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 Contents
Preface xviii
Resources guide xxi
About the authors xxiv
Acknowledgements xxvi

1 Introduction to accounting 1
Learning objectives 1
Introduction 2
What is accounting? 3
For what purpose is accounting information used? 4
Who uses accounting information? 5
Limits on the usefulness of accounting information 13
Accounting as a business function 14
Choice of accounting systems 15
Regulatory and environmental considerations 16
Economic consequences of accounting information 16
Compensation plans 17
Debt contracts 18
Political costs 18
The dual reason for selection of accounting policies 18
Careers in accounting 20
Professional membership 21
Summary 22
Review questions 23
Problems for discussion and analysis 24
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 27

2 Types of organisations and the financial

reporting framework 29
Learning objectives 29
Introduction 30
Types of organisations 30
The sole trader 31
Partnerships 32
Companies 34
The framework for setting accounting standards 40
Financial Reporting Council 41
Australian Accounting Standards Board 41

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 contents vii

The political nature of accounting standard setting 41

International accounting standards 42
The Corporations Act 42
The directors’ report 43
The directors’ statement 43
The auditor’s report 44
Securities exchange influence on financial reporting 44
Accounting concepts 44
What is a conceptual framework? 45
Objectives of a conceptual framework 46
The Conceptual Framework 47
Measurement of the elements of financial statements 56
External audits 56
Summary 60
Review questions 63
Problems for discussion and analysis 64
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 71

3 Ethics and corporate governance 73

Learning objectives 73
Introduction 74
Ethics in business and accounting 74
What are ethics? 74
Ethics and accounting 75
Corporate governance 78
What is meant by ‘corporate governance’? 78
Enforcement of corporate governance 83
Summary 85
Review questions 87
Problems for discussion and analysis 87
Ethics case study 88
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 88

4 Wealth and the measurement of profit 89

Learning objectives 89
Introduction 90
Profit and wealth 90
Alternative systems of valuation 92
Historic cost 92
Replacement cost 93
Economic value 94
Net realisable value 95

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
viii contents

Current accounting practice 99

Fair value 99
Conclusion 101
Summary 102
Review questions 102
Problems for discussion and analysis 103
Ethics case study 106
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 106

5 Presentation of financial position and

the worksheet 107
Learning objectives 107
Introduction 108
Business activities and the worksheet 108
Common errors in recording of transactions 111
Definition of the balance sheet 112
The purpose of the balance sheet 113
Elements of the balance sheet 113
Assets 114
Categories of assets 115
Liabilities 117
The balance sheet equation 122
A simple balance sheet 122
Some balance sheet ratios 127
Limitations of the balance sheet 128
Influences on the format of the balance sheet 129
Types of business 129
Users of accounts 132
Format used in the book 133
Summary 134
Review questions 136
Problems for discussion and analysis 136
Ethics case study 148
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 148

6 Presentation of financial performance

and the worksheet 150
Learning objectives 150
Introduction 151
Financial performance measurement 151

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 contents ix

Income 152
Increases in assets 153
Decreases in liabilities 155
Excluding contributions by owners 155
Revenue recognition 155
Examples of revenue recognition 157
Expenses 159
Reductions in assets 159
Increases in liabilities 160
Excluding distributions to owners 160
The recognition principle 160
Examples of expenses 161
The income statement 163
The worksheet 166
Factors affecting the format of the income statement 173
Types of business 173
Users of accounts 174
Earnings (or profit) management 174
Statement of comprehensive income 175
The statement of changes in equity 177
Summary 180
Review questions 182
Problems for discussion and analysis 182
Ethics case study 196
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 197

7 Presentation of cash flows 199

Learning objectives 199
Introduction 200
Cash and cash equivalents 200
Internal control of cash 200
The statement of cash flows 202
Purpose 202
What does a statement of cash flows show? 202
Cash flow from operating activities 204
Cash flow from investing activities 212
Cash flow from financing activities 213
Increase or decrease in cash in the period 213
Interest, dividends and income tax 213
Non-cash investing and financing activities 214
Summary 215
Review questions 216

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x contents

Problems for discussion and analysis 216

Ethics case study 226
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 226

8 Accounting for selected assets 228

Learning objectives 228
Introduction 229
Accounts receivable 229
Bad and doubtful debts 230
Direct write-off 230
Allowance for doubtful debts 230
Inventory 234
Valuing inventory 235
Establishing the cost of inventories 237
Effects of price changes 238
Accounting policies for inventories and implications for users 241
Property, plant and equipment, and depreciation 241
Why depreciate? 242
Methods of depreciation 246
Accounting policies for depreciation and implications for users 250
Intangible assets 251
The cost of intangible assets 251
Research and development 251
Patents 252
Copyright 252
Trademarks or brand names 252
Franchises 252
Accounting for intangible assets 253
Summary 254
Review questions 256
Problems for discussion and analysis 256
Ethics case study 266
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 267

9 Liabilities and sources of financing 268

Learning objectives 268
Introduction 269
Accounts payable, provisions and accruals 269
Taxation 272
Temporary differences 273
Sources of finance 274
Short-term finance 275
Working capital 275

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 contents xi

Accounts payable (or trade credit) 275

Factoring 276
Bank overdrafts 277
Medium-term finance 277
Loans payable 278
Hire-purchase 278
Leasing 279
Long-term finance 282
Working capital 282
Debt finance 282
Long-term loans 283
Equity finance 283
Financing structures and financial risk 287
Summary 290
Review questions 292
Problems for discussion and analysis 292
Ethics case study 299
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 300

10 Financial statement analysis 301

Learning objectives 301
Introduction 302
Users’ information needs 302
The investor group 302
Preference shareholders 302
Lenders 303
Employees 304
Analysts 304
Auditors 304
Management 304
Common information needs 304
The context for financial statement analysis 305
Projections and predictions 306
Sources external to the business 307
Sources internal to the business 307
The common needs explained 309
Techniques of analysis 314
Comparison of financial statements over time 314
Trend analysis 315
Ratio analysis 321
Benchmarks 323
Profitability ratios 327
Efficiency ratios 329

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xii contents

Short-term solvency ratios 330

Long-term solvency ratios 333
Market-based ratios 334
Key limitations of financial statement analysis 337
Information problems 337
Comparison problems over time 337
Comparison problems between entities 337
Summary 339
Review questions 341
Problems for discussion and analysis 342
Ethics case study 357
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 358

11 Worksheet to debits and credits 359

Learning objectives 359
Introduction 360
The traditional approach 360
Ledgers 364
The journal 364
End-of-period adjustments 366
Comparison with the worksheet approach 368
Final accounts 368
Computerised accounting systems 369
Summary 370
Review questions 370
Problems for discussion and analysis 370
Ethics case study 380
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 380

12  An introduction to management
accounting: a strategic perspective 381
Learning objectives 381
Introduction 382
Managerial decision making and accounting information 382
External stakeholders and access to management and other accounting information 385
The organisation as a value chain 386
The industry value chain 388
Information technology and the value chain 389
Strategic management 390
Strategy choice 391
Strategy implementation 394

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 contents xiii

Strategic management and management accounting information 396

Factors influencing the form and types of management accounting information 396
Management accounting information and other organisational settings 399
Accounting information systems and organisational control: a behavioural perspective 399
Summary 401
Review questions 403
Problems for discussion and analysis 404
Ethics case study 406
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 406

13 Performance measurement and the

balanced scorecard 408
Learning objectives 408
Introduction 409
Organisational goals and performance measurement 410
What is a performance measure and what properties should it have? 410
The strategic nature of performance measures 411
Organisational structure and performance measurement systems 412
Executive remuneration and business performance 414
The use of financial measures to assess organisational performance 415
Investment centres and financial performance measures 416
Return on investment (ROI) 418
Residual income (RI) 420
Economic value added (EVA®): an alternative investment-related
performance measure 422
Non-financial measures: an alternative view of organisational performance 425
The BSC: a comprehensive performance management framework 426
Summary 431
Review questions 435
Problems for discussion and analysis 435
Ethics case study 441
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 442

14 Costs and cost behaviour 444

Learning objectives 444
Introduction 445
Management’s need for information about costs 446
Fixed and variable costs 446
Cost functions 447

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xiv contents

The choice of the independent variable 448

Variable costs 448
Fixed costs 449
Linear cost functions 450
The relevant range of activity 451
Cost behaviour: assumptions and limitations 452
Estimating costs 453
Cost versus expense 456
Direct and indirect manufacturing costs 458
Costing systems and the implication for costs 459
Product and period costs 461
Past and future manufacturing costs 462
Costing systems and accounting for overhead 464
Costing methods: absorption and variable costing 465
Absorption (full) costing 465
Absorbing overheads 466
Traditional volume-based costing systems 466
Predetermined overhead absorption rates 470
Activity-based costing systems 472
Presenting cost information for management purposes: manufacturing statements 480
Variable costing versus absorption costing 482
Summary 484
Review questions 486
Problems for discussion and analysis 487
Ethics case study 496
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 496

15 Budgets 499
Learning objectives 499
Introduction 500
The purposes of budgets 500
The budget process 502
The budget period 505
Preparation of the master budget 505
Sales and production budgets 512
The uses of sales and production budgets 518
Budgeting for overhead expenditure 522
Summary 523
Review questions 524
Problems for discussion and analysis 524
Ethics case study 1 533

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 contents xv

Ethics case study 2 534

Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 534

16 Cost-volume-profit analysis 537

Learning objectives 537
Introduction 538
CVP analysis 539
Breakeven: the general principles of CVP analysis 539
The underlying assumptions of CVP analysis 539
The contribution margin method 540
The contributing margin ratio 542
The margin of safety 543
Break-even analysis models 543
The total revenue formula 544
The total cost formula 544
The total profit formula 544
The total contribution formula 544
What happens at the BEP? 545
The break-even chart 546
Limitations of CVP analysis 551
Summary 553
Review questions 553
Problems for discussion and analysis 554
Ethics case study 561
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 562

17 Accounting for decision making: with

and without resource constraints 563
Learning objectives 563
Introduction 564
Costs and benefits relevant to decision making 564
Future and sunk (past) costs 565
Differential (incremental) costs 566
Avoidable and unavoidable costs 568
Opportunity costs 569
Replacement costs 570
Comparison with traditional costing methods 570
The meaning of relevance 572
Fixed and variable costs and the contribution approach 573
The range of products 574
Closing an unprofitable section 575
Decision making with constraints 576
The contribution approach with one scarce resource 577

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xvi contents

Make or buy decisions 580

Where there is spare capacity 580
Where there is no spare capacity 582
Qualitative factors 583
Customers 583
Employees 583
Competitors 584
Legal constraints 584
Suppliers 584
Summary 585
Review questions 586
Problems for discussion and analysis 587
Ethics case study 1 596
Ethics case study 2 597
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 598

18 Capital investment decisions 600

Learning objectives 600
Introduction 601
Capital investments and life cycle issues 603
The capital investment decision-making process 605
Traditional methods of capital investment evaluation 606
Discounted cash-flow techniques 611
Internal rate of return (IRR) 611
Advantages of IRR 614
Disadvantages of IRR 614
Net present value (NPV) 614
Advantages of NPV 616
Disadvantages of NPV 617
Comparison of IRR and NPV 617
Mutually exclusive investments 618
Comparison of IRR and NPV rankings 620
Qualitative factors and capital investment decisions 621
Conservatism as a means for dealing with capital investment uncertainty 622
Dealing with uncertainty and the role of sensitivity analysis 623
Why are projects risky? 623
Using sensitivity analysis 623
Post-implementation audit 624
Why carry out a post-implementation audit? 624
Which capital investment projects should be audited? 625
When should projects be audited? 625
Problems with post-implementation audits 625

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 contents xvii

Project abandonment 626

Summary 627
Review questions 631
Problems for discussion and analysis 633
Ethics case study 637
Suggested answers to Stop and think exercises in the chapter 638

Appendices
1   Extract from Woolworths Limited 2013 Annual Report 640
2   Present and future value factor tables 662
Table 1  Future value of $1 = (1 + R)n 662
1
Table 2  Present value of $1 = 664
(1 + r) n
(1 + r) n − 1
Table 3  Future value of $1 per period = 666
r
1
1−
(1 + r) n
Table 4  Present value of $1 per period = 668
r
References 670
Glossary 672
Index 684

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xviii

Preface
Contemporary Accounting, 9th edition, provides an introduction to accounting for students at
universities and other higher education institutions. With the nature and extent of topic coverage,
the text meets the needs of students completing a first course in accounting. Thus, the text is well
suited to fulfilling the requirements of a one-semester unit in accounting for students enrolled
in undergraduate accounting and non-accounting majors or MBA or equivalent post graduate
qualifications. The book provides an excellent overview of the accounting function in business for
non-accounting majors, and the approach taken to financial accounting provides a solid foundation
on which accounting majors can better understand the bookkeeping function. Supplementary
materials are available for instructors who want more material on double-entry bookkeeping to
support the concepts covered in the book. Where relevant, the implications of different accounting
policy choices for managers and other external decision makers are discussed.
The objective of this textbook is to convey an understanding of accounting without introducing
unnecessary technical terminology and procedures. Building on basic concepts, it provides a clear
understanding of financial statements, their uses and limitations. Accounting terms and concepts are
defined in accordance with official pronouncements. Given that Australia has adopted International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for use by all reporting entities in the private and public
sectors, the IFRS and relevant pronouncements on the conceptual framework issued by the
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) provide the conceptual basis of Contemporary
Accounting. Where required, these concepts and regulatory requirements are used to analyse various
issues in accounting.
Where appropriate, extracts from annual reports are provided to illustrate contemporary
accounting practices. Also included are extracts from the 2013 Woolworths Limited Annual Report.
This report appears in Appendix 1 and students are invited to refer to it frequently throughout
the text.
Worksheets, based upon the balance sheet equation, are used to introduce accounting techniques
and principles such as duality. The in-chapter worked examples and end-of-chapter questions provide
students with an understanding of concepts such as assets, liabilities, equity, income, revenues and
expenses, and allow them to see how financial statements are prepared. This approach avoids the
problems often experienced by students in trying to understand debits and credits.
The text covers financial accounting in Chapters 1 to 11, and these chapters focus on the
development of accounting information relevant to the decision-making needs of external users.
Chapters 12 to 18 examine the decision-making needs of internal users (i.e. managers) and provide
an introduction to core management accounting topics. In each chapter learning objectives and key
concepts are identified and highlighted. Review exercises are included and solutions are provided
at the end of each chapter. Additional review questions and problems are provided at the end of
each chapter. The problems are presented in order of difficulty. The more difficult problems are
primarily intended for use in MBA courses (and these are indicated in each chapter) but instructors
of undergraduate courses may also find them useful. The ethics case studies are intended for all
students and are well suited to in-class group discussions. We recommend that students refer to the
comprehensive glossary as they work through the book.
Contemporary Accounting has been presented in a manner that students find easy to read. The
response to the first eight editions of this book has been very positive. However, there are major
changes in the 9th edition of the book. These changes have been made in response to comments from
past and current users of the book, and also in response to changes that have occurred in education,
the business world and the accounting profession.

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 Preface xix

A new approach
With the unfortunate passing of Mike Bazley, Peter Robinson has joined with Phil Hancock as an
author of Contemporary Accounting. On the basis of feedback received and the introduction of a new
author, a thorough review of the text has been undertaken. While the main elements of the text,
including the conceptual approach and the use of the worksheet, have been retained, the strategic role
of accounting information has been given a greater emphasis.
The main changes to each chapter are outlined below:
• Chapter 1 includes the new G4 version of the Global Reporting Initiative and provides an
expanded discussion on agency theory and costly contracting.
• Chapter 2 provides the discussion of group or consolidated accounts, which was covered
in Chapter 11 in the 8th edition. Some material on the standard setting process has been
removed. An example has been added to illustrate the difference between cash and accrual
accounting.
• Chapters 3 and 4 are similar to the 8th edition.
• Chapter 5 has been amended so that it now commences with a discussion about business activities
and introduces the worksheet to record transactions.
• Chapter 6 presents a more simplified discussion of the statement of changes in equity.
• Chapter 7 is a new chapter on statement of cash flows, following the coverage of the other three
financial statements. It includes much of the content on cash flow statements from Chapter 11 of
the 8th edition.
• Chapter 8 is a new chapter on accounting for assets. It covers receivables, inventory, property, plant
and equipment, and intangible assets. It incorporates the material from chapters 7, 8 and 9 of the
8th edition but in much less detail.
• Chapter 9 is a new chapter on accounting for liabilities. It covers accounts payable, accruals,
provisions, taxation and financial liabilities such as hire purchase, leases, bank overdrafts and
long-term loans and debentures. It also covers equity as a source of funds.
• Chapter 10 covers financial statement analysis and is similar to Chapter 13 of the 8th edition.
• Chapter 11 reviews how worksheet transactions can be recorded using debits and credits, and is
similar to Chapter 13 of the 8th edition.
• Chapter 12 draws upon the material previously covered in Chapter 14 of the 8th edition and
introduces management accounting as a source of information used by managers to make resource
allocation decisions. New features in Chapter 12 include the use of the value chain concept to
illustrate the range of activities undertaken by a firm, and more detailed coverage of Michael
Porter’s five forces analysis and generic competitive strategies.
• Chapter 13 examines the material on performance measurement covered in Chapter 20 of the
8th edition. This material provides a strategic analysis of performance measurement, including the
use of different financial and non-financial performance measures and the use of the balanced
scorecard as a comprehensive performance management framework.
• Chapter 14 provides a more integrated and comprehensive examination of costs, including
the nature and behaviour of costs, direct and indirect costs, product and period costs, and the
allocation of overhead costs using traditional volume and activity-based cost allocation models.
It combines material previously covered in Chapters 16 and 17 of the 8th edition.
• Chapter 15 is based on Chapter 19 of the 8th edition, and examines the nature and purpose of
budgets with a detailed practical illustration of the development of a master budget. The material
on budgets is extended to cover the nature and purpose of projected financial statements.

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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hopeaviulu
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Hopeaviulu
Runoja

Author: Elina Vaara

Release date: January 18, 2024 [eBook #72749]

Language: Finnish

Original publication: Porvoo: WSOY, 1928

Credits: Tuula Temonen

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOPEAVIULU ***

HOPEAVIULU

Runoja

Kirj.

ELINA VAARA

Porvoossa, Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1928.

SISÄLLYS:

KEVÄTYÖN LAULU

Kevätyön laulu
Gondoolilaulu
Niinkuin ruohon ja reseedan tuoksu
Laulu ulapalta
Läheisyys
Armahtava yö
Mysterium
Meri lepää

PILVIKUVAT

Nuoruus
Tulivuoren laulu
Hautauspäivä
Unessa
Kätketty rakkaus
Yöllinen ajo
Pilvikuvat
Kauhun maa
Aamutaivas
Tuskallinen rakkaus

KUUNVALOSSA

Hopeaviulu
Peilikammio
Äänetön maa
Haavaisin siivin
Kevätlegenda
Kummallinen satu
Kuunvalossa
Sininen hämärä
Alakuloinen oodi
Sokko

AAMU

Omenapuun alla
Ikkunat auki on aamun tuuleen
Helluntaivirsi
Ilta
Uskollisuus
Lapsi
Aamu
Lipas
Lapsen uni
Rukoilevat silmät
KEVÄTYÖN LAULU
KEVÄTYÖN LAULU

Kädet ihanan viileät, aavistettavat koko rannan raukeaksi on

hyväilleet. Maan ruoho rukoilee, puut himmeät huokaa: —
Levon autuus, rauha suloinen meille suokaa! Me olemme
ikävästä sairahat ja hyvin, hyvin väsyneet.

Oi suokaa meidän itsemme unhoittaa ja sulaa meren,

pilvien harmauteen kuin huulet huuliin yhtyvät suudellessa,
povi poveen vaipuu suuressa rakkaudessa! — Ken murtaa
rajat, jotka ahdistaa? Koko maailma kuolee kaipaukseen.
GONDOOLILAULU

Kuu kaita lailla gondoolin

ui illan tummaan sinehen.
Kaikk' avaruuden aallot hengittävät.
Ja tähdet pienet, kirkkahat
kuin suomut kultakalojen
yön verkon silmukoissa kimmeltävät.

Sa, joka juoman tulisen

mun kanssain unelmissa joit,
oi nouse ilon, huimauksen laivaan!
Mun suuni hehkuu suudelmin —
kuin kukat poimia ne voit
ja heittää sinisyvyyksihin taivaan.
NIINKUIN RUOHON JA RESEEDAN
TUOKSU —

Niinkuin ruohon ja reseedan tuoksu on sinun rakkautesi.

Kirkas naurunhelinä kiirii jälkiä askeltesi.

Ah, sinä olet hurmaava hulluus, ilo ja itse kevät! Kun sinä
suutelet surullista neitoa, jumalat hymyilevät.
LAULU ULAPALTA

Meren hopeakalvossa värisee tuhat tähteä kimmeltävää. Mun

korvani laulua kuuntelee, joka aavalta heläjää.

Se laulu on kaunis ja kummallinen — minä värisen

kokonaan. Joku lienee joskus laulanut sen sydän tuskaa
tulvillaan.
LÄHEISYYS

On varjoni sun rinnallas, vaikk' itse loittonen. Kun olet sairas,

hiuksias ma hiljaa hyväilen.

Kun suljet silmäluomesi, niin luokses kumarrun. Vaikk' olen

poissa, sieluni kuin huntu kietoo sun.
ARMAHTAVA YÖ

Yön viitan mustiin silkkipoimuihin nyt murheellisen pääni

verhoisin, kun meri täynnä tummaa unta päilyy ja
lasinhauraat tähtilyhdyt häilyy.

Yön syvä, lainehtiva pimeys

ja outo, ihmeellinen kimmellys
mun aran haavani voi yksin pestä.
Oon sairas murhatusta hellyydestä.

Yö peittää kuolemankin varjoillaan ja hautaa kaikki aaltoin

keinuntaan, kun meri täynnä tummaa unta päilyy ja
lasinhauraat tähtilyhdyt häilyy.
MYSTERIUM

Kuin viini tuoksuu ruusut kirkkoinaan. On niiden ihanuus kuin

kuuma helle. Ja alttartaulun Neitsyt armossaan pois astunut
on kultapuitteistaan nyt käyden kukkaselta kukkaselle.

Ah, kaikki kauniit synnit vainajain

on ruusun muodon saaneet suloisimman.
Ne kärsittyään kiirastulen lain
nyt hehkuu pyhää hartautta vain
Madonnan hymyn lailla ihanimman.

Hän mitä hellin käsin hyväilee ja siunaa, viilein vihkivesin

kastaa. Oi kuule, kuinka urut hymisee ja kuorolaulu kirkas
helmeilee! Puut vanhat himmein huokauksin vastaa.
MERI LEPÄÄ

Nyt meri lepää ulapoin

niin laakein, oudon tyvenin.
Pois hiljaa vaimennut on tuulen tohu.
Mut myrskyn henget ailakoivat
alla pinnan kristallin,
soi syntyvien hyökyaaltoin kohu.

Ja venheen, joka uskaltaa

sen vilpilliseen sylihin,
kuin kalan ahmaista voi aaltoin nielu.
Siell' levämetsät huojuu
kukin kummallisen loistavin,
ja nyyhkyttää ja nauraa meren sielu.
PILVIKUVAT
NUORUUS

Illoin nuoruudesta iloitsen — yöllä kauhunkuvat saartaa mun:

kiedottuna sisään liinojen suljettu oon mustaan kirstuhun.

Raskaan houreen läpi vielä nään, kuinka hehkuu lyhdyt

räikeät, kuulen, kuinka soittoon kimeään nauru, tanssinkohu
yhtyvät.

Tähän kirstuun kuolee sieluni, ruumis tuhon inhoittavan

saa: ruususeppel pääni ympäri toukkain uhrijuhlaa ilmoittaa.
———

Kylmä tuskanhiki otsallain herään huohottaen pimeyteen.

Luojan kiitos, näinkin unta vain —!

Olen valmis leikkiin huomiseen.

TULIVUOREN LAULU

Savuava tulivuori olin, sairaiden liekkien hauta ma olin,

täynnä ääriä myöten mustaa, hivuttavaa hehkua.

Silloin uumenistani loimahti kirkas, humiseva tuli, syöksähti

ilmoihin myrsky: syvyydet aukaisi, vapahti minut.
HAUTAUSPÄIVÄ

Kysyt, miksi verhoudun punaiseen silkkiin tänä mustana

hautauspäivänä. Sieluni ei ymmärrä sinun kuolemaasi. Elämä
ja kuolema ovat minulle yhtä. Rakkaus versoo kuin tulinen
vilja sydämeni vainiolla.

Ystävä, olkaamme julmia kumpikin: muuten ei ole elämää.

Ystävä, olkaamme julmia kumpikin — tänään minä,
huomenna sinä. Kenties jo huomenna sinulla on aseet
murskataksesi minut.
UNESSA

Vaikka värisen, palan murheessa rakkautein, kuumin kyynelin

valan valkean pieluksein — vallat kohtalon mulle eivät armoa
suo, rientää eivät mun salli sairaan lemmityn luo.

Unessa ainoastaan luoksesi tulla saan — vaipua rintaasi

vastaan, nukkua Nirvanaan. Unessa rakkahan pääsi peitän
suudelmin, vaikka lävitse liekin luoksesi tulisin!
KÄTKETTY RAKKAUS

Päivin katumuskaavussa, silmät veessä kerjäten istumme

temppelin portaiden eessä. Illoin rikkautemme salainen
luokseen viittoo hurmaten, houkuttaen.

Gangesin partaalla palatsimme hohtaa,

jonne viidakon verhooma polku johtaa.
Suuret tähdet syttyvät yllä pään,
villejä kukkia puhkee hämärään.

Kuuletko djungli-rantain kumean pauhun?

Tunnetko suitsutusmaljoista nousevan sauhun?
Näetkö, kuinka lamput vihreät
marmorisaleissa kiehtoen häämöttävät?

Runsailta pöydiltä tunnontuskaa vailla

nautimme herkkuja ruhtinaiden lailla.
Mustat orjat rientävät palvelemaan,
tulinen viini vuotaa virtanaan.

Huilujen soidessa viihtymystämme varten

katsomme kaunista parvea tanssijatarten,
taikoja, temppuja miekannielijäin,
tulensyöjäin, käärmeenkesyttäjäin.

Aamun noustua jälleen ryysyissämme

kurjina, viheliäisinä kyyhötämme
rukoillen otsamme tomuun painaen
— valehaavan pettävän paljastaen.
YÖLLINEN AJO

Nyt silmät säihkyy mustan pimeyden.

Yks harmaa savupilvi yössä vain —.
Ja auto kiitää halki metsien.
Tienvarren kuuset katoo kohahtain.

Sua muistan. Sydäntäni kouristaa.

Ma tiedän huultes lämmön häipyvän
pian huuliltani. Auto samoaa
pois tyköäsi — tietä elämän.
PILVIKUVAT

Reunalla vihreän hetteen, lähteellä silmien rakkaiden istuin

illalla kauan tutkien tummuutta pilvien. Verkkaan ne vedessä
liukui synkkinä, vieraina, vaieten… Lähteen pohjalla ruoste
kuumotti kuin käsi verinen.

Tuijotin — rintaani poltti, enkä ma mitään ymmärtänyt.

Sieluni lehahti lentoon niinkuin lintu säikähtynyt.
KAUHUN MAA

Kaltaiseksi mustan kalmiston muuttunut mun sydämeni on.

Puut paljaat siellä niinkuin kädentyngät tien kummallakin
puolen törröttää, ja patsaat seisoo paasijalustoillaan kuin
ruumiit, joilta katkaistu on pää.

Lyhdyt myrskyssä on särkyneet, maassa kiiltää

lasinsirpaleet. Yks liekki vielä kytee salaisesti kuin
valekuolleen katse mieletön. Ja taaja yökköparvi peittää
tienoon — sen siivet verhoo kauhun näyttämön.
AAMUTAIVAS

On eessäni aamun autio taivas, kun silmäni aukaisen. Sydän,

vain on sun haikea katumusvaivas tuon taivahan kaltainen.

Mihin nuoruudenaikasi parhaan heitit

ja osan, jonka sait?
Mihin synnyinperintös ainoan peitit? —
oot tunnonsairas ja vait.

Avaruuksia kaihtavat verhot harmaat,

ja tumma on huoneeni mun.
Oi mennehet aamut ja päivät armaat,
ma eteenne polvistun:

pyhän, vaikeimman paisteensa taivaanne soivat ja

tuoksunsa puhtaimman — omat erheeni pilvisen hämärän
loivat ja tuskan ahdistavan.

Mut ihmisen askeleita vetää

veren kuume ja kaukaisuus,
siks kunnes ei kumppania ketään —
vain yllämme avaruus.
 Miten ikävöin ikeestä levottomuuden ja vuosien harhasta
pois! Ah, armotaipaleen ani uuden — jos vielä sen alkaa vois!
TUSKALLINEN RAKKAUS

Aron valkea, kirpeä suola on rakkautemme.

Janon kiduttavan ja ikuisen se tuo.
Ah sairaita meitä! Liittyä koskaan emme
voi niihin, jotka Elämän kaivoista juo.
Aron valkea, kirpeä suola on rakkautemme.

Kuin kirkas, hiottu säilä on rakkautemme.

Joka suudelma viiltää huulemme haavoihin.
Pyhän askeetin lailla silvomme jäsenemme,
kun toiset juhliin kulkevat seppelin.
Kuin kirkas, hiottu säilä on rakkautemme.

KUUNVALOSSA
HOPEAVIULU

Kun olen yksin, sairas ja kaikkea vailla, välkähdyksenä eletyn

autuuden nään. Hurmaantuneen tietäjänaisen lailla sieluni
katsoo aikojen hämärään. Valkean tähden kentillä autuailla
lapseksi leikkimään minut Jumala loi. Kastehelmiset pensaat
kimmelsi mailla, viileä sade hopeaviuluna soi.

Hopeankirkasta soittoa avaruuden ikävöin uneeni mustaan,

näännyttävään. Kerran hohteessa luomisaamun uuden herään
Jumalan viulun värinään. Kiusattu, eksynyt lapsi ma
ikuisuuden astun kalliorannalta pimeän maan sinisiin aaltoihin
ihanan rannattomuuden uidakseni tähtehen valkeaan.