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 Free Sample Contents
3. Trigonometric Functions 17-27
• Angles
• Trigonometric Functions
• Trigonometric Functions of Sum and
Difference of Two Angles
• Trigonometric Equations
• Simple Applications of Sine and Cosine Formulae
This sample book is prepared from the book "HandBook of
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| Engineering, CBSE XI & XII".

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 Contents
1. Sets 1-8
• Sets and their Representations
• The Empty Set Chapter Important for
• Finite and Infinite Sets JEE CBSE
• Equal Sets 1/52 2/5

• Subsets
• Power Set
• Universal Set
• Venn Diagrams
• Operations on Sets
• Complement of a Set
• Practical Problems on Union and Intersection of Two Sets
2. Relations and Functions-1 9-16
• Cartesian Products of Sets Chapter Important for
JEE CBSE
• Relations
1/5 1/5
• Functions
3. Trigonometric Functions 17-27
• Angles
Chapter Important for
• Trigonometric Functions
JEE CBSE
• Trigonometric Functions of Sum and 2/5 3/5
Difference of Two Angles
• Trigonometric Equations
• Simple Applications of Sine and Cosine Formulae
4. Principle of Mathematical Induction 28-30
Chapter Important for
• Motivation
JEE CBSE
• Principle of Mathematical Induction 0/5 0/5
5. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations 31-43
• Complex Numbers
• Algebra of Complex Numbers
• The Modulus and the Conjugate of a Complex Number
• Argand Plane and Polar Representation Chapter Important for
• Quadratic Equation JEE CBSE
2/5 3/5
• Square-root of a Complex Number
6. Linear Inequalities 44-47
Chapter Important for
• Inequalities JEE CBSE
• Algebraic Solutions of Linear Inequalities 1/5 1/5
in One Variable and their Graphical Representation
• Graphical Solution of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
• Solution of System of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
7. Permutations and Combinations 48-52
• Fundamental Principle of Counting Chapter Important for
JEE CBSE
• Permutations
2/5 3/5
• Combinations
8. Binomial Theorem 53-57
• Binomial Theorem for Positive Chapter Important for
JEE CBSE
Integral Indices 2/5 3/5
• General and Middle Terms
9. Sequences and Series 58-67
• Sequences
Chapter Important for
• Series JEE CBSE
• Arithmetic Progression 2/5 3/5
• Geometric Progression
• Relationship between A.M. and G.M.
• Sum to n Terms of Special Series
10. Straight Lines 68-81
• Slope of a Line Chapter Important for
• Various Forms of the Equation of a Line JEE CBSE
1/5 2/5
• General Equation of a Line
• Distance of a Point from a Line
• Equation of Family of Lines Passing through the Point of
Intersection of Two Lines & Shifting of Origin
11. Conic Sections 82-91
• Sections of a Cone Chapter Important for
• Circle JEE CBSE
3/5 3/5
• Parabola
• Ellipse
• Hyperbola
12. Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry 92-96
• Coordinate Axes and Coordinate Planes in Three Dimensional
Space Chapter Important for
• Coordinates of a Point in Space JEE CBSE
0/5 1/5
• Distance Between Two Points
• Section Formula
13. Limits and Derivatives 97-103
• Intuitive Idea of Derivatives Chapter Important for
• Limits JEE CBSE
• Limits of Trigonometric Functions 2/5 3/5

• Derivatives
14. Statistics 104-112
• Measures of Dispersion Chapter Important for
• Range JEE CBSE
1/5 2/5
• Mean Deviation
• Variance and Standard Deviation
• Analysis of Frequency Distributions
15. Probability-1 113-116
• Random Experiments Chapter Important for
• Event JEE CBSE
1/5 2/5
• Axiomatic Approach to Probability
16. Relations and Functions-2 117-122
Chapter Important for
• Types of Relations
JEE CBSE
• Types of Functions 1/5 1/5
• Composition of Functions and Invertible Function
17. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 123-129
• Basic Concepts Chapter Important for
JEE CBSE
• Properties of Inverse Trigonometric 1/5 1/5
Functions
18. Matrices 130-139
• Matrix Chapter Important for
JEE CBSE
• Types of Matrices 2/5 2/5
• Operations on Matrices
• Transpose of a Matrix
• Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
• Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix
• Invertible Matrices
19. Determinants 140-149
• Determinant
Chapter Important for
• Properties of Determinants
JEE CBSE
• Area of a Triangle 2/5 3/5
• Minors and Cofactors
• Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix
• Applications of Determinants and Matrices
20. Continuity and Differentiability 150-160
• Continuity Chapter Important for
• Differentiability JEE CBSE
• Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 2/5 3/5
• Logarithmic Differentiation
• Derivatives of Functions in Parametric Forms
• Second Order Derivative
• Mean Value Theorem
21. Application of Derivatives 161-169
• Rate of Change of Quantities Chapter Important for
• Increasing and Decreasing Functions JEE CBSE
2/5 3/5
• Tangents and Normals
• Maxima and Minima
22. Integrals 170-183
• Integration as an Inverse Process of Differentiation
• Methods of Integration
• Integrals of Some Particular Functions Chapter Important for
• Integration by Partial Fractions JEE CBSE
• Integration by Parts 3/5 2/5
• Definite Integral
• Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
• Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution
• Some Properties of Definite Integrals
23. Application of Integrals 184-189
Chapter Important for
• Area Under Simple Curves
JEE CBSE
• Area Between Two Curves 1/5 1/5
24. Differential Equations 190-195
• Basic Concepts
• General and Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation
 • F ormation of a Differential Equation whose General Solution
is Given Chapter Important for
• Methods of Solving First Order, JEE CBSE
First Degree Differential Equations 2/5 2/5

25. Vector Algebra 196-210

• Some Basic Concepts
• Types of Vectors Chapter Important for
• Addition of Vectors JEE CBSE
2/5 2/5
• Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar
• Product of Two Vectors
• Scalar Triple Product
26. Three Dimensional Geometry 211-223
• Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line
• Equation of a Line in Space
• Angle Between Two Lines
• Shortest Distance Between Two Lines Chapter Important for
• Plane JEE CBSE
• Coplanarity of Two Lines 3/5 3/5

• Angle Between Two Planes

• Distance of a Point from a Plane
• Angle Between a Line and a Plane
27. Linear Programming 224-227
• Linear Programming Problem and
Its Mathematical Formulation Chapter Important for
JEE CBSE
• Different Types of Linear 0/5 1/5
Programming Problems
28. Probability-2 228-236
• Conditional Probability Chapter Important for
• Multiplication Theorem on Probability JEE CBSE
• Independent Events 2/5 2/5
• Bayes' Theorem
• Random Variables and its Probability Distributions
• Bernoulli Trials and Binomial Distribution
Chapter-wise 4 Colour Flash Cards FC-1 - FC-32

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 3 Trigonometric
Functions

Angles

¨ An angle is a measure of rotation of a given ray about its initial point. Here
OA is initial position and OB is the final position of the given ray.
B

O A
¨ The original ray is called the initial side and the final position of the ray after
rotation is called the terminal side of the angle.
¨ The point of rotation is called the vertex.
¨ If the direction of rotation is anticlockwise, the angle is said to be positive
and if the direction of rotation is clockwise, then the angle is negative.

ide Initial side

inal s
Term O
Termi
nal sid
O Initial side e
(i) Positive angle (ii) Negative angle

Angle Measurement
A. Degree measure
¨ If a rotation from the initial side to terminal side is (1/360)th of a revolution,
the angle is said to have a measure of one degree, written as 1°.
¨ A degree is divided into 60 minutes, written as 1¢, i.e. 1° = 60¢.
¨ A minute is divided into 60 seconds, written as 1¢, i.e. 1¢ = 60¢¢.
B. Radian measure
¨ Angle subtended at the centre by an arc of length 1 unit in a unit circle (circle
of radius 1 unit) is said to have a measure of 1 radian.
¨ The figures show the angles whose measures are 1 radian, –1 radian
 18 Mathematics

l l
l B
1 radius O
O
l A –1 radius
l l

A
(i) (ii)
¨ One complete revolution of the initial side subtends an angle of 2p radian.
¨ A circle of radius r, an arc of length r subtends an angle whose measure is
l radian, an arc of length l will subtend an angle q radian whose measure is
Arc
q = l / r radian, or Angle =
Radius
C. Relation between radian and real numbers
¨ From the figure. If we rope the line AP along the circle in the anticlock wise
direction, we find
¨ Every real number will correspond to a radian measure and conversely. Thus,
radian measures and real numbers can be considered as one and the same.

O
1 A

Q P
–2 –1 1 2
D. Relation between degree and radian
¨ A circle subtends at the centre an angle whose radian measure is 2p and its
degree measure is 360°.
Hence, 2p radian = 360° or p radian = 180°
¨ Using approximate value of p as 22/7, we have
1 radian = 180/ p ° = 57° 16¢ approximately. Also 1° = p /180 radian = 0.01746
radian approximately.
The relation between degree measures and radian measure of some common
angles are-
Degree 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°
p p p p 3p
Radian p 2p
6 4 3 2 6
E. Notational Convention
¨ In this convention, we generally omit the word ‘radian’, when we expressed
an angle in radians.
Trigonometric Functions 19

p,
e.g. 45° = 180° = p
4
p
Note: Radian measure = × Degree measure
180
180
Degree measure = × Radian measure
p

Trigonometric Functions

¨ The extension of the definition of trigonometric ratios to any angle in terms

of radian measure is studied as trigonometric functions.
Y

(0, 1) B
P (a, b)
1 x
(–1, 0) C xb (1, 0)
X' O a M A X

(0, –1) D

Y'

¨ Let unit circle, Here we define cos x = a and sin x = b. Since DOMP is a right
triangle, we have OM2 + MP2 = OP2 or a2 + b2 = 1
¨ Thus, for every point on the unit circle,
we have a2 + b2 = 1 or cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
Since, one complet revolution subtends an angle of 2p radian at the centre
of the circle, DAOB = p/2,
¨ All angles which are integral multiples of p/2 are called quadrantal angles.
¨ For quadrantal angles we have
cos 0° = 1, sin 0° = 0
p p
cos = 0, sin =1
2 2
3p 3p
cos =0 sin = –1
2 2
¨ Thus,
sin x = 0 implies x = np, where n is any integer
cos x = 0 implies x = (2n + 1) p/2, where n is any integer.
 20 Mathematics

Let us see the table:

p p p p 3p
0° p 2p
6 4 3 2 2
1 1 3
sin 0 1 0 -1 0
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 0 –1 0 1
2 2 2
1 not not
tan 0 1 3 0 0
3 defined defined
¨ Basic Formulae
1
• sin q = , q ¹ np
cos ecq
1 p
• cos q = , q ¹ (2n + 1) .
sec q 2
1 np
• tan q = , q¹
cot q 2
sin q p
• tan q = , q ¹ (2n + 1) .
cos q 2
cos q
• cot q = , q ¹ np.
sin q
A. Sign of trigonometric functions
¨ In different quadrants from the values of sin x, cos x we can find the signs of
other trigonometric functions as:
I II III IV
sin x + + – –
cos x + – – +
tan x + – + –
cosce x + + – –
sec x + – – +
cot x + – + –
¨ Sign of Trigonometric Functions
II
sin, cosec are I
positive,
rest are negative All positive

tan, cot are cos, sec are

positive, positive,
rest are negative rest are negative
III IV
Note: Remember ASTC (After School to College)
Trigonometric Functions 21

B. Domain and range of trigonometric functions

¨ By the definition of sine and cosine functions, we observe that they are
defined for all real numbers.
¨ Thus, domain of y = sin x and y = cos x is the set of all real numbers and range
is the interval [–1, 1], i.e., – 1 £ y £ 1.
¨ Since cosec x = 1/ sin x , the domain of y = cosec x is the set { x : x Î R and
x ¹ n p, n Î Z} and range is the set {y : y Î R, y ³ 1 or y £ – 1}.
¨ The domain of y = sec x is the set {x : x Î R and x ¹ (2n + 1) p/2, n Î Z} and
range is the set {y : y Î R, y £ – 1or y ³ 1}.
¨ The domain of y = tan x is the set {x : x Î R and x ¹ (2n + 1) p/2, n Î Z} and
range is the set of all real numbers.
¨ The domain of y = cot x is the set {x : x Î R and x ¹ n p, n Î Z} and the range
is the set of all real numbers.
¨ Let us discuss the behaviour of other trigonometric functions through the
following table as below
Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions
Function Domain Range
sin x R [–1, 1]
cos x R [–1, 1]
tan x R– {(2n + 1)p/2, n Î Z} R
cosec x R – {np, nÎ Z} (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥)
sec x R – {(2n + 1)p/2, n Î Z} (–¥, –1] È [1, ¥)
cot x R – {np, n Î Z} R

I quadrant II quadrant III quadrant IV quadrant

increases from decreases from decreases from increases from
sin
0 to 1 1 to 0 0 to –1 –1 to 0
decreases from decreases from increases from increases from
cos
1 to 0 0 to –1 –1 to 0 0 to 1
increases from increases from increases from increases from
tan
0 to ¥ – ¥ to 0 0 to ¥ – ¥ to 0
decreases from decreases from decreases from decreases from
cot
¥ to 0 0 to –¥ ¥ to 0 0 to –¥
increases from increases from decreases from decreases from
sec
1 to ¥ – ¥ to –1 –1 to –¥ ¥ to 1
decreases from increases from increases from decreases from
cosec
¥ to 1 1 to ¥ – ¥ to –1 –1 to –¥
 22 Mathematics

¨ Let us see graphs of the trigonometric functions-

Y Y

2 2
1 1
X' X X' X
–1 0 0 –1
–2 –2

Y' Y'
y = sec x y = cosec x

Trigonometric Functions of Sum and

Difference of Two Angles
¨ sin (– x) = – sin x
¨ cos (– x) = cos x
¨ cos (x + y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y
Trigonometric Functions 23

¨ cos (x – y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

¨ cos (p/2 – x ) = sin x
¨ sin (p/2 – x ) = cos x
¨ sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
¨ sin (x – y) = sin x cos y – cos x sin y
¨ cos (p/2 +x ) = – sin x
¨ sin (p/2 +x ) = cos x
¨ cos (p – x) = – cos x
¨ sin (p – x) = sin x
¨ cos (p + x) = – cos x
¨ sin (p + x) = – sin x
¨ cos (2p – x) = cos x
¨ sin (2p – x) = – sin x
tan x + tan y
¨ tan (x + y) =
1 – tan x tan y
tan x – tan y
¨ tan (x – y) =
1 + tan x tan y
cot x cot y –1
¨ cot (x + y) =
cot y + cot x
cot x cot y + 1
¨ cot (x – y) = cot y – cot x
¨ cos 2x = cos2 x – sin2 x = 2 cos2 x – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2x
1 – tan 2 x
=
1 + tan 2 x
2 tan x p,
¨ sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x = 2 x¹np+ where n is an integer
1 + tan x 2

2 tan x p,
¨ tan 2x = 2 if 2x ¹ n p + where n is an integer
1 – tan x 2

3tan x – tan 3 x p
¨ tan 3x = 2 if 3x ¹ n p + , where n is an integer
1 – 3tan x 2
¨ sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3x
¨ cos 3x = 4 cos3x – 3 cos x
x+y x–y
¨ cos x + cos y = 2cos cos
2 2
 24 Mathematics

x+y x–y
¨ cos x – cos y = – 2sin sin
2 2
x+y x–y
¨ sin x + sin y = 2sin cos
2 2
x+y x–y
¨ sin x – sin y = 2cos sin
2 2
¨ 2 cos x cos y = cos (x + y) + cos (x – y)
¨ –2 sin x sin y = cos (x + y) – cos (x – y)
¨ 2 sin x cos y = sin (x + y) + sin (x – y)
¨ 2 cos x sin y = sin (x + y) – sin (x – y).

Trigonometric Equations

¨ Equations involving trigonometric functions of a variable are called

trigonometric equations.
¨ The solutions of a trigonometric equation for which 0 £ x < 2p are called
principal solutions.
¨ The expression involving integer 'n' which gives all solutions of a
trigonometric equation is called the general solution.

Principal Solutions
¨ The solutions of a trigonometric equation in the variable 'x' for which 0 £ x < 2 p
are called principal solutions. E.g., the principal solution of equation
1 p 5p .
sin x = are x = ,
2 6 6
General Solutions
¨ sin x = 0 Þ x = np, n Î Z
¨ cos x = 0 Þ x = (2n + 1)p/2, n Î Z
¨ tan x = 0 Þ x = np, n Î Z
¨ sin x = sin y Þ x = np + (–1)n y, n Î Z
¨ cos x = cos y Þ x = 2np ± y, n Î Z
¨ tan x = tan y Þ x = np + y, n Î Z

Simple Applications of Sine and Cosine Formulae

¨ Sine Formulae: In any triangle, sides are proportional to the sines of the
opposite angles, that is, in a triangle ABC.
Trigonometric Functions 25

A
sin A sin B sin C
= =
a b c
B C
¨ Cosine Formulae: Let A, B and C be angles of a triangles and a, b and c be
lengths of sides opposite to angles A, B and C respectively, then
• a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
• b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ca cos B
• c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C

Past Years ONE-LINERS

JEE Main/Board
¨ 1 + cos q = 2 cos2q/2
1 – cos q = 2 sin2q/2
¨ sin 2q = 2sinq.cosq
tan a + tan 2b
¨ tan (a + 2b) =
1 – tan a tan 2b
¨ Using A.M. and G. M. to find minimum or maximum value of Trigonomatric
expressions where sin(x) > 0, cos (x) > 0. tan(x) > 0 etc. where A. M. ³ G.M.
¨ To find number of solutions of trigonometric equations try to make dissimilar
trigo function as similar, ie., Let
Þ sin x = cos 2x Þ sin(x) – cos(2x) = 0
Þ sin(x) – [1 – 2 sin2(x)] = 0
Þ 2 sin2(x) + sin(x) – 1 = 0
¨ To find maximum value and minimum value of trigonometric expression (used
concept)
–1 £ sin x £ 1 Þ 0 £ sin2 x £ 1
–1 £ cos x £ 1 Þ 0 £ cos2 x £ 1
¨ Used concept
æC + Dö æC – Dö
cos (C) + cos (D) = 2 cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø
 26 Mathematics

Tips/Tricks/Techniques ONE-LINERS
(Exam Special)

4 Periodic properties of trigonometric functions

(a) sin x, cos x, sec x and cosec x are periodic functions with fundamental
period 2p.
(b) tan x and cot x are periodic functions with fundamental period p.
(c) |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x|, |cot x|, |sec x|, |cosec x| are periodic functions with
fundamental period p.
(d) sinnx, cos nx, secnx, cosecnx are periodic functions with fundamental
period 2p or p according as n is odd or even.
(e) tannx and cotnx are periodic function with fundamental period p whether
n is odd or even.
4 Conditional trigonometric identities
If A + B + C = 180° (or p), or A, B, C are angles of a triangle. Then,
(a) sin (A + B) = sin (p – C) = sin C, etc .
æA Bö æp Cö C
(b) sin ç + ÷ = sin ç - ÷ = cos , etc
è2 2ø è2 2ø 2
A B C
(c) sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
(d) cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
(e) tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
(f) cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
A B B C C A
(g) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 Properties of triangle
(a) Projection formula
(i) a = b cos C + c cos B
(ii) b = c cos A + a cos C
(iii) c = a cos B + b cos A
(b) Tangent rule :
æ B - Cö b-c æ B + Cö b - c A
tan ç ÷ = tan ç ÷ = cot
è 2 ø b+c è 2 ø b+c 2
(c) Half angle formula :
A ( s - b) ( s - c )
(i) sin =
2 bc
Trigonometric Functions 27

A s (s - a)
(ii) cos =
2 bc
A ( s - b) ( s - c )
(iii) tan =
2 s (s - a )
(d) Area of a triangle :
1 1 1
D= bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C
2 2 2
4 Orthocentre of the triangle and pedal triangle
(a) The distances of the orthocentre of the triangle from the vertices are
2RcosA, 2RcosB, 2RcosC and its distances from the sides are 2RcosB
cosC, 2RcosC cosA, 2RcosA cosB.
R
(b) Circumradius of the pedal triangle =
2
(c) Area of the pedal triangle = 2D cos A cos B cos C.
(d) Circumcentre O, centroid G and orthocentre O' are collinear and G divides
OO¢ in the ratio 1 : 2.
(e) Distance between the circumcentre O and the incentre I is
A B C
OI = R 1 - 8 sin sin sin
2 2 2
4 Heights and distances
(a) The angle of elevation or depression is the angle between the line of
observation and the horizontal line according as the object is at a
higher or lower level than the observer.
(b) The angle of elevation or depression is always measured from horizontal
line through the point of observation.