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IAL Chemistry Unit 1

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Lat

Syl est
AS lab
us
Chemistry

unit 1
Classiﬁed past papers
Magnesium chloride can be made by reacting solid magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, with
dilute hydrochloric acid.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction, including state symbols.
(2)

Plumbers use sulfamic acid powder for descaling large items such as boilers. Sulfamic
acid acts as a descaler because the hydrogen ions react with carbonate ions in limescale.
Write an ionic equation for the reaction of hydrogen ions with carbonate ions. State
symbols are not required.

(1)

Write the ionic equation to show how acids react with carbonates.
State symbols are not required.
(2)

Strontium sulfate is produced when aqueous sodium sulfate is added to aqueous

strontium chloride.
Give the ionic equation for the reaction, including state symbols.
(2)

The equation representing the reaction between copper(II) oxide and dilute sulfuric acid
is
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq)!"!CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
The ionic equation for the reaction is
A Cu2+(s) + SO42–(aq)!"!CuSO4(aq)
B O2–(s) + H2SO4(aq)!"!H2O(l) + SO42–(aq)
C CuO(s) + 2H+(aq)!"!Cu2+(aq) + H2O(l)
( )
D CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq)!"!Cu2+SO42–(aq) + H2O(l)

When a solution of barium chloride is added to sulfuric acid, a white precipitate is

formed. The ionic equation (including state symbols) for this reaction is
A H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) HCl(s)
B +
Ba (aq) + SO4 (aq) –
BaSO4(s)
C Ba2+(aq) + 2SO4–(aq) Ba(SO4)2(s)
D Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) BaSO4(s) ( )
sodium chloride solution.
A student wrote an ionic equation for the reaction.

Ag2+( ) + 2C −( ) AgC 2(s)

Explain why this equation is incorrect, even though it is balanced.

. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . ... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. ..

Barium chloride can be made by reacting solid barium carbonate with dilute
hydrochloric acid in the following reaction.
BaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) BaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(a) (i) Write the ionic equation for the reaction of solid barium carbonate with
hydrogen ions from the hydrochloric acid. State symbols are not required.

When aqueous solutions of barium chloride and potassium sulfate are mixed, a white

precipitate forms. The ionic equation for the reaction is

K+(aq) + Cl− (aq) ! KCl(s)
K2+(aq) + 2Cl− (aq) ! KCl2(s)
Ba+(aq) + SO4− (aq) ! BaSO4(s)
Ba2+(aq) + SO42− (aq) ! BaSO4(s)

− − −

− −
A
A
l
1

4
1 A hydrocarbon contains, by mass, 82.7% carbon and 17.3% hydrogen.

The molecular formula of the hydrocarbon is

A CH3
B C2H6
C C2H5
D C4H10

2 In an experiment, 3.425 g of lead oxide was reduced to form 3.105 g of lead.

1
The empirical formula of the lead oxide is
A PbO
B Pb3O2
C Pb3O4
D Pb4O3

3 An oxide of nitrogen contains 2.8 g of nitrogen and 8.0 g of oxygen.

What is the empirical formula of this oxide?
A NO
B NO3
C N2O3

N2O

4 A 27.0 g sample of an unknown hydrocarbon, CxHy, was burned completely in excess

oxygen to form 88.0 g of carbon dioxide and 27.0 g of water.
[Molar masses / g mol–1: CO2 = 44; H2O = 18]
Which of the following is a possible formula of the unknown hydrocarbon?
A CH4
B C2H6
C C4H6
D C6H6

5 When 0.1 mol of atoms of an element reacts with chlorine, there is an increase in
mass of 7.1 g.

The element could be

A carbon.
B sodium.
C magnesium.
D aluminium.
5 A compound Z contains, by mass, 26.7% carbon, 2.2% hydrogen, and 71.1% oxygen.
The empirical formula of Z is
A CHO2
B C2H2O4
C CHO
D C2H2O2

8 Sulfamic acid is a white solid used by plumbers as a limescale remover.

(a) Sulfamic acid contains 14.42% by mass of nitrogen, 3.09% hydrogen and
33.06% sulfur. The remainder is oxygen.
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of sulfamic acid.
(3)
(ii) The molar mass of sulfamic acid is 97.1 g mol–1. Use this information to deduce
the molecular formula of sulfamic acid.
(1)

10
2 Sodium burns in oxygen to give a pale yellow solid X.
(a) (i) 1.73 g of sodium reacts with 1.20 g of oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula of X.
(2)

(ii) The molar mass of X is 78 g mol–1. Give the molecular formula of X.

(1)

. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . ... .. . .... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ...... ... .... . ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ...... ....... ....... ...... ....... ...... .........
1 The following reactions have been used in the chemical industry to make liquid and
solid products, allowing any gaseous products to escape into the atmosphere:
A CH3OH(g) + CO(g) CH3COOH(l)
B CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
C CH4(g) + 3C 2(g) CHCl3(l) + 3HCl(g)
D CH2CH2(g) + Cl2(g) CH2ClCH2Cl(l)

(a) Which reaction has an atom economy by mass of 56%?

A
B
C
D

l l
l l

3 Oxygen can be prepared using several different reactions. Which of those given below
has the highest atom economy by mass?
A NaNO3 NaNO2 + ½O2
B H2O2 H2O + ½O2
C Cl2 + H2O 2HCl + ½O2
D PbO2 PbO + ½O2
×

Oxygen can be prepared using several different reactions. Which of those given below
has the highest atom economy by mass?
A NaNO3 NaNO2 + ½O2
B H2O2 H2O + ½O2
C Cl2 + H2O 2HCl + ½O2
D PbO2 PbO + ½O2
1 The Avogadro constant is numerically equal to the number of

A ions in 1 mol of sodium chloride, NaCl

B atoms in 1 mol of hydrogen gas, H2
C electrons in 1 mol of helium gas, He
D molecules in 1 mol of oxygen gas, O2

2 Which of the following aqueous solutions contains the greatest number of negative ions?

A 500 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm−3 Na2SO4(aq)

B 250 cm3 of 0.12 mol dm−3 BaCl2(aq)
C 250 cm3 of 0.15 mol dm−3 K (aq)
D 500 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm−3 Zn(NO3)2(aq)

3 The Avogadro constant is equal to the number of

A grams of an element which contains 6.02 × 1023 atoms of that element.

B atoms contained in one mole of any element.
C atoms contained in one mole of any monatomic element.
D particles (atoms, ions or molecules) required to make one gram of a
substance.

4 Calculate the total number of present in 1.8 g of water, H2O.

DATA
The molar mass of H2O is 18 g mol–1
The Avogadro constant is 6.0 1023 mol–1
A 6.0 1022
B 6.0 1023
C 1.8 1023
D 1.8 1024

5 Calculate the number of atoms in one mole of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2.

[The Avogadro constant, L = 6.0 × 1023 mol–1]

A 1.5 × 1023
B 6.0 × 1023
C 1.2 × 1024
D 2.4 × 1024
1

!
! ×
×
×
×
×

×
×
×
×
×

3 Which of the following statements is true? The Avogadro constant is the number of
A grams of any element which contains 6.02 × 1023 atoms of that element.

B atoms contained in one mole of any element.

C atoms contained in one mole of any monatomic element.
D particles (atoms, molecules or ions) required to make one gram of a substance.
410 Which of these solutions does not contain the same total number of ions as the others?
A 10.00 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm 3
NaCl(aq)
B 20.00 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm 3
NaCl(aq)
C 20.00 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm 3
MgCl2(aq)
D 13.33 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm 3
MgCl2(aq)
(Total for Question = 1 mark)

5 17.1 g of aluminium sulfate, Al2(SO4)3, was dissolved in water.

Calculate the number of sulfate ions, SO42–, present in the solution formed.
Assume the molar mass of Al2(SO4)3 is 342 g mol–1 and the Avogadro Constant is
6 1023 mol–1.]
A 3 1021

B 1 1022
C 3 1022
D 9 1022
(Total for Question = 1 mark)

6 The Avogadro constant is 6.0 × 1023 mol–1. Therefore the number of atoms in 1 mol of
carbon dioxide is
A 2.0 × 1023
B 6.0 × 1023
C 1.2 × 1024
D 1.8 × 1024

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

7 The human body contains around 0.025 g of iodine molecules, I2. Which of the
following shows the number of iodine atoms in 0.025 g of I2?

The Avogadro constant is 6.02 1023 mol–1.

0.025
A × 6.02 × 1023
126.9

0.025
B × 6.02 × 1023
253.8

253.8
C × 6.02 × 1023
0.025

126.9
D × 6.02 × 1023
0.025
(Total for Question = 1 mark)
1 Which of the following gas samples has the same volume as 7.0 g of
carbon monoxide?
All volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.
A 1.0 g of hydrogen
B 3.5 g of nitrogen
C 10.0 g of argon
D 35.5 g of chlorine

2 In an experiment carried out at 200 oC and 1 atm pressure, 20 cm3 of ammonia gas
reacted with an excess of heated copper(II) oxide.

3CuO(s) + 2NH3(g) 3Cu(s) + 3H2O(g) + N2(g)

If all measurements were made at 200 oC and 1 atm pressure, what would be the total
volume, in cm3, of gaseous products?

A 10
B 20
C 30
D 40

13 In which of the following pairs does each gas occupy the same volume?
All volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure.
A 2 g of hydrogen and 14 g of nitrogen.
B 32 g of methane and 88 g of carbon dioxide.
C 7 g of carbon monoxide and 16 g of oxygen.
D 10 g of hydrogen chloride and 10 g of sulfur dioxide.
4 Magnesium nitrate is decomposed by heat in the following reaction.

2Mg(NO3)2(s) 2MgO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

In an experiment, 0.10 mol of magnesium nitrate was heated. What is the maximum
volume of gas, measured in dm3 at room temperature and pressure, which could be
obtained?
[Molar volume of a gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature and pressure]
A 0.24
B 2.4
C 4.8
D 6.0

5 Ammonia gas decomposes when heated.

2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)

In an experiment, a sample of 500 cm3 of ammonia was heated and 20% decomposed.
The total volume of gas present at the end of the experiment, in cm3, was
A 200
B 400
C 600
D 1000
1 0.96 g of oxygen gas is contained in a glass vessel of volume 7.0 × 10–3 m3 at a temperature of
30 °C.

Assume the gas behaves as an ideal gas.

What is the pressure in the vessel?

A 1.1 kPa B 2.1 kPa C 10.8 kPa D 21.6 kPa

2 The volume of a sample of methane is measured at a temperature of 60 °C and a pressure of

103 kPa. The volume measured is 5.37 × 10–3 m3.

Assume the gas behaves as an ideal gas.

What is the mass of the sample of methane, given to two significant figures?

A 0.00018 g B 0.0032 g C 0.18 g D 3.2 g

3 When an evacuated tube of volume 400 cm3 is filled with gas at 300 K and 101 kPa, the mass of
the tube increases by 0.65 g.

Assume the gas behaves as an ideal gas.

What could be the identity of the gas?

A argon
B helium
C krypton
D neon

4
Iodine is a black, shiny, non-metallic solid and a member of Group VII. It sublimes easily on
heating to give a purple vapour.

A sample of iodine vapour of mass 6.35 g has a volume of 1.247 dm3 when maintained at
constant temperature and a pressure of 1.00 × 105 Pa.

If iodine vapour acts as an ideal gas, what is the temperature of the iodine vapour?

A 300 K B 600 K C 300 000 K D 600 000 K

3
3

5 When an evacuated glass tube of volume 200 cm is filled with a gas at 300 K and 101 kPa, the
mass of the tube increases by 1.06 g.

What is the identity of the gas?

A argon
B krypton
C neon
D xenon
Airbags protect occupants by inflating when a car crashes.

Airbags rely on chemical reactions to produce large volumes of gases quickly.

In some airbags, solid sodium azide (NaN3) decomposes forming nitrogen gas and
sodium as the only products.
(a) Write an equation for the decomposition of sodium azide.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

(b) A passenger airbag requires 120 dm3 of gas to fill it.

Calculate, using the ideal gas equation, the mass of sodium azide required to fill
a passenger airbag in this reaction under standard conditions (101 000 Pa, 25°C).
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[ pV = nRT R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1 ]

(6)
(c) Two further reactions take place in the airbag.
Reaction A 10Na + 2KNO3 K2O + 5Na2O + N2
Reaction B K2O + Na2O + SiO2 Na2K2SiO4
(i) Reaction A produces more nitrogen to inflate the airbag.
Calculate the atom economy, by mass, for the production of nitrogen in reaction A.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
(3)

(ii) State the type of reaction taking place in reaction B.

(1)

(Total for Question = 11 marks)

This question is about butane, C4H10 , and but-2-ene, C4H8.

(a) (i) Write equations for the complete combustion of butane and but-2-ene in oxygen.
State symbols are not required.
(2)
Butane equation

But-2-ene equation

(ii) 0.1 mol of butane is burned in 0.8 mol (an excess) of oxygen gas.
0.1 mol of but-2-ene is also burned in 0.8 mol (an excess) of oxygen gas.
Calculate the final total number of moles of gas at the end of these reactions
at room temperature.
(2)

Moles of gas from butane . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... ..

Moles of gas from but-2-ene .. .. .. ... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ...

(Total for Question = marks)

Calculate the number of nitrogen atoms in 5.60 g of nitrogen gas.
[Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1]
(2)

(iii) A sample of nitrogen gas occupied 108 cm3 at a temperature of 25 °C and a

pressure of 1.36 × 105 Pa.
Using the ideal gas equation, calculate the number of moles of nitrogen gas in
this sample.
[pV = nRT R = 8.31 J mol−1 K−1]
(4)

(b) A sample of a compound is analysed and found to contain only 3.09 g carbon,
0.26 g hydrogen and 9.15 g chlorine.
The molar mass of the compound is 97.0 g mol−1.
Calculate the molecular formula of this compound.
You must show your working.
(3)

(Total for Question = marks)

×
×
×
×

4 The concentration of blood glucose is usually given in millimoles per dm3 or

mmol dm–3. A reading of 5.0 mmol dm–3 is within the normal range. Glucose has a
molar mass of 180 g mol–1. What mass of glucose dissolved in 1 dm3 of blood would
give this normal reading?
A 0.090 g
B 0.18 g
C 0.90 g
D 9.0 g

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

2000 g of a solution contains 0.015 g of solute.

In the solution, the concentration of the solute in parts per million (ppm) is
A 3.0
B 7.5
C 30
D 75

What is the concentration, in mol dm–3, of a solution of 10.6 g of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3,
in 250 cm3 of solution?
A 0.40
B 0.25
C 0.10
D 0.025

A solution contains 33 ppm of solute. The mass of solute dissolved in 1 kg of this

solution is
A 33 g
B 0.33 g
C 0.033 g
D 0.000033 g
6
1 10 g of magnesium is added to 1 dm3 of 1 mol dm−3 copper(II) sulfate solution and
the mixture is stirred until no further reaction occurs.

Which of the following is a result of this reaction?

A The resulting solution is colourless.
B 10 g of copper is displaced.
C 63.5 g of copper is displaced.
D All the magnesium reacts.

2 Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute nitric acid as follows:

CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

0.05 mol of calcium carbonate was added to a solution containing 0.08 mol of
nitric acid.

Which of the following statements is true?

A 0.05 mol of carbon dioxide is produced.

B 0.08 mol of calcium nitrate is produced.
C Calcium carbonate is in excess by 0.01 mol.
D Nitric acid is in excess by 0.03 mol.

13 Consider the reaction below.

2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)

What is the maximum volume, in dm3, of nitrogen dioxide that could be obtained
in the reaction occurring when 1 dm3 of nitrogen monoxide is mixed with 2 dm3 of
oxygen, under suitable conditions?
All measurements are made at the same temperature and pressure.

A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4
11 Ammonia is manufactured from hydrogen and nitrogen in the Haber process.

3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g)

If 60 tonnes of hydrogen produces 80 tonnes of ammonia, what is the percentage

yield in the reaction?
80
A 100%
170
80
B 100%
340
30
C 100%
80
60
D 100%
80

2 Phenol, C6H5OH, is converted into trichlorophenol (known as TCP), C6H2Cl3OH,

according to the equation below.

C6H5OH + 3Cl2 C6H2Cl3OH + 3HCl

If 50.0 g of phenol produces 97.6 g of TCP, what is the percentage yield of the TCP?
[Molar masses: phenol = 94 g mol–1; TCP = 197.5 g mol–1]

A 47.6%
B 49.4%
C 51.2%
D 92.9%

3 If the price of one tonne (1000 kg) of sulfur, S, is £160, what is the cost (to the nearest
pound) of the sulfur needed to make one tonne of sulfuric acid, H2SO4?

A £52
B £98
C £160
D £490
4 Calculate the mass of hydrated sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3.5H2O, required to prepare
200 cm3 of a 0.100 mol dm–3 solution.
[Assume that the molar mass of Na2S2O3.5H2O is 248 g mol–1]
A 0.124 g
B 4.96 g
C 24.8 g
D 4960 g

5 Nitrogen monoxide, NO, can be made by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia, NH3.
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
In an experiment, 8.5 g of ammonia reacted to form 15.0 g of nitrogen monoxide.
The percentage yield of nitrogen monoxide in this experiment is
A 50%
B 57%
C 100%
D 176%

6 Calculate the mass, in grams, of silver chloride, AgCl, formed when excess
silver nitrate solution is added to 55.0 cm3 of a 0.200 mol dm−3 solution of
potassium chloride.

[The molar mass of AgCl = 143.4 g mol–1]

AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) AgCl(s) + KNO3(aq)
A 1.10 g
B 1.58 g
C 7.89 g
D 11.0 g
18
2

M M

3
→

4
11
12
5
1 Mohr’s salt, (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O, is a blue-green crystalline solid usually made by

dissolving equimolar amounts of iron(II) sulfate and ammonium sulfate in

dilute sulfuric acid and then crystallising.

The reaction may be represented by the equation

FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2SO4 (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O + H2O
Molar masses 278 132 392 18
/g mol−1
(a) What mass of Mohr’s salt would be produced from 2.78 g of iron(II) sulfate with
excess ammonium sulfate, if the yield in the reaction was 80%?
(1)
A 2.22 g
B 2.78 g
C 3.14 g
D 3.92 g
(b) How many cations are there in each mole of Mohr’s salt?
[Avogadro constant, L = 6.0 × 1023 mol−1]
(1)
A 6.0
6.0
. 23

B 1.2
1.2
. 24

C 1.8
1. 24

D 3.0
3. 24

(c) What is the percentage by mass of water in Mohr’s salt?

(1)
A 4.6%
B 18%
C 28%
D 72%

(Total for Question 1 = 3 marks)

2 Magnesium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid.
MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(a) What mass of magnesium carbonate would react with excess hydrochloric acid to
produce 240 cm3 of carbon dioxide, measured at room temperature and pressure?

Data: 1 mol of any gas occupies 24.0 dm3 at room temperature and pressure
Molar mass of magnesium carbonate = 84.3 g mol−1
(1)
A 0.843 g
B 8.43 g
C 84.3 g
D 843 g

(b) What is the minimum mass of magnesium carbonate needed to neutralise

50.0 cm3 of 0.250 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid?
(1)
A 0.423 g
B 0.527 g
C 1.05 g
D 2.11 g

(c) What would be seen at the end of the reaction with excess acid?
(1)
A A colourless solution
B A coloured solution
C A white precipitate
D A coloured precipitate

(Total for Question 2 = 3 marks)

3 Solutions of barium chloride and silver nitrate are mixed together.

The reaction that takes place is an example of
A displacement.
B neutralization.
C oxidation.
D precipitation.
17
1

(1)

(1)
three
(3)

1 = 7 marks)
(Total for Question 17
16

not
(1)

ionic
not
(2)

(iii) Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide collected in the experiment.
[The molar volume of any gas is 24 000 cm3 mol–1 at room temperature and
pressure.]
(1)
(1)

(1)

three
(2)

(1)

2 = 12 marks)
(Total for Question 16
1
−

!
KAlO2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) KAl(SO4)2(aq) + H2O(l)
Magnesium carbonate powder reacts with hydrochloric acid.

(a) Complete the equation for this reaction by adding state symbols.
(1)

MgCO3(... .... ... ... ... ) + 2HC (. ... ... ......... ) MgC 2(..... ...... ..... ) + H2O(.. ..... ..... .... ) + CO2(.... ..... ..... .. )

(b) A student carried out an investigation to determine the molar volume of

carbon dioxide using this apparatus.

100 cm3
measuring
cylinder

30 cm3
hydrochloric acid
water

The student carried out five experiments, adding a different mass of

magnesium carbonate each time.
The results are shown in the table.

Mass of Volume of gas

magnesium carbonate / g collected / cm3
0.05 11
0.10 27
0.15 38
0.20 54
0.25 63
(i) Plot a graph of these results.
(3)

(ii) A student carried out a further experiment using a different mass of

magnesium carbonate.

Give the volume of gas collected using the inverted measuring cylinder.
(1)
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ....... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ...... .... .... .... .... ...
(iii) Determine the mass of magnesium carbonate added in the experiment in
(b)(ii), using your graph.
(1)

(iv) Calculate the molar volume of carbon dioxide using your answers to parts (b)(ii) and (b)(iii).
Give your value to an appropriate number of significant figures and include units.
[ Ar values: Mg = 24.3 C = 12.0 O = 16.0 ]
(4)
(v) The acid must be in excess for each experiment.
Calculate the minimum concentration of hydrochloric acid needed for 30 cm3
of acid to completely react with 0.25 g of magnesium carbonate.

MgCO3 + 2HC + MgC 2 + H2O + CO2

(2)

(c) The value of molar volume calculated in (b)(iv) was lower than the student expected.
Give two reasons for the value being lower than expected.
Assume that the correct amounts of hydrochloric acid and magnesium carbonate
were used.
(2)

(Total for Question = 14 marks)

Atomic structure

1 The hydroxide ion, OH−, has a total of 9 protons.

How many neutrons and electrons are there in this ion?

Number of neutrons Number of electrons

A 8 8
B 8 10
C 9 8
D 9 9

2 In which pair are the ions isoelectronic?

A Li+ and O2−
B Na+ and Cl−
C Mg2+ and S2−
D Al3+ and F−

An atom and an ion with a single positive charge are isoelectronic. Therefore the

A atom and the ion have the same mass number.

B atom and the ion have the same atomic number.
C atomic number of the atom is one more than that of the ion.
D atomic number of the atom is one less than that of the ion.

4
A
B
C
D

A
B
C
D
Atomic structure
Atomic structure
Atomic structure
Atomic structure

An isotope of an element, atomic number z, has mass number 2z + 4. How many

neutrons are in the nucleus of the element?
A z+4
B z+2
C z
D 4

When an Al4+ ion is formed from an Al atom, the fourth electron is lost from the

A 1s sub-shell.
B 2s sub-shell.
C 2p sub-shell.
D 3s sub-shell.
Atomic structure

m/z

s s p

!" ! !" ! !

!" ! !" !"

!" !" ! ! !

!" !" !" !

Atomic structure
Atomic structure
Atomic structure
Atomic structure
Atomic structure

!"
m ss s ectrometer

1 Which row in the table shows the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in a

fluoride ion, F–?

Use the Periodic Table as a source of data.

Protons Neutrons Electrons

A 8 9 9
B 9 9 10
C 9 10 9
D 9 10 10

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 A sample of oxygen contains the isotopes 16O, 17O, 18O.

How many peaks would there be for the O2+ ions in the mass spectrum of this sample
of oxygen?

A 3
B 5
C 6
D 9

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

m ss s ectrometer

Ions are separated in the mass spectrometer by

A a vacuum pump.
B a magnetic field.
C an ionization chamber.
D electron bombardment.
(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following contains one mole of neutrons?

A 1 g of 11H

B 1 g of 126C

C 2 g of 24
12Mg

D 2 g of 22
10Ne

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

m ss s ectrometer

Which of the following species has 50 neutrons?

50
A 23 V
86
B 37 Rb–
89
C 39 Y+
91
D 40 Zr+
(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following statements is correct about all isotopes of an element? They have
A the same mass number.
B the same number of neutrons.
C more protons than neutrons.
D the same electronic configuration.
(Total for Question = 1 mark)

The element rhenium has two naturally-occurring isotopes, 185Re and 187Re. The
relative atomic mass of rhenium is 186.2.

From this information, the percentage abundances of these two isotopes are

A 12% 185Re and 88% 187Re

B 40% 185Re and 60% 187Re
C 60% 185Re and 40% 187Re
D 88% 185Re and 12% 187Re
(Total for Question = 1 mark)
m ss s ectrometer

Which of the following ions would be deflected least in a mass spectrometer?

A Cl+
35

B Cl2+
35

C Cl+
37

D Cl2+
37

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

The mass spectrum of an element is shown below.

Relative abundance 40

69 71
Mass/charge ratio

The relative atomic mass of the element is

A 69.4
B 69.8
C 70.0
D 70.2

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

m ss s ectrometer

In a mass spectrometer, positive ions are accelerated by

A bombarding them with fast-moving electrons.
B bombarding them with fast-moving protons.
C passing them between charged plates.
D passing them through a magnetic field.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

m ss s ectrometer

1 This question is about isotopes, and the use of mass spectrometry to detect their
presence and measure their abundance.
(a) Boron has two naturally occurring isotopes, 10B and 11B.
(i) A sample of boron contained 13.9% of isotope 10B and 86.1% of isotope 11B.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of boron in this sample. Give your answer
to three significant figures.
(2)

(ii) Complete the following definition of relative atomic mass.

(1)
The relative atomic mass is the weighted mean mass of an atom of an element

(iii) Boron-12 is a short-lived radioactive isotope.

Name the subatomic particles in an atom of boron-12 and give the number of each.
(2)

(b) (i) A mass spectrometer operates under a vacuum. Suggest the effect on the
ions in a mass spectrometer if particles from the air were present.
(1)

. ............ ........... ........ .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................ .............................................. .......................... ....................... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

(ii) Suggest how, if at all, the electric field in the mass spectrometer would affect
molecules that are not ionised.
(1)

. ............ ........... ........ .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................ .............................................. .......................... ....................... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

*(iii) The reaction of ethene with aqueous potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4,

produces ethane-1,2-diol, CH2OHCH2OH.
Data: molar mass of ethane-1,2-diol = 62 g mol−1
In an experiment, KMnO4 containing only 18O reacts with ethene.
Suggest how the mass spectrum of ethane-1,2-diol data could be used
to decide whether the oxygen atoms in ethane-1,2-diol came from the
manganate(VII) ion, water, or a combination of the two.
(2)

. ............ ........... ........ .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................ .............................................. .......................... ....................... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

m ss s ectrometer

(c) A student sketched the mass spectrum of chlorine gas which contained 75% of
the 35Cl isotope and 25% of the 37Cl isotope.

Relative
Intensity

30 40 50 60 70 80
m /e

(i) Identify and correct the two errors made by the student in this sketch.
(2)

Error 1 ...... ........ .... ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... . . . . ................................... ............................. .............................................. ............................................... .... .. .. .. .. ... .

Correction 1 ... . . . . . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ ............................. .............................................. .............. ...................... .... .. .. .. .. .. ..

Error 2 ...... ........ .... ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... . . . . ................................... ............................. .............................................. ............................................... .... .. .. .. .. ... .

Correction 2 ... . . . . . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ ............................. .............................................. .............. ...................... .... .. .. .. .. .. ..
(ii) Give the formula of the ion responsible for the peak with m / e = 74, showing
the isotope(s) present.
(1)

(Total for Question 1 = 12 marks)

m ss s ectrometer

1 (a) The relative atomic masses of elements can be determined using a mass spectrometer.
(i) Define the term relative atomic mass.
(3)

. ........... ............ ........... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. ............................................... .............................................. ........................................... .. .. .. . .. .. .

(ii) Describe fully how positive ions are formed from gaseous atoms in a
mass spectrometer.
(2)

. ........... ............ ........... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. ............................................... .............................................. ........................................... .. .. .. . .. .. .

m ss s ectrometer

(iii) The following data were obtained from the mass spectrum of a sample of strontium.

Mass / charge ratio % abundance

84.0 0.56

86.0 9.86
87.0 7.02

88.0 82.56

Calculate the relative atomic mass of strontium in this sample.

Give your answer to three significant figures.
(2)

(b) In which block of the Periodic Table is strontium found?

(1)

(d) A solution of strontium nitrate was prepared from strontium oxide and dilute nitric acid.
Write the equation for this reaction, including state symbols.
(2)

(e) A compound of strontium contains 49.9% strontium, 13.7% carbon and 36.4% oxygen,
by mass.
Calculate the empirical formula for this compound.
[Use relative atomic masses: Sr = 87.6, C = 12.0, O = 16.0]
(3)

(Total for Question 1 = 15 marks)

m ss s ectrometer

A model of the atom describes a nucleus containing protons and neutrons

surrounded by electrons in energy levels.
(a) Complete the table below.
(3)

Sub-atomic particle Relative mass Relative charge

proton
neutron
electron

(b) State, in terms of the sub-atomic particles present, the meaning of the term isotopes.
(2)

(c) The element rubidium exists as the isotopes 85Rb and 87Rb.
(i) Explain how gaseous atoms of rubidium are ionized in a mass spectrometer.
(2)

(ii) In a sample of rubidium, the isotope 85Rb has an abundance 2.5 times greater
than that of 87Rb.
Calculate the relative atomic mass of rubidium in this sample. Give your
answer to one decimal place.
(3)

Relative atomic mass = .................. .............................................. ... .................... .. . .. .. .. .. .

m ss s ectrometer

(d) The diagram below illustrates a model of the metallic bonding in rubidium.
Write appropriate labels in the two empty boxes in order to complete the
diagram.
(2)

(Total for Question = 12 marks)

erio ic re s
Which of the following represents the electronic structure of a nitrogen atom?

1s 2s 2p

A !" ! !" ! !

B !" ! !" !"

C !" !" ! ! !

D !" !" !" !

erio ic re s

Which of these equations represents the second ionization of magnesium?

A Mg+(g) Mg2+(g) + e
B Mg(g) Mg2+(g) + 2e
C Mg+(g) + e Mg2+(g)
D Mg(g) + 2e Mg2+(g)
erio ic re s

!
!
!
!

The electronic structures of four elements are given below. Which of these elements has
the highest first ionization energy?

1s 2s 2p

A !" !" ! !

B !" !" ! ! !

C !" !" !" !" !

D !" !" !" !" !"

erio ic re s

The sketch graph below shows the trend in first ionization energies for some elements in
Periods two and three.

2500
C
2000
Ionization energy / B
kJ mol–1 1500

1000 A

500 D

Atomic number

Select, from the elements A to D, the one that

(a) has atoms with five p electrons.
(1)
A
B
C
D
(b) is a member of Group 3.
(1)
A
B
C
D

(c) is likely to be very unreactive.

(1)
A
B
C
D

(d) normally forms four covalent bonds per atom.

(1)
A
B
C
D
erio ic re s

In which of the following series does the melting temperature of the element increase
from left to right?
A Li, Na, K
B Al, Si, P
C Si, P, S
D Na, Mg, Al
erio ic re s

16 In the following outline of the Periodic Table, the letters A to D are not the symbols of
the elements.

D
A C
B

Select from A to D the element which

(a) is a non-metal with a high melting temperature and boiling temperature.

(1)
A
B
C
D

(b) is in the d block of the Periodic Table.

(1)
A
B
C
D

(c) has a very stable electronic structure.

(1)
A
B
C
D

(d) is a metal with a high melting temperature and boiling temperature.

(1)
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question = 4 marks)

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11
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erio ic tre s

Which of these elements in Period 3 has the highest melting temperature?

A Na
B Al
C Si
D P

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

The first six ionization energies, in kJ mol–1, of an element are

1086, 2353, 4621, 6223, 37832, 47278

In which group of the Periodic Table is this element?
A 2
B 3
C 4
D 5

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

erio ic tre s

Each diagram shows the trend in the ionic radius for four sequences of ions.
The diagrams are not to scale.

A B

Ionic Ionic
radius radius

Ions Ions

C D

Ionic Ionic
radius radius

Ions Ions

(a) Which diagram shows the trend in the ionic radius for the sequence
Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+?
(1)
A
B
C
D
(b) Which diagram shows the trend in the ionic radius for the sequence
Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, Si4+?
(1)
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question = 2 marks)

erio ic tre s

The atomic radius of potassium is larger than that of sodium because potassium has
A a larger nuclear charge.
B a larger nucleus.
C more occupied electron shells.
D a smaller first ionization energy.
(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following results in the most polarizing cation?

Cation radius Cation charge

A small small
B small large
C large small
D large large

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

erio ic tre s

Which of the following graphs, not drawn to scale, best represents the trend in the
melting temperatures of the elements across Period 3, from sodium to argon?

A Melting
temperature

Atomic number

Melting
B temperature

Atomic number

C Melting
temperature

Atomic number

Melting
D
temperature

Atomic number

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

erio ic tre s

Which one of the following ions has the smallest radius?

A F–
B Mg2+
C Na+
D O2–

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

In which of the following pairs does the second element have a lower 1st ionization
energy than the first element?

First element Second element

A Si C

B Na Mg

C Be B

D Ar Ne

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Element X is in Group 3 and element Y is in Group 6 of the Periodic Table.

Which of the following is the most likely formula of the compound formed when X
and Y react together?
A X2Y3
B X3Y2
C X 2Y
D XY2
(Total for Question = 1 mark)
erio ic tre s
Four sequences of ionization energies of elements, in kJ mol–1, are shown below.

(a) The sequence giving the first ionization energies of elements going down a
Group in the Periodic Table is
(1)
A
B
C
D

(b) The sequence showing the first five ionization energies of calcium is
(1)
A
B
C
D

(c) The sequence showing the first ionization energy of successive elements, in which
atomic number increases by one each time, starting with an element in Group 6 is
(1)
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question = 3 marks)

Which of the following ions has the smallest ionic radius?

A Ca2+
B K+
C S2–
D Cl–

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

erio ic tre s

1 This is a question about ionisation energies.

(a) Define in words the term ‘first ionisation energy’.
(3)

(b) Write the equation for the second ionisation energy of lithium.
(1)

(d) Complete the sketch of the log (ionisation energy) of sodium.

(4)

Log
(ionisation
energy)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Number of electrons removed

*(e) Explain why there is a general decrease in the values of the first ionisation energy
on descending a group in the Periodic Table.
(3)

*(f ) Explain why the first ionisation energy of sulfur is less than that of phosphorus.
(2)

*(g) The first ionisation energy for sodium is +496 kJ mol–1 and for magnesium is +738 kJ mol–1.
Hence suggest a value for the first ionisation energy of aluminium and justify your choice.
(3)

Ionisation Energy Value: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... . ........... .............................................. ........................................................................ ....... ............... .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .

Justification . ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ . . . . . . . . ................................... ............................. ............................................... .................... ..................... .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .

(Total for Question 1 = 17 marks)

erio ic tre s

1 The first ionization energies for the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table are

Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
First ionization energy
496 738 578 789 1012 1000 1251 1521
/ kJ mol–1

(a) (i) Complete the electronic configuration of phosphorus, using the electrons-in-boxes
notation.
Write the symbols for the sub-shells on the dotted lines.
(2)

1s .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .................................. ... .............. . .............................................. .

*(ii) The first ionization energies generally increase from left to right across the
period.
Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is lower than that of
phosphorus.
(2)

(iii) Write an equation, with state symbols, to show the third ionization energy of
phosphorus.
(2)
erio ic tre s

*(b) (i) Explain why the first ionization energy of nitrogen is greater than the
first ionization energy of phosphorus.
(3)

(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of nitrogen.
Show outer electrons only.
(2)

(c) Solid white phosphorus exists as P4 molecules.

Calculate the number of molecules in 24.8 g of white phosphorus.
[The Avogadro constant, L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]
(2)

(Total for Question 1 = 13 marks)

erio ic tre s

4 The diagram below shows the pattern in the first ionization energies of the first
18 elements.
2500 He
Ne
2000

First Ar
ionization 1500
energy H
/ kJ mol–1 1000

500
Li Na
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Atomic number (Z)

(a) Give the equation, including state symbols, for the first ionization energy of
fluorine.
(2)

*(b) Explain why there is a general increase in the first ionization energies from
sodium to argon.
(3)

*(ii) Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur (Z = 16) is less than that of
phosphorus (Z = 15).
(2)

(d) The table below, which is incomplete, refers to the elements sodium to sulfur.

Element Na Mg Al Si P S

Melting
low high
temperature

Structure giant

Electrical
high
conductivity

(i) Complete the melting temperature row by using only the words
‘high’ or ‘low’.
(2)
(ii) Complete the structure row by using only the words ‘giant’ or ‘molecular’.
(2)
(iii) Complete the electrical conductivity row by using only the words
‘high’ or ‘low’.
(1)
erio ic tre s

(e) In an experiment, 2.76 g of sodium completely reacted with water to form

500 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
(i) Calculate the number of moles of sodium that reacted.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the maximum volume, in dm3, of hydrogen that can be formed at
room temperature and pressure.
[1 mol of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.]
(2)

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the sodium hydroxide solution,
NaOH(aq), formed in the experiment.
(2)

(Total for Question 4 = 19 marks)

io ic met ic o i

Which of the following equations has the correct state symbols for the reaction of
dilute hydrochloric acid with magnesium oxide?

MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O

MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
MgO + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H 2O

Which of the following observations provides the best evidence for the presence of
ionic bonding in an unknown substance?
The substance conducts electricity
in the solid state.
in the solid state and in aqueous solution.
in the solid state and when molten.
when molten but not in the solid state.
io ic met ic o i

A spot of blue solution was placed in the centre of a piece of moist filter paper
supported on a microscope slide and the following experiment was carried out.

DC supply

+ –
moist filter
paper on
microscope slide
position of
blue solution
at start

After some time, a blue colour moved towards the negative terminal, but no change
was visible in the region of the positive terminal. This is because
the negative ions in the solution were colourless and the positive ions were blue.
the positive ions in the solution were colourless and the negative ions were blue.
the negative ions in the solution had not moved but the positive ions had moved.
the positive ions in the solution had not moved but the negative ions had moved.

In which of the following compounds is the most polarized?

LiF
LiI
KF
KI
io ic met ic o i

Which of these electron density maps best represents the bonding in the compound
lithium iodide, LiI?
–
+
A

–
+
B

–
+
C

–
+
D

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Metals are good conductors of electricity because

metal atoms are arranged in a regular lattice.

metal ions are very close to each other.
metal ions are free to move through the lattice.
electrons are free to move through the lattice.
io ic met ic o i

Which of the following statements is evidence for the existence of ions in ionic
compounds?
Ionic compounds, in the solid state, conduct electricity.
When ionic compound in solution is electrolysed, the migration of ions
can be seen.
In electron density maps for ionic compounds, there is no single line
representing electron density that surrounds both cations and anions.
In electron density maps for ionic compounds, there are some single lines
representing electron density that surround both cations and anions.

Metals usually have high melting temperatures and boiling temperatures because there
are
A strong attractions between the ions.
B strong attractions between the delocalised electrons.
C strong attractions between the ions and the delocalised electrons.
D strong intermolecular forces.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

The bonding in magnesium oxide, MgO, is

A ionic.

B metallic and ionic.

C ionic and covalent.

D metallic and covalent.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

io ic met ic o i

Which row in the table shows the lattice energies, in kJ mol–1, of calcium fluoride,
potassium fluoride and potassium iodide?

Calcium fluoride Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide

–2630 –817 –651
–2630 –651 –817
–651 –817 –2630
–817 –2630 –651

The experimental value for the lattice energy of beryllium iodide is 2800 kJ mol–1
and the theoretical value is –2653 kJ mol–1.
The best explanation for the difference is that the
beryllium ion is large and polarizes the iodide ion.
beryllium ion is small and polarizes the iodide ion.
iodide ion is large and polarizes the beryllium ion.
iodide ion is small and polarizes the beryllium ion.

Carbon (diamond) and oxygen both form covalent bonds between their atoms in the
element.
What is the reason for the fact that diamond has a much higher melting
temperature than oxygen?
Diamond is a solid but oxygen is a gas at room temperature.
Diamond has a giant atomic structure but oxygen has a simple molecular
structure.
The covalent bonds between carbon atoms in diamond are stronger than
those between oxygen atoms.
There is a single covalent bond between carbon atoms in diamond but a
double covalent bond between oxygen atoms.
io ic met ic o i

Which of the following compounds has the greatest ionic character?

Caesium fluoride
Caesium iodide
Potassium fluoride
Potassium iodide

Potassium combines with iodine to form potassium iodide.

Which of the following describes the bonding in the three substances?

Potassium Potassium iodide

ionic covalent ionic

metallic ionic covalent

covalent covalent ionic

metallic covalent ionic

Metallic bonding is described as the electrostatic attraction between

positive ions and delocalized electrons.
protons and electrons.
positive and negative ions.
nuclei and shared pairs of electrons.

A liquid, which conducts electricity, continues to conduct when it is cooled and

solidified. Which of the following could it be?
Mercury
Bromine
Molten sodium chloride
Tetrachloromethane
io ic met ic o i

The diagram below illustrates a model of the metallic bonding in rubidium.

Write appropriate labels in the two empty boxes in order to complete the
diagram.

(ii) Draw an electron density map for the iodide ion in sodium iodide showing
any effect the sodium ion has on the iodide ion.

Na+ I–

*(c) The lattice energies of sodium fluoride and magnesium fluoride are shown in the
table below.

Compound Lattice energy / kJ mol−1

Sodium fluoride, NaF −918

Magnesium fluoride, MgF2 −2957

Explain, in terms of the sizes and charges of the ions involved, why the
lattice energy of MgF2 is more negative than that of NaF.

(ii) State observations you would make while the reaction is taking place. No
change of colour occurs.

Observation 1 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................... ..... ...................................... ........................................ .......... ............ .... .. .. .. .

Observation 2 .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................... ..... ...................................... ........................................ .......... ............ .... .. .. .. .

(b) In an experiment to prepare crystals of hydrated barium chloride, BaCl2.2H2O, a

volume of 25.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, was transferred to a
beaker and solid barium carbonate, BaCO3, was added until it was in excess.
(i) How many moles of acid were used in the reaction?

(ii) What mass of barium carbonate, in grams, reacts with this amount of acid?
The molar mass of barium carbonate is 197.3 g mol–1.

(iii) Why was an of barium carbonate used in the experiment?

(iv) How would you separate the barium chloride solution from the reaction
mixture in part (iii)?

(v) The barium chloride solution was left to crystallize. The crystals were
separated and dried carefully. A sample of 5.35 g of hydrated crystals,
BaCl2 2H2O, which has molar mass 244 g mol–1, was obtained. Calculate the
percentage yield of this reaction.

(vi) Give reason why the yield of crystals is less than 100%, even when the
reactants contain no impurities.

*(c) The lattice energies of sodium fluoride, sodium chloride and magnesium fluoride
are shown in the table below.

Compound Lattice energy / kJ mol−1

Sodium fluoride, NaF −918
Sodium chloride, NaCl −780
Magnesium fluoride, MgF2 −2957

Explain, in terms of the sizes and charges of the ions involved, the differences
between the lattice energy values of
(i) NaF and NaCl

.. ......... ............ ........... ......... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... . . . . . ............................................................. .............................................. ...................................................... .. .. .. .. .. ..

(ii) NaF and MgF2

.. ......... ............ ........... ......... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... . . . . . ............................................................. .............................................. ...................................................... .. .. .. .. .. ..

io ic met ic o i

Sodium and chlorine react together to produce sodium chloride. The bonding in
the product is different from that in both of the reactants. Evidence for the type of
bonding present can be obtained in a number of different ways.
(a) Draw the electron density map for a chlorine molecule to show covalent bonding.

(b) Sodium chloride is ionically bonded. What is meant by the term ?

(c) Electrolysis is an experiment which you could carry out in a school or college
laboratory on an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, to provide evidence for the
presence of ionic bonding.
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that you would use for this experiment,
indicating how your results would show that the bonding was ionic.
io ic met ic o i

(d) Chlorine gains an electron when it reacts with sodium to form sodium chloride.
(i) Draw the dot and cross diagram of a chloride ion showing outer electrons only.

(ii) Give the formula of an ion from that is isoelectronic with the chloride ion.

(e) Sodium and sodium chloride can both be good conductors of electricity.
Under what conditions do these substances conduct electricity?
Compare the method of conductivity in each case.

Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity and usually have high melting
temperatures and boiling temperatures.
(a) (i) Describe the structure of a metal.
(2)

(ii) Describe the bonding in a metal.

(2)

(b) Explain why the melting temperature of magnesium (650 °C) is much higher than
that of sodium (98 °C).
(3)

(c) Explain how metals conduct electricity.

(2)

(Total for Question = 9 marks)

io ic met ic o i

(a) Briefly describe an experiment, with a diagram of the apparatus you would use,
which shows that there are oppositely charged ions in copper(II) chromate(VI),
CuCrO4. Describe what you would expect to see.

Formula of ion Colour

2+
Cu (aq) blue
CrO42–(aq) yellow
(4)
Diagram

(b) The ions in an ionic lattice are held together by an overall force of attraction.
(i) Describe the forces of attraction in an ionic lattice.
(1)

(ii) Suggest two forces of repulsion which exist in an ionic lattice.

(2)

(d) The lattice composed of the ions Mg2+ and O2– is stronger than a lattice composed of
the ions Mg+ and O– .
(i) Explain, in terms of the charges on the ions and the size of the cations, why this
is so.
(2)

(ii) Suggest how the lattice energy of Mg2+O2– would differ from that of Mg+O–.
(1)

(Total for Question = 15 marks)

io ic met ic o i

This question is about the element chlorine (atomic number = 17).

(a) Complete the electronic structure of chlorine.

(1)

1s2 2s2 .......................................................................................... . .................................................................................................

(b) Chlorine forms compounds with magnesium and with carbon.

(i) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the electronic structure of the compound
magnesium chloride (only the outer electrons need be shown).
Include the charges present.
(2)

(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the electronic structure of the compound
tetrachloromethane (only the outer electrons need be shown).
(2)
io ic met ic o i

*(iii) Suggest why the melting temperature of magnesium oxide is higher than that of
magnesium chloride, even though both are almost 100% ionic.
(3)

(c) Magnesium chloride may be prepared from magnesium by reaction with chlorine
or with hydrochloric acid. Compare these two preparations in terms of the atom
economies of the reactions. No calculation is required.
(2)

(Total for Question = 10 marks)

io ic met ic o i

Chlorine forms ionic bonds with metals such as sodium and silver. The lattice
energies of ionic compounds provide information about their bonds. The table
below shows the experimental and calculated values for the lattice energy of
sodium chloride and silver chloride.

Lattice energy / kJ mol−1

Compound
Experimental Calculated
sodium chloride −780 −770
silver chloride −905 −833

(i) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of sodium chloride, showing outer electrons only.

*(ii) Explain why the experimental and calculated values for the lattice energy of
sodium chloride are similar whereas those for silver chloride differ significantly.

.. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. ......... ................................................................... ........... ..... . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Which of the following has the highest melting temperature?

A Hg
B K
C C10H22
D SiO2

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of these has a dative covalent bond?

A NH3
B OH–
C H 2O
D H3O+

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following compounds has the most polarized anion?

A Na2O
B MgO
C K2O
D CaO

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following molecules is polar?

A Carbon dioxide, CO2

B Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4
C Ammonia, NH3
D Boron trifluoride, BF3

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

In which series of compounds does covalent character increase when going from left
to right?
A KI, KBr, KCl
B NaI, KI, RbI
C NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3
D SO2, P4O10, SiO2

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following contains a dative covalent bond?

A N2
B NH3
C NH2–
D NH4+

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following molecules does not contain a double bond?

A CO2
B C2Cl4
C C3F8
D C2H2Cl2

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

The bonding in lithium iodide has some covalent character because

A the lithium ion polarizes the iodide ion.
B the iodide ion polarizes the lithium ion.
C there is a very large difference in electronegativity between lithium and
iodine.
D there is a very small difference in electronegativity between lithium and
iodine.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

The diagram below shows a dot and cross diagram of nitric acid.

A
O

N O H

C O

(a) Identify which of the labelled sets of electrons represents a dative covalent bond.
(1)
A
B
C
D

(b) In terms of orbital overlap, the double bond is

(1)
A! "!#!$%&'(
B! )*%!+!$%&',(
C )*%!#!$%&',(
D ! "!+!$%&'!"&'!"!#!$%&'(

(Total for Question = 2 marks)

Which of the following statements about electronegativity is true?

A Non-metals have lower electronegativity than metals.

B Electronegativity decreases across a period in the Periodic Table.
C Electronegativity decreases going down a group in the Periodic Table.
D The bonds between atoms with equal electronegativity are always weak.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

In which series of compounds does the covalent character increase, going from left to
right?
A NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, SiCl4
B SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, Na2O
C LiI, NaI, KI, RbI
D KI, KBr, KCl, KF

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Covalent bonding results from the strong electrostatic attractions between

A instantaneous dipoles.
B electron clouds.
C electrons in the bonding pair.
D bonding pairs of electrons and nuclei.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

What is the total number of electrons in the covalent bonds in a beryllium chloride
molecule, BeCl2?
A 2
B 4
C 6
D 8

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following covalent bonds is the shortest?

A H F
B H Cl
C H Br

D H I

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of these carbon structures is represented by the diagram below?

A Graphite
B Diamond

C A fullerene
D A carbon nanotube

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

The bonding in gaseous hydrogen halides is best described as

A mainly covalent with an increasing tendency towards ionic as you go down the
group.
B mainly covalent with an increasing tendency towards ionic as you go up the
group.
C mainly ionic with an increasing tendency towards covalent as you go down the
group.
D mainly ionic with an increasing tendency towards covalent as you go up the
group.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

White phosphorus consists of

A a giant structure of atoms.

B a giant structure of ions.
C small molecules.
D single atoms.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

The O–H bond in water is polar because, compared with the hydrogen atom, the
oxygen atom has
A more electrons.
B more neutrons.
C greater electronegativity.
D a larger atomic radius.
(Total for Question = 1 mark)
(a) Explain how the atoms are held together by the covalent bond in a molecule of
hydrogen.
(1)

(b) Draw the dot and cross diagrams for

(i) methane, CH4
(1)

(ii) ethene, CH2 CH2

(1)

(iii) nitrogen, N2
(1)

(iv) the ammonium ion, NH4+

(1)
(c) Silicon exists in a giant covalent lattice.
(i) The electrical conductivity of pure silicon is very low. Explain why this is so in
terms of the bonding.
(2)

(ii) Explain the high melting temperature of silicon in terms of the bonding.
(2)

(Total for Question = 9 marks)

This question is about the properties of ions and ionic compounds.

(a) Solid calcium carbonate, CaCO3, has a giant ionic structure.

(i) Draw a diagram (using dots or crosses) for a calcium ion. Show ALL the
electrons and the charge on the ion.
(2)

(ii) Complete the electronic configuration for a calcium ion.

(1)

1s2.............................................................................................................................. ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ..............
(iii) Would you expect a calcium ion to be bigger, smaller or the same size as a
calcium atom? Give TWO reasons to explain your answer.
(2)

(iv) Explain why ionic compounds have relatively high melting temperatures.
(2)

.. ... .... ... ... ... . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ..... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... .................
(b) Changes in the concentration of ions in a solution can be estimated by measuring the
electrical conductivity of the solution.
(i) Explain why solutions of ions are able to conduct electricity.
(1)

(ii) Suggest why aqueous solutions of calcium chloride, CaCl2(aq), and barium
chloride, BaCl2(aq), of the same molar concentration, have different electrical
conductivities.
(1)

(iii) 1 kg of a solution contains 0.100 mol of calcium ions, Ca2+.

What is the concentration of the calcium ions by mass in
parts per million (ppm)?
[Assume the relative atomic mass of calcium is 40.]
(2)

....................................................................................... ppm
*(c) Some buildings are made from limestone, which is mainly calcium carbonate. Gases
in the atmosphere such as sulfur dioxide, SO2, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, can be
responsible for damaging these buildings.
Describe how these gases come to be present in the atmosphere and explain how
they can damage a limestone building.
(3)

(d) The lattice energy of calcium chloride, CaCl2, is 2258 kJ mol 1 based on an
experimental Born-Haber cycle and 2223 kJ mol 1 based on theoretical calculations.
Would you expect its bonding to match the ionic model? Justify your answer.
(1)

(Total for Question = 15 marks)

Potassium bromate(V), KBrO3, is a primary standard, meaning that it can be obtained
as a pure substance and used to accurately determine the concentrations of solutions
of other chemicals, such as sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3.
(a) (i) Complete the dot and cross diagram for the bromate(V) ion. Show only the
outer shell electrons.
In this ion, the bromine expands its outer shell to accommodate 12 electrons.

Use x for bromine electrons and for oxygen electrons. The symbol * on the
diagram represents the extra electron which gives the ion its charge.
(2)

–
O

(ii) Suggest how elements in Period 3 and higher can accommodate more than
eight electrons in their outer shell.
(1)

. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .......... . ... ... .... .... ... .... .... ... .... .... ... .... .... ... .... .... ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Four chemistry students were given a solution of sodium thiosulfate with a
concentration of approximately 0.1 mol dm–3 and asked to determine its exact
concentration.
They were each given separate tasks to carry out, as described below.

(i) The first student was given the task of making up a potassium bromate(V)
solution. A mass of 8.35 g of KBrO3 was weighed out, dissolved in deionized
water, the volume made up to 250 cm3 in a volumetric flask and the mixture
shaken.
Calculate the concentration of this potassium bromate(V) solution, in
mol dm–3.
(2)

(ii) The second student was asked to determine a suitable mass of

potassium iodide to add to 0.0025 mol of potassium bromate(V) to ensure
complete reaction. The equation for the reaction is

BrO3−(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 6I−(aq) Br−(aq) + 3I2(aq) + 3H2O(l)

Calculate the minimum mass of potassium iodide, KI, required and hence
suggest a suitable mass to use if the potassium iodide is to be in excess.

You must show your working and your mass should be reasonable.
(3)

Minimum mass required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

Suitable mass to use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

Diamond, graphite and graphene are all forms of carbon.
Explain two ways in which the physical properties of diamond and graphite differ.
Refer to their structure and bonding in your answer.
(4)

diamond graphite

(ii) State how the structure of graphene is related to the structure of graphite.
(1)

(iii) State a use for graphene, identifying the property that makes it suitable for that use.
(2)

. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ....... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ...... .... .... .... .... ...
Nitrogen trichloride has the formula NCl3.
A sample of nitrogen trichloride contained only nitrogen atoms with mass
number 14, and chlorine atoms with mass numbers 35 and 37.
Give the formula and mass/charge ratio for each of the four ions responsible
for the molecular ion peaks in the mass spectrum of nitrogen trichloride.
(2)

Complete the table to predict the shape and Cl N Cl bond angle in

nitrogen trichloride.
(3)

Number of bonding pairs of electrons on nitrogen

Number of lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen

Shape of molecule

Cl N Cl bond angle

Aluminium chloride exists as an ionic lattice in the solid state and as a covalent dimer,
Al2Cl6, in the gas phase, just above its boiling temperature.
Explain why aluminium chloride in the solid state has significant covalent
character. (2)

.. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . ........... ..................................................................................... ..... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

Describe how two AlCl3 molecules are joined together in the dimer.
Include a diagram in your answer.
(2)

.. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . ........... ..................................................................................... ..... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

(a) The second ionisation energies of some elements in Period 3 are shown on the grid.

2500

2000 P
Al
Second ionisation
energy/kJ mol–1
1500 Si
Mg

1000

12 13 14 15 16
Atomic number

(i) Mark on the grid, with a cross, the value you would expect for sulfur.
(1)
(ii) Write an equation, including state symbols, for the second ionisation of
aluminium.
(2)

*(iii) Explain why the second ionisation energy of aluminium is greater than both
the second ionisation energy of magnesium and the second ionisation energy
of silicon.
(4)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .... . ..... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ..... ...... ...... .. . .. .. . ... .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Predict, with a reason, which element in Period 3 has the
highest second ionisation energy.
(1)

(b) Magnesium and sulfur both react with chlorine to form chlorides with a formula XCl2.
Magnesium chloride, MgCl2, is ionic. Sulfur dichloride, SCl2, consists of covalently
bonded molecules.
(i) Describe how the electrical conductivity of these two compounds differs.
(1)

(ii) Draw a dot and cross diagram for sulfur dichloride.

Use crosses ( × ) for electrons in sulfur and dots ( ) for electrons in chlorine.
Only show outer shell electrons.
(2)

(iii) Sketch an electron density map of sulfur dichloride.

(1)

(iv) State how the electron density map of magnesium chloride differs from that
of sulfur dichloride.
(1)

(a) Chlorine forms a covalent bond in its compound with hydrogen.

(i) Give the electronic configuration of chlorine using the s p d notation.
(1)

(ii) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram of hydrogen chloride, showing outer electrons only.
(1)

(iii) Describe fully the formation of the covalent bond in hydrogen chloride in
terms of orbital overlap.
(3)

BF3 PH3

A pyramidal pyramidal
B pyramidal trigonal planar

C trigonal planar pyramidal

D trigonal planar trigonal planar

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 What are the C C C bond angles in diamond and graphite?

Diamond Graphite
A 109.5 109.5
B 109.5 120
C 120 109.5
D 120 120

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

Which of these species has bond angles equal to 90°?

A BeF42−
B SiCl4
C NH4+
D SF6

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

o ecu r s es

Which of these species does not have a trigonal pyramidal shape?

A BF3
B NH3
C H 3O +
D PH3

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following molecules has the greatest number of lone pairs of electrons?

A H C O

B H C Cl

H H
C H C N

H H

D H C O H

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

o ecu r s es

This diagram represents a square planar structure:

Y Y
A
Y Y

Which of these species has this square planar shape?

A SF4
B NH4+
C XeF4
D AlH4−

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following species has the smallest bond angle?

A CO2
B H 2O
C SO3
D H 3 O+

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

o ecu r s es

Sulfur can combine with fluorine to form a number of different compounds, some of
which are shown below. From the diagrams given, which compound will not be polar?

A Disulfur difluoride, S2F2

S S

F F

B Sulfur difluoride, SF2

S
F F

C Sulfur tetrafluoride, SF4

F S F
F F

D Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6

F
F F
S
F F F

The H–O–H bond angle in an oxonium ion, H3O+, is approximately

A 104.5°
B 107°
C 109.5°
D 120°

The bond angles within a molecule of tetrachloromethane result from repulsion

between
A atoms.
B bonded pairs of electrons.
C atomic nuclei.
D lone pairs of electrons.
o ecu r s es

1 The bond angle in beryllium chloride, BeCl2, is most likely to be

A 90°
B 104.5°
C 120°
D 180°

This question concerns the shapes of the hydrides of Group 5 elements.

(a) What is the approximate H N H bond angle in the ammonium ion, NH4+?
(1)
A 90°
B 104.5°
C 107°
D 109.5°
(b) Suggest the shape of the phosphine molecule, PH3.
(1)
A Trigonal planar
B Trigonal pyramidal
C Trigonal bipyramidal
D Octahedral

Which of the following molecules is polar?

A CO2
B SO2
C SO3
D O2
o ecu r s es

Which of the following molecules has the smallest bond angle?

A H2O
B NH3
C CH4
D SF6
A charged rod is held beside a stream of liquid coming from a burette. Which of the
following liquids would NOT be significantly deflected?
A H2O
B CCl4
C C2H5OH
D C2H5Br

Which of the following molecules has a linear shape and bond angles of 180!?
A CH4
B H 2O
C CO2
D SF6

The oxygen atom in a molecule of water has two bonding pairs and two lone pairs of
electrons. Based on the electron-pair repulsion theory, the H–O–H bond angle is most
likely to be

A 180°
B 109.5°
C 107°
D 104.5°

The shape of a molecule of boron trifluoride, BF3, is

A trigonal planar.
B pyramidal.
C tetrahedral.
D T-shaped.
o ecu r s es

What is the FBF bond angle in boron trifluoride, BF3?

A 180°
B 120°
C 109.5°
D 90°

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following molecules is linear?

A CO2
B C2H4
C H2O
D NH3

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following molecules is non-polar?

A CH3Cl
B CH2Cl2
C CHCl3
D CCl4

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

o ecu r s es

This question is about bond angles.

A 90
B 104
C 107
D 109.5
Select, from A to D above, the most likely value for the bond angle of

(a) HCH in methane, CH4.

(1)
A
B
C
D

(b) FSF in sulfur hexafluoride, SF6.

(1)
A
B
C
D

(c) FOF in oxygen difluoride, OF2.

(1)
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question = 3 marks)

o ecu r s es

Which of the following molecules is polar?

A Carbon dioxide, CO2
B Beryllium chloride, BeCl2
C Ammonia, NH3
D Boron trifluoride, BF3

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of these bond angles is the smallest?

A HNH in NH3
B HCH in CH4
C HOH in H2O
D OCO in CO2

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which statement best describes the shape and bond angles in the molecule SF6?
A Octahedral, 90° and 180°
B Trigonal bipyramidal, 90° and 180°
C Octahedral, 90° and 120°

D Trigonal bipyramidal, 90° and 120°

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

o ecu r s es

An electric field can affect the direction of a stream of some liquids. Which of these
liquids would be affected by an electric field?

A 1-chloropropane

B Pentane

C Tetrachloromethane
D Cyclopentane

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of these bond angles is the largest?

A Cl–B–Cl in BCl3
B H–N–H in NH3
C Cl–Be–Cl in BeCl2
D H–O–H in H2O
(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following molecules is not polar?

A HCl
B CH3Cl
C CHCl3
D CCl4
(Total for Question = 1 mark)
o ecu r s es

This question concerns the shapes of molecules and ions:

A linear
B trigonal planar
C pyramidal
D tetrahedral
Select from A to D the shape of

(a) boron trichloride, BCl3

(1)
A
B
C
D

(b) the ammonium ion, NH4+

(1)
A
B
C
D

(c) carbon dioxide, CO2

(1)
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question = 3 marks)

o ecu r s es

Tetrachloromethane, CCl4 , is a
A polar molecule with polar bonds.
B polar molecule with non-polar bonds.
C non-polar molecule with polar bonds.
D non-polar molecule with non-polar bonds.

Which of the following bond angles occur in a molecule of ethanol, C2H5OH?

A 90 and 180
B 104.5 and 180
C 104.5 and 109.5
D 109.5 and 120

Which of the following molecules is linear?

A Carbon dioxide, CO2
B Sulfur dioxide, SO2
C Water, H2O
D Methanal, HCHO

Which of the following molecules contains polar bonds but is not a polar molecule?

A Chlorine, Cl2
B Hydrogen chloride, HCl
C Trichloromethane, CHCl3
D Tetrachloromethane, CCl4
o ecu r s es
Which statement is not true for sodium chloride?
A sodium chloride conducts electricity in aqueous solution
B sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten
C sodium chloride has a molecular structure

D sodium chloride has a giant structure

Which of these molecules is the most polar?

A H H
B H F
C H Cl
D H Br

Covalent bonding is best described as the electrostatic attraction between

A oppositely charged ions

B positive ions and delocalised electrons
C a shared pair of electrons
D two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons

Which is correct for tetrafluoromethane (CF4)?

F
C
F F
F

Bonds Molecule
A polar polar
B non-polar polar
C polar non-polar
D non-polar non-polar

Which pair of ions gives the strongest ionic bonding?

A Na+ and F−
B K+ and Br−
C Mg2+ and O2−
D Ca2+ and S2−
o ecu r s es

This question is about the fluorides BF3, NF3, OF2 and O2F2.

(a) (i) For BF3, name the shape of the molecule and give the FBF bond angle.
(2)

Shape. .. ...... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. .. . .. . .. . ... . .. ..

Bond angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .

*(ii) For the NF3 molecule, draw the shape you would expect and suggest the FNF
bond angle. Explain why the molecule has this shape and bond angle.
(4)
Shape

Bond angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .

Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .

(iii) Draw a diagram to show the bonding in the single product of the reaction
between BF3 and NF3.
Identify the type of bond that forms between these two molecules.
(2)

. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . ... ... . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .

o ecu r s es

This question is about ethanethiol, CH3CH2SH. Thiols are like alcohols, but the oxygen
atom has been replaced by a sulfur atom. They react in a similar way to alcohols.
(a) (i) Draw a dot and cross diagram for ethanethiol, showing outer electrons only.
(2)

(ii) Give the value for the CSH bond angle in ethanethiol. Justify your answer.
(3)
CSH angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... .. ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ..................

(iv) In iodine pentoxide, each iodine atom is bonded to three oxygen atoms and
one of these oxygen atoms is bonded to both iodine atoms as shown in the
layout below.
Complete the dot and cross diagram for the molecule, using dots for the
oxygen electrons and crosses for the iodine electrons.
In this molecule, each iodine atom has twelve electrons in its outer shell.
Show outer shell electrons only.
(2)

O O

I O I

O O

(v) The shape around the iodine is similar to that around the nitrogen in
ammonia, NH3. Suggest a value for the O – I – O bond angle and the name of
the shape around the iodine atom.

(2)

O – I – O bond angle . .... ... .... .... ... .... .... ... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shape ..... .... ... .... .... ... .... .... ... .... .... ... .... .... ... .... ... .... .... ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o ecu r s es

This is a question about the structure of substances.

+ +
(a) Predict the H N H bond angle in NH4 and the H O H bond angle in H3O .
(2)
+
NH4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. ... .... .... .... ... .... . .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ...... .... .... .

+
H3O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . ... .... .... .... .... ... ..... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... . .... ... ....... .... .

(b) Name the shapes of the BF3 and PH3 molecules and explain why they are different.
(4)

*(c) Explain, with reference to the structure and bonding of each substance, why
the electrical conductivity of graphite is 1.0 × 105 S m−1 but that of diamond is
1.0 × 10−2 S m−1.
(4)

(d) Explain why the Cl Cl bond length is 0.199 nm, but the bond length is 0.267 nm.
(3)

(Total for Question = 13 marks)

o ecu r s es

This question is about the preparation and properties of 1-iodobutane.

(a) 1-iodobutane is prepared by warming a mixture of damp red phosphorus with

iodine to produce phosphorus(III) iodide, P 3. This reacts with butan-1-ol to form
1-iodobutane, C4H9 .
*(i) Draw a diagram to show the shape of phosphorus(III) iodide.
Predict the –P– bond angle.
Explain why the molecule has this shape and bond angle.
(4)
Diagram

Bond angle ........................................ ............. ..... . .

Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) The structure of the cubic boron nitride corresponds to the diamond structure.
The boron and nitrogen atoms alternate throughout the structure.
(i) In the left hand box, the diagram shows a section of the diamond structure,
where each black circle represents a carbon atom.
In the right hand box label all the nitrogen and boron atoms in the diagram of
cubic boron nitride.
(1)

Diamond Cubic boron nitride

(ii) State the bond angle and shape around the carbon atoms in diamond and
fully justify your answer.
(4)

Bond angle .......................................................................... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . Shape . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

Justification . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . ...................

This question is about bonding.

(a) Draw an electron density map for a molecule of oxygen.

(1)

(b) Draw a diagram to show the shape of a water molecule.

Give the bond angle.
(2)

Bond angle .. .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... ...
o ecu r s es

(c) The compound POCl3 has a simple molecular structure.

(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram for the POCl3 molecule.
Use crosses ( ) for the phosphorus electrons, dots ( ) for the chlorine electrons
and circles ( ) for the oxygen electrons.
(2)

Cl P Cl

(ii) Explain the shape of this molecule using the electron-pair repulsion theory.
(3)

(d) The properties of metals depend on their structure and bonding.

(i) Draw a labelled diagram to show the metallic bonding in calcium.
(2)

(ii) Explain how the electrical conductivity, high melting temperature and
malleability of metals depend on their structure and bonding.
(3)

Electrical conductivity ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ................. ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ......... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High melting temperature ................................. ............ ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ....... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malleability . . . . . . . ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ................. ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... . ... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

What is the systematic name of the following?

A 3-methyl-2-propylpentane
B 3-methyl-4-propylpentane
C 3,4-dimethylheptane
D 4,5-dimethylheptane

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following shows geometric isomerism?

A prop-1-ene
B but-1-ene
C 1,1-dichloroethene
D 1,2-dichloroethene

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

mi r ic o ecu es

This question is about the organic compounds with skeletal formulae as shown.

(a) Which compounds are isomers?

(1)
A 1 an
B 1 an
C 1 an
D 2 an

(b) Which compound has the same molecular formula and empirical formula?
(1)
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4

(Total for Question = 2 marks)

mi r ic o ecu es

Which molecule does not exhibit E / Z isomerism?

Br CH3
A C C
H3C H

Br CH3
B C C
H CH3

H3C CH2Br
C C C
H H

Br CH3
D C C
H3C Br
(Total for Question = 1 mark)

What is the systematic name for the compound with the following formula?

C2H5
H3C CH CH2 CH CH3

CH3

A 2-methyl-4-ethylpentane
B 2-ethyl-4-methylpentane
C 2,4-dimethylhexane

D 3,5-dimethylhexane

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

mi r ic o ecu es

Name the compound below.

CH3 H
C C
Cl CH2CH3

A E-2-chloropent-2-ene
B Z-2-chloropent-3-ene
C E-2-chloropent-3-ene
D Z-2-chloropent-2-ene

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

⎡ CH3 H ⎡
⎢ ⎢
⎢ C C ⎢
⎢ ⎢
⎢ CH3
⎢
CH3 ⎣ n
⎣

Which is the IUPAC name for the monomer which reacts to make the polymer shown
above?
A 2-methylbut-1-ene
B 2-methylbut-2-ene
C 1,2-dimethylpropene
D 1,1,2-trimethylethene

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

mi r ic o ecu es

Which of the following pairs are cis-trans isomers?

H Cl Cl Cl H Cl Cl H
C C C C C C C C
H Cl H H Cl H Cl H
1 2 3 4
A 1 and 2
B 1 and 4
C 2 and 3
D 3 and 4

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

What is the systematic name for the hydrocarbon shown below?

CH3

CH3CHCHCH3

CH3

A 1,4-dimethylbutane
B 2,3-dimethylbutane
C 2,3-dimethylhexane
D 1,1,2,2-tetramethylethane

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

mi r ic o ecu es

This question is about the organic compounds shown below.

W X Y Z

(a) The compounds which are isomers are

(1)
A W and X
B W and Y
C W and Z
D X and Z

(b) Which compound can react with chlorine to form C6H12Cl2 as the only product?
(1)
A Compound W
B Compound X
C Compound Y
D Compound Z

(c) Which compound is reformed in the oil industry, producing one mole of a
compound with formula C6H6 and four moles of hydrogen, H2, only?
(1)
A Compound W
B Compound X
C Compound Y
D Compound Z

(Total for Question = 3 marks)

mi r ic o ecu es

The skeletal formulae of some 6-carbon bromoalkanes are shown below.

Br
Br
Br
Br

A B C D
(a) Which of the above bromoalkanes is not a structural isomer of the others?
(1)
A
B
C
D
(b) Which of the above is not a secondary bromoalkane?
(1)

Which of the following compounds shows geometric (E-Z or cis-trans) isomerism?

A but-1-ene
B 2-methylbut-1-ene
C but-2-ene
D 2-methylbut-2-ene

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

mi r ic o ecu es

What is the systematic name for the compound with the following formula?

CH3CH CHCH3

CH3 CH2CH3

A 2-methyl-3-ethylbutane
B 1,2,3-trimethylbutane
C 2,3-dimethylpropane
D 2,3-dimethylpentane

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following alkenes exhibits E/ Z isomerism?

A But-1-ene
B But-2-ene
C 2-Methylpropene
D Propene

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

The systematic name of the compound with skeletal formula shown above is
A 1,1-dimethylethanol.
B 2,2-dimethylethanol.
C 2-methylpropan-1-ol.
D 2-methylpropan-2-ol.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

mi r ic o ecu es

An organic compound is represented by the skeletal formula shown below.

OH
The compound is
A CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3
B (CH3)2CHC(OH)(CH3)2
C (CH3)2CHCH2CH(OH)CH3
D (CH3)2CHCH(OH)CH2CH3

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

How many structural isomers does the alkane C5H12 have?

A 4
B 3
C 2
D 1
(Total for Question = 1 mark)

What is the IUPAC name of the compound shown below?

CH2CH3

H 3C C CH2CH2CH3

CH2CH2CH3

A 2-ethyl-2-propylpentane
B 3-methyl-3-propylhexane
C 4-methyl-4-propylhexane
D 4-ethyl-4-methylheptane

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

mi r ic o ecu es

Which of the following formulae does not represent 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol?

A OH

B H

H C OH
H H

H C C C H

H H
H C H

D (CH3)3CCH2OH
(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Many organic compounds have toxic vapours. For this reason

A a naked flame should never be used when carrying out experiments with organic
compounds.
B gloves should usually be worn when carrying out experiments with organic
compounds.
C a fume cupboard should be used wherever possible when carrying out
experiments with organic compounds.
D most experiments with organic compounds are banned in schools and colleges.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

mi r ic o ecu es

What is the correct name for the compound below?

Br Br

A E-2,3-dibromopent-2-ene
B E-2,3-dibromopent-3-ene
C Z-2,3-dibromopent-3-ene
D Z-2,3-dibromopent-2-ene

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Which of the following alkenes exhibits E-Z isomerism?

A H3CCH=C(CH3)2
B (CH3)2C=CH2
C H2C=CHCH2CH3
D H3CCH=CHCH3

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

What is the correct systematic name for the alcohol shown below?

A hexan-4-ol

B hexan-2-ol
C pentan-4-ol
D pentan-2-ol

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

mi r ic o ecu es

Isomers have different

A empirical formulae.
B molecular formulae.
C skeletal formulae.
D molar masses.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

H 3C CH2CH2CH3
C C
H CH2CH3

A Z-4-ethylhex-4-ene
B E-3-ethylhex-2-ene
C Z-3-ethylhex-2-ene
D E-3-propylpent-2-ene

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

How many compounds have the formula C5H12?

A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

mi r ic o ecu es

The compound

has the systematic name

A 2-chlorobutane
B 3-chlorobutane
C 1-chloro-1-methylpropane
D 1-chloro-2-methylbutane

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

What is the correct name for the molecule shown below?

H3C Br
C C
H CH3

A Z-2-bromobut-2-ene
B E-2-bromobut-2-ene
C E-3-bromobut-2-ene
D Z-3-bromobut-2-ene

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

mi r ic o ecu es

The compound butane has

A the empirical formula C4H10 and the molecular formula C2H5.
B the empirical formula C2H5 and the molecular formula C4H10.
C the empirical formula C2H5 and the molecular formula CnH2n+2.
D the empirical formula CnH2n+2 and the molecular formula C4H10.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

This question concerns the following compounds

A B C D

Which of these compounds will show geometric (E–Z or cis/trans) isomerism?

A
B
C
D

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

The correct name for the compound shown below is

A 2-methylbut-3-ene
B 3-methylbut-2-ene
C 3-methylbut-3-ene
D 2-methylbut-2-ene

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

mi r ic o ecu es

This question is about the organic compounds with skeletal formulae as shown:

(a) Which compound is 2-methylpropane?

(1)
A

B
C

(b) Which compound has the molecular formula C5H12?

(1)
A
B

C
D

(c) Which compounds are isomers?

(1)
A compound A and compound C
B compound B and compound C
C compound B and compound D
D compound C and compound D

(Total for Question = marks)

mi r ic o ecu es

The structural formula of 5-chloro-2,2-dimethylhexane is

H CH3

A CH3 C CH2 C H

Cl CH3

B H C CH2 CH2 CH2 C CH3

Cl CH3

C CH3 C CH2 CH2 C CH3

H CH3

Cl Cl

D CH3 C CH2 CH2 C CH3

CH3 CH3

What is the name of the product when this molecule reacts with chlorine gas?

A 5,5-dichloro-2-methylpentane
B 4,5-dichloro-2-methylpentane
C 2,3-dichloro-4-methylpentane
D 1,2-dichloro-4-methylpentane
mi r ic o ecu es

But-2-ene shows geometric isomerism.

H H
C C
H 3C CH3

What are the prefixes that could be used in naming this isomer?

cis / trans E/Z

A cis E
B cis Z
C trans E
D trans Z

What is the systematic name for the chlorofluorocarbon compound shown?

Cl
Cl

A E-1,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethene
B Z-1,2-dichloro-2-fluoroethene
C E-1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethene
D Z-1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethene

What is the name of the organic compound with the structure shown?

A 2-chloro-1,1-dimethylpropane
B 2-chloro-3,3-dimethylpropane
C 2-chloro-3-methylbutane
D 1-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane
mi r ic o ecu es

What is the total number of structural isomers with the molecular formula C6H14?

A 4
B 5
C 6
D 7

What is the systematic name of compound X?

Compound X

A E-2-chlorobut-2-ene
B Z-2-chlorobut-2-ene
C E-3-chlorobut-2-ene
D Z-3-chlorobut-2-ene

The repeat unit of a polymer is shown.

⎡ C2H5 H ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ C C ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ CH3 CH3⎥
⎣ ⎦
What is the systematic name of the monomer which forms this polymer?
A 2-ethylbut-2-ene
B 2,3-dimethylbut-1-ene
C 2-ethylpent-2-ene
D 3-methylpent-2-ene
A es

A
B
C
D

Which of the following substances, obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil,
has the lowest boiling temperature?
A refinery gas

B kerosene
C diesel oil

D lubricating oil

Which of the following is the correct order for the processes used to obtain petrol from
petroleum (crude oil)?
A Petroleum fractional distillation reforming petrol.
B Petroleum reforming fractional distillation petrol.
C Petroleum reforming fractional distillation petrol.
D Petroleum fractional distillation reforming petrol.

A hazard that is particularly associated with alkanes is that they are

A corrosive.
B flammable.
C toxic by inhalation.
D toxic by skin absorption.

Which of the following mixtures could not form when octane, C8H18, is cracked?
A propane + pentene
B butane + butene
C pentane + propene
D heptane + ethene
A es

best
A

C
D

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

smallest
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

A
B
C
D

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

A es

(a) Give the general formula for the homologous series of alkenes.
(1)

(b) What is meant by the term unsaturated as applied to alkenes?

(1)

(c) (i) Name the alkene below using E-Z nomenclature.

H 3C CH2CH3
C C
H CH2CH2CH3
(2)

(ii) Suggest why this alkene cannot be named using the cis-trans naming system.
(1)

(d) Give the structural formula of the organic product of the reaction of ethene,
CH2 CH2, with
(i) hydrogen.
(1)

(ii) chlorine.
(1)

(iii) acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII).

(1)

(iv) bromine water.

(1)
A es

(f) The structure below shows two repeat units of a polymer.

CH3 H CH3 H

C C C C

H CH3 H CH3

(i) Give the displayed formulae of two isomeric alkenes, either of which could
have given rise to this polymer.
(2)

(ii) State why the empirical formula of a poly(alkene) is the same as that of the
monomer from which it is produced.
(1)

(iii) State, with a reason, the atom economy for the production of a poly(alkene)
from an alkene.
(1)

(Total for Question = marks)

A es

This question is about alkanes.

(a) The skeletal formulae of two alkanes (A and B) are shown below.

A B

(i) Write the general formula of the alkanes.

(1)

(ii) Compounds A and B are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... of each other.
(1)
(iii) Draw the displayed formula of compound A.
(1)

(iv) Give the systematic name of compound B.

(1)

(b) The largest use for alkanes is as fuels. However, there are problems associated with
the combustion of alkanes, whether complete or incomplete.
(i) An incomplete combustion of methane, CH4, results in the formation of carbon
monoxide and water only.
Write the equation for this reaction. State symbols are not required.
(2)

(ii) When does incomplete combustion occur?

(1)

(iii) State two problems that result from the incomplete combustion of alkane fuels.
(2)

*(iv) State and explain the main environmental problem arising from the complete
combustion of alkane fuels.
(3)
. ... ... .... ... ... ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ..... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .................

(Total for Question = marks)

A es

(1)

cracking reforming

(2)

two

(2)

(Total for Question = marks)

A es

hydrocarbon
(1)

saturated
(1)

(1)

one
(1)
A es

X
(1)

one

(2)

fuel
(1)

complete

(2)
A es

incomplete

(1)

= ×

(2)
A es

(c) Write an equation, using molecular formulae, for the incomplete combustion reaction
in which decane reacts to form carbon monoxide and one other product.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

(d) Decane can be cracked to form a mixture of butane, and two different alkenes
which have different molecular formulae.
(i) Write an equation for this reaction, using molecular formulae.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

*(ii) Explain why geometric isomerism can occur in alkenes and why alkenes
produced by this cracking reaction may not have geometric isomers.
(2)

(iii) Draw the structure of the trans, (E), isomer of an alkene produced by
the cracking reaction in (d)(i).
(1)

(Total for Question = 12 marks)

A es

This question is about butane, C4H10 , and but-2-ene, C4H8.

(a) (i) Write equations for the complete combustion of butane and but-2-ene in oxygen.
State symbols are not required.
(2)
Butane equation

But-2-ene equation

Moles of gas from butane . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... .

Moles of gas from but-2-ene .. .. .. .. .. .... .... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ... .... ..

(Total for Question = marks)

A es

The diagram summarises some of the processes involved in the production of alkanes
from crude oil, and their uses.

A B
Crude oil naphtha fraction octane + ethene

C D

cyclooctane poly(ethene)

(a) Name the processes shown in the diagram.

(4)
A. . ... . . ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ........................
B. . .. .. . .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ......................
C. . .. .. . ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ......................
D. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .........................

(b) State what happens to the compounds present in crude oil during process A.
Identify the property of the compounds which allows this process to work.
(2)

(c) The naphtha fraction comprises alkanes with a minimum of four and a maximum
of ten carbon atoms. Write an equation for the formation of octane and ethene in
process B. State symbols are not required.
(2)
A es

(d) (i) Write an equation for the reaction occurring in process C.

State symbols are not required.
(1)

(ii) Octane is converted into cyclooctane on a large scale.

Explain why cyclooctane is added to petrol.
(2)

(e) Using displayed formulae, write a balanced equation for process D.

State symbols are not required.
(2)

(Total for Question = 13 marks)

A es
Heptane, C7H16 , is one of the compounds present in crude oil.

(a) When heptane is reformed, the products include 2,2,3-trimethylbutane and cycloheptane.
(i) Give a reason why petrol should not contain a high proportion of heptane.
(1)

(ii) Draw the skeletal formula of 2,2,3-trimethylbutane.

(1)

(iii) Write the equation for reforming heptane into cycloheptane.

Use molecular formulae.
State symbols are not required.
(1)

(iv) When petrol is burned in a car engine, oxides of nitrogen are formed.
Explain how these compounds result in damage to trees.
(2)

(Total for Question = marks)

This question is about the reaction of methane with bromine in sunlight.
(1)
CH4 + Br2 ! CH3Br + HBr

(a) This reaction is best described as

A electrophilic addition.
B electrophilic substitution.
C free radical addition.
D free radical substitution.

One of the eps in the mechanism of this reaction is

(1)
CH3 + Br ! CH3Br
• •

This step is

A initiation.
B propagation.
C termination.
D reduction.

(c) This reaction produces a mixture of products.

Which of the following is most likely to form, as well as bromomethane?
(1)
A ethane
B propane
C butane
D pentane
(d) When human skin is overexposed to sunlight, it is likely to lead to skin cancer.
What is the radiation in sunlight that leads to skin cancer?
(1)
A microwaves
B infrared
C visible light
D ultraviolet
(Total for Question = 4 marks)
The meaning of homolytic fission is
A bond-breaking to form two free radicals.
B bond-making to form two free radicals.
C bond-breaking to form a cation and an anion.
D bond-making to form a cation and an anion.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

When methane reacts with chlorine, a mixture of products forms. Which product
provides the strongest evidence for a free radical mechanism?
A C2H6
B CH3Cl
C HCl
D CHCl3

Which of the following types of radiation can directly result in bond breaking?

A Infrared
B Microwave
C Radio wave
D Ultraviolet

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

The equations below show some of the processes that occur when methane and chlorine
react.
A Cl2(g) 2Cl•(g)
B Cl•(g) + CH4(g) CH3•(g) + HCl(g)
C CH3•(g) + CH3•(g) C2H6(g)
D Cl2(g) + CH4(g) CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)

(a) Which equation shows a propagation step?

(1)
A
B
C
D

(b) Which equation shows an initiation step?

(1)
A
B
C
D

(c) Which equation shows a termination step?

(1)
A
B
C
D

(Total for Question = 3 marks)

200
An organic compound reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light. The
relative molecular mass of the product has increased by 34.5 compared with the original
compound. What is the reaction mechanism?
A Free radical substitution
B Electrophilic substitution
C Nucleophilic substitution
D Free radical addition

UV light is useful in initiating some reactions because it

A lowers the activation energy of the reaction.
B causes bonds in molecules to stretch and bend.
C causes molecules to form ions.
D causes molecules to form free radicals.

Ethane reacts with chlorine when the substances are exposed to UV radiation.

(a) The equation for this reaction is

(1)
A C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl + HCl
B C2H6 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2 + H2
C C2H6 + Cl2 2CH3Cl
D C2H4 + Cl2 C2H4Cl2

(b) The role of the UV radiation in the reaction is to

(1)
A break the Cl Cl bond forming Cl• free radicals.
B break the Cl Cl bond forming Cl+ and Cl– ions.
C break the C C bond in ethane forming CH3• free radicals.
D break a C H bond in ethane forming C2H5• free radicals.

(c) The overall reaction between ethane and chlorine is best described as
(1)
A addition.
B homolytic fission.
C heterolytic fission.
D substitution.

(Total for Question = 3 marks)

The reactions of organic compounds, including alkanes, may be broken down into a
series of steps; this is the mechanism for the reaction. The reaction between methane
and chlorine may be represented by a mechanism involving three stages – initiation,
propagation and termination.
Reaction mechanisms often involve the use of ‘curly arrows’. Explain the
meaning of the curly arrows shown below.
(2)

Arrow I Arrow II

Arrow I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ..................

Arrow II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ..................

(ii) Using the curly arrow notation, show the initiation step of the reaction between
methane and chlorine.
(2)
(iii) Give the two propagation steps of the reaction between methane and chlorine.
Curly arrows are not required.
(2)

(iv) Suggest why a small amount of UV light can result in the formation of a large
amount of product.
(1)

(v) Ethane is a trace product of this reaction. By means of an equation, show how
the ethane is formed.
(1)

( ) Scientists never detect molecular hydrogen, H2, amongst the products of the
chlorination of methane.

Use the data below to suggest why this is so.

The frequency of UV light used corresponds to an energy of about 400 kJ mol–1.

Bond Bond enthalpy / kJ mol–1

C H 435
Cl Cl 243
(2)
... ... ... ... .... ... ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ................

203
This question is about ethane and ethene.

(a) Ethane reacts with chlorine by a free radical mechanism.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term free radical.
(1)

(ii) Complete the equation for the formation of free radicals from one molecule of
chlorine. Use appropriate curly arrows to show electron movements.
(1)

Cl Cl

(iii) Write an equation for the reaction between ethane and a chlorine free radical,
and name the type of step in the mechanism where this occurs. Curly arrows
are not required.
(2)

Type of step .. ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .

(iv) Give an equation for a termination step in this mechanism in which an

organic compound other than chloroethane is formed.
(1)

(iv) Chloromethane is also formed in the termination stage of the reaction.

Explain why the amount of chloromethane formed in the propagation stage is
very much greater than the amount formed in the termination stage.
(3)

. . . . . . . ... ... .. .. . ............................................................................. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . ... . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .....

204
This is a question about environmental chemistry.

(a) Ozone, O3, is a non-linear molecule present in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.
It absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and so protects living organisms from
this type of radiation.
(i) Complete the dot and cross diagram for the ozone molecule. Show the outer
electrons only.

∙
Use dots ( ) for the electrons of the left-hand oxygen atom, crosses (x) for the
central oxygen atom and triangles ( ) for the right-hand oxygen atom.
(2)

O O O

(ii) Explain why ozone is a non-linear molecule.

(1)

(iii) State one harmful consequence to a person of increased exposure to

ultraviolet radiation.
(1)

(iv) What property of ultraviolet radiation makes it more harmful than

infrared radiation to living organisms? Justify your answer.
(1)

Carbon dioxide is a molecule in the atmosphere that absorbs infrared

radiation. Explain why this molecule absorbs infrared radiation and what
effect this absorption has on the molecule.
(2)

205
One component of petrol is decane, C10H22.

(a) Decane reacts with chlorine in the presence of ultraviolet light to form a mixture
of products.
(i) Complete the equation for the initiation step, including appropriate
curly arrows.
(2)

Cl Cl

(ii) Write equations, using molecular formulae, for two propagation steps.
(2)

(iii) Write equations, using molecular formulae, for two termination steps,
other than the one in which chlorine forms.
(2)

(b) The structure of decane can be changed by the process called reforming.
Name the compound shown, which can be produced in this process.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. ... . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . ........

206
(b) Heptane reacts with chlorine in sunlight.
(i) Chlorine radicals are formed in the first step in the mechanism.

Cl2 2Cl•

Name this step in the mechanism.

(1)

.. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . ........... ..................................................................................... ..... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Give the two propagation steps for the formation of chloroheptane.
Use molecular formulae. Curly arrows are not required.
(2)

(iii) Give the termination step which forms a hydrocarbon.

(1)

(iv) Explain how some dichloroheptane, C7H14Cl2 , also forms during this reaction.
You may include equation(s) in your answer.
(2)

.. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . ........... ..................................................................................... ..... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question = 11 marks)

207
(b) Butane and but-2-ene react differently with bromine.
(i) Give the condition needed for the reaction of bromine with butane.
(1)

(ii) Give the initiation step for the reaction of bromine with butane.
Show the movement of electrons with curly half-arrows.
(2)

(iii) Give two propagation steps for the reaction of bromine with butane to form C4H9Br.
Curly half arrows are not required.
(2)

(iv) Give one termination step for the reaction of bromine with butane, forming
an organic compound.
Curly half arrows are not required.
(1)

208
e ctio s o e es

The structure of Z-3-methylpent-2-ene is

CH3 H
C C
C2H5 CH3

Which of the following shows two repeat units of the polymer made from
Z-3-methylpent-2-ene?

⎡ CH3 H CH3 H ⎤ ⎡ CH3 H CH3 H ⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A ⎢ C C C C ⎥ B ⎢ C C C C ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ C2H5 CH3 C2H5 CH3⎦ ⎣ CH3 C2H5 C2H5 CH3⎦

⎡ CH3 H H CH3 ⎤ ⎡ CH3 CH3 H CH3 ⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
C ⎢ C C C C ⎥ D ⎢ C C C C ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ C2H5 CH3 CH3 C2H5⎦ ⎣ C2H5 H CH3 C2H5⎦

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

One of the isomers with the formula C4H8 is

CH3 CH3
C C
H H
Possible names for this isomer are
A cis-but-2-ene and E-but-2-ene.
B cis-but-2-ene and Z-but-2-ene.
C trans-but-2-ene and E-but-2-ene.
D trans-but-2-ene and Z-but-2-ene.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

e ctio s o e es

An electrophile is a species that

A can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.

B can donate a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.
C always has a negative charge.
D always has a positive charge.

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

Alkenes react with hydrogen gas in the presence of a nickel catalyst.

0.2 mol of an alkene reacted completely with 19.2 dm3 of hydrogen gas at room
temperature and pressure.
How many C C bonds are there in a molecule of this alkene?
[The molar volume of a gas is 24.0 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature and pressure]
A 4
B 3
C 2
D 1

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

e ctio s o e es

Which is the structure of Z-1,2-dibromoprop-1-ene?

A
Br CH3
C C
H Br

B
H CH2Br
C C
Br H

C
H CH3
C C
Br Br

D
Br CH2Br
C C
H H
(Total for Question = 1 mark)
e ctio s o e es

The skeletal formula of 3-methylcyclobut-1-ene is shown below.

What is the skeletal formula of 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclopent-1-ene?

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

e ctio s o e es

Which of the following does not represent the structure of the compound
2-methylpent-2-ene?

CH3
A C CH
CH3 CH2 CH3

CH3
B CH C
CH3 CH2 CH3

CH3
C C CH CH2 CH3
CH3

CH3 CH3
D CH2 CH C

CH3

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

e ctio s o e es

A molecule of Z has the following structure:

H
H H

H N H

Molecule of Z

What are the total numbers of - bonds and -bonds in a molecule of Z?

Number of -bonds Number of -bonds

A 3 11

B 8 3

C 11 3

D 14 6

(Total for Question = 1 mark)

9 Poly(ethene) is a plastic material made by polymerizing the hydrocarbon ethene.

Which of the following is not true?
Pure poly(ethene) is
A solidified ethene.
B composed of carbon and hydrogen only.
C a long-chain compound.
D non-biodegradable.
(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)
e ctio s o e es

This question is about alkenes.

(a) (i) Give the molecular formula of this alkene.
(1)

(ii) Explain why the alkene in (a)(i) exhibits geometric isomerism.

(2)

(b) Propene reacts with three different reagents.

H H
C=C H
H C
H H
Reaction 1 Reaction 3
HBr
KMnO4
Reaction
/dilute
H H H 2 H H H
H2SO4
H C C C H H C C C H

Br OH H Organic H Br H
product
A

(i) Give the reagent needed for Reaction 1.

(1)
.. ......... ............ ........... . ....... . . . . . . . . . . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . ........................... .............................................. ............................................... ........ ...................... .. .. .. .. .. ..
e ctio s o e es

(ii) Identify, by name or formula, the organic product A formed in Reaction 2.

(1)

(iii) State the colour change that you would see when Reaction 2 is carried out.
(1)

From ..... ........... .. ........ ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................ to ......................................... ............................................... ......................... .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

(iv) Give the mechanism for Reaction 3. Use curly arrows and show any relevant
dipoles and lone pairs.
(4)
e ctio s o e es

(c) But-2-ene polymerizes to form poly(but-2-ene).

Draw a section of this polymer, showing two repeat units.
(1)

(d) Cyclohexanol forms cyclohexene in the following reaction.

OH
+ 2 O

(i) Calculate the percentage atom economy by mass for the production of
cyclohexene.
(1)

(ii) Calculate the percentage yield if 10.20 g of cyclohexanol produced 6.15 g of

cyclohexene.
(2)

(Total for Question = 14 marks)

e ctio s o e es

This question is about alkenes.

(a) Give the general formula for the homologous series of alkenes.
(1)

(b) Give the structural formula of the organic product formed when
ethene, CH2=CH2, reacts with
(i) hydrogen
(1)

(ii) chlorine
(1)

(iii) acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)

(1)

(iv) bromine water

(1)
e ctio s o e es

(c) When propene, CH3CH=CH2, reacts with hydrogen chloride, there are two
possible products, a major product and a minor product.
(i) Draw the displayed formulae of these products.
(2)

Major product Minor product

(ii) Give the mechanism for the reaction of propene with hydrogen chloride
which forms the major product.
(3)
e ctio s o e es

(d) Propene can be polymerized.

(i) Write a balanced equation for the polymerization of propene to form
poly(propene), drawing the displayed formula of the repeat unit of
poly(propene).
(3)

(ii) State a problem associated with the disposal of waste poly(propene).

(1)

Iodine monochloride, ICl, is an interhalogen compound. Molecules of

iodine monochloride have a permanent dipole. Alkenes react with ICl, under suitable
conditions, in a similar way to the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen chloride, HCl.
(a) Propene reacts with ICl to form two possible organic products.
One of these products is 2-chloro-1-iodopropane.
(i) Complete the mechanism below, by adding curly arrows and the intermediate
species.
(3)

H CH3 H CH3
C C H C C H
H + H
I I CI
–
CI

(ii) Classify the type and mechanism for the reaction in (a)(i).
(2)

(iii) Draw the structure of the other possible organic product of the reaction of
propene with ICl.
(1)
e ctio s o e es

(b) Methane reacts with ICl, under suitable conditions, to form many products. Two
of these products are iodomethane and hydrogen chloride.
The reaction between methane and ICl is similar to that between methane and
chlorine, Cl2.
(i) Suggest the essential condition needed for this reaction.
(1)

*(ii) The mechanism for the reaction between methane and ICl involves three
stages. One of these is the third and final stage, called termination.
Describe the mechanism of the reaction to form iodomethane and
hydrogen chloride.
In your answer, include:
the type of reaction and mechanism
the type of bond fission occurring
the name and equation for the first stage of the mechanism
the name and equations for the second stage of the mechanism
one equation for a termination step
Curly (half-) arrows and state symbols are not required in your equations.
(7)

Type of reaction and mechanism ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................ .............................................. ......................................... ... ...................... .. . .. .. .. .

Type of bond fission occurring ............... . . . . . ............................... .............................................. .............................. .............................................. ........ .... .. .. .. .

This question is about the chemistry of alkenes, which are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

(a) State what is meant by the term unsaturated as applied to a hydrocarbon.

(1)

(b) An organic compound, X, is an unsaturated hydrocarbon with molecular formula

C4H8.
(i) Draw the displayed formulae and give the names of two unbranched
molecules with molecular formula C4H8 which are E / Z isomers.
(3)

Isomer 1 Isomer 2

Name: Name:

(ii) Both isomers react with a solution of acidified aqueous potassium

manganate(VII).
State the colour change that you would observe when this reaction is carried
out.
(1)

From ........... ........... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .......................... to .. ............................................... .............................................. .................. .... . .. .. .. ..

223
e ctio s o e es

(iii) Draw the structure of the organic product of this reaction with either one of
these isomers.
(1)

(iv) Compounds such as C4H8 are formed when fractions of crude oil are cracked.
State what is meant by the term cracking when applied to processing a
fraction obtained from crude oil.
(1)

(v) Write an equation to show the cracking of the hydrocarbon octane into C4H8
and a saturated hydrocarbon as the only products.
(1)

224
e ctio s o e es

(c) Another alkene is propene, C3H6.

Describe the mechanism for the addition reaction of propene with bromine, Br2,
to form C3H6Br2.
In your answer you should include:
the name for the type of addition which occurs
the name of the product
the mechanism using curly arrows to show the movement of electron pairs.
(5)

Type of addition ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... . . .................................. ................................... ............................................. ............................................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .

Name of product ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... . .......... ............................................... .... ............... ............................................... ...... ...................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .

Mechanism
e ctio s o e es

(d) Propene can polymerize to form poly(propene).

(i) State, with a reason, the atom economy for this reaction.
(1)

.. ......... ............ ........... ......... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... . . . . . ............................................................. .............................................. ...................................................... .. .. .. .. .. ..

(ii) Draw a section of this polymer, showing two repeat units.

(1)

(iii) Poly(propene) is used to make synthetic fibres which are extremely light and
act as good insulators.
Comment on the sustainability of this use of poly(propene).
(1)

.. ......... ............ ........... ......... ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... . . . . . ............................................................. .............................................. ...................................................... .. .. .. .. .. ..

(Total for Question = 16 marks)

226

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