
one of them impacted. The mesiodens of the other patient
was completely erupted between the central incisors and
was located to the right of the upper fraenulum. Hypodontia

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in this subject corresponded to the upper lateral incisor of
the opposite quadrant (Figure 1A–C). The size and mor-
phology of this supernumerary tooth was similar to that of a
lateral or even a central incisor. Therefore, it could have
been considered a supplemental supernumerary tooth. How-
ever, in view of its central position together with the some-
what irregular morphology of its vestibular surface, it was
diagnosed as a mesiodens.
There were nine absent teeth in the CHH sample, all in
the permanent dentition. Three of the absent teeth were
upper lateral incisors and six lower second premolars.
The findings of the first panoramic radiograph were
confirmed in the successive examinations in all subjects:
No new germs of normal teeth in patients with hypodontia,
or new supernumerary teeth in those with hyperodontia,
were found after the initial diagnosis. The abnormalities
found in the seven patients are listed in Table 1.

Discussion
The overall orthodontic sample in the present study included Figure 1 Patient number 5. (A) Panoramic radiograph in the early mixed
a higher proportion of females than males (around 5:7, dentition: agenesis of 22 (arrow 3) and mesiodens (arrow 2). The unerupted
M:F), which is a relatively common finding in most 11 (arrow 1) was first diagnosed as a supplemental lateral incisor and the
mesiodens as the normal central incisor. (B) The panoramic radiograph
orthodontic surveys, and may be attributable to the higher obtained 2 years later shows that 11 (arrow 1) and 12 have erupted (the lateral
value that society gives to aesthetics in females (Wijsbek, incisor which has erupted palatally is not clearly seen because of
2000). For that reason, in this survey, all the evaluations superimposition): the supernumerary (arrow 2) is located between the central
upper incisors. Anodontia of 22 is confirmed (arrow 3). (C) Occlusal view
were carried out separately for both genders. showing agenesis of 22 (arrow 3). The normal central incisors, 11 (arrow 1)
The prevalence of hypodontia and hyperodontia in this and 21, and 12, have erupted palatally. The supernumerary appears between
overall sample, of 7.3 and 2.3 per cent, respectively, is in the central incisors on the right with respect to the fraenulum (arrow 2); The
position of the fraenulum excludes a diagnosis of transposition of 21 and 22.
the range of that recorded in other samples that excluded
agenesis of third molars and systemic syndromes (Rajab
and Hamdan, 2002; Polder et al., 2004). However, the or with syndromes which are usually associated with
gender differences reported by other authors, where gender numerical abnormalities of the teeth, such as Down (Acerbi
ratios of approximately 2:3 (M:F) were found for hypodontia et al., 2001), may be responsible for the higher than average
(Larmour et al., 2005) and 2:1 (M/F) for hyperodontia prevalence of CHH found in some surveys. For example, in
(Rajab and Hamdan, 2002), were not confirmed. a series of 11 patients with CHH (Ranta, 1988), nine had
The frequency of CHH in this research was 33 per 10 000 some type of clefting and only two were non-syndromic.
higher than that in most published surveys, which report a A higher than average CHH prevalence may also be
range between 8 and 15 per 10 000 (Mercer, 1970; Brook, found when the isolated agenesis of one or more third
1974). This finding is surprising as this sample did not molars is accepted as the criterion for hypodontia even
include CLP, syndromic patients, or subjects with isolated though the definition of hypodontia excludes third molar
third molar agenesis. The inclusion of patients with a CLP agenesis (Goodman et al., 1994). For example, in a study of
HYPODONTIA AND SUPERNUMERARY TEETH 635

Table 1 Summary of the numeric variation of the teeth in patients referred. The gender ratio of the patients with CHH was 4:3
with concomitant hypo-hyperodontia. (M:F), higher than the proportion recorded in other surveys,
but the small size of the sample does not allow a specific
Case number Gender Supernumerary teeth Agenesis conclusion to be reached.
Although it is usually possible to confirm anodontia of
1 Female 42 35 a permanent tooth, including second molars, in some very
2 Male Unerupted 35, 45 young children, a normal germ may often be radio-
Maxillary
Mesiodens* graphically visible only many years later (Moorrees et al.,
3 Male 12 35 1963). To avoid misdiagnosis of hypodontia due to
4 Male 32 35, 45 delayed formation of tooth germs, which might be
5 Male Erupted 22
Maxillary erroneously considered as developmental absence in
Mesiodens young subjects, radiographic examinations were repeated
6 Female 62 22 in every patient under 10 years of age who had one or
7 Female 52, 12 22

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more congenitally missing teeth observed at the first
examination. However, no new normal germs appeared at
*Previously extracted.
the sites where agenesis had been initially diagnosed.
A radiographic examination was also repeated 2 or 4 years
CHH in a sample of 4598 orthodontic patients, Gibson after diagnosis of a supernumerary tooth in any patient
(1979) reported a frequency of 41 per 10 000. However, under 10 years of age to determine if any supernumerary
included among the 20 patients with CHH were two with teeth had formed later, but the number remained
systemic syndromes and six with developmental absence of unchanged.
third molars. In the present study, the subjects, with very In this sample, the risk of a subject with hypodontia also
few exceptions, were aged between 7 and 16 years and third having one or more supernumerary teeth was approximately
molar status was indeterminate in a large proportion. 1 in 18, while for a patient with a supernumerary tooth also
Therefore, this high prevalence could even be an having hypodontia was higher, reaching 1 in 6. Although
underestimation. The same can be said for the survey of the difference by gender favoured males in both cases, this
O’Dowling (1989) of 3056 orthodontic patients, where an difference was not statistically significant. These data
even higher CHH prevalence (45 per 10 000) was found. suggest that the risk of having a CHH when a supernumerary
That author recognized that this figure could be higher if a tooth is diagnosed is significant, but this finding has not
more mature sample had been examined. been reported by other authors. For example, Novak (1974)
The consideration of congenital absence of third molars found five patients with hypodontia in a survey of 161
as hypodontia and the inclusion of syndromic patients in subjects with a supernumerary tooth; i.e. the frequency of
some surveys are not the only reasons that explain the CHH was 3.1 per cent of patients with supernumerary teeth.
discrepancies in the published frequencies. Racial This corresponds to an approximate risk of only 1 in 30.
differences and sampling variation, i.e. size, local factors, Due to the morphology of the supernumerary tooth, similar
and preselection of the individuals, can also be responsible to that of a normal lateral incisor, the CHH of patient number
for these discrepancies (Gibson, 1979). Particularly, an 5 in the present study was initially misdiagnosed as
orthodontic sample can include more patients with transposition of 22 and 21 (Figure 1A–C). However, this
hypodontia, supernumerary teeth, or CHH than the general diagnosis was excluded because the supernumerary was
population or general dentistry samples because those located to the right of the midpalatal suture and the absent
numerical anomalies can be associated with irregularities of tooth was the upper left lateral incisor. The interpretation of
the anterior teeth that prompt referral to an orthodontist. In this rare association as a form of transposition could only be
the survey by Gibson (1979), the anomaly had been accepted in those cases of CHH where both numerical
accidentally discovered in half of the 20 patients with CHH, abnormalities are present in the same dentition and in the same
but in the remaining subjects, the irregularity of the anterior quadrant (Peck and Peck, 1995, Segura and Jiménez-Rubio,
teeth secondary to the numerical anomaly had caused 1998). This finding was not present in any of the seven patients
referral to the orthodontist. In the present sample, the in this series.
orthodontic consultation was directly or indirectly related to
CHH in four patients. Moreover, the higher than average
Conclusion
proportion of CHH in this sample, in spite of the exclusion
of cleft palate, syndromic patients, and subjects with isolated The results confirm the low prevalence of CHH in this
congenital absence of a third molar, could be explained by orthodontic non-syndromic population. Given the difficulty
the type of practice from which the sample was obtained, of obtaining a sufficient number of panoramic radiographs
namely a hospital-based orthodontic clinic, where a greater in the general population, orthodontic diagnostic records
number of patients who require surgical treatment are serve as a valuable source of information for the evaluation
636 M. VARELA ET AL.

of disturbances of dental development, although the Horowitz J 1966 Aplasia and malocclusion: a survey and appraisal.
American Journal of Orthodontics 52: 440–453
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Kevin M C, Chow B D S, O’Donnell D 1997 Concomitant occurrence of
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