This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2024.3378012

JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. XX, NO. X, MONTH XXXX 1

AMC-backed Twin Arrow Antenna for Wearable

Electronic Travel Aid System at 24 GHz
A. Flórez Berdasco Graduate Student Member, IEEE, M. E. de Cos Gómez Member, IEEE, J. Laviada, F.
Las-Heras Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract—An ultra-compact wearable antenna, for electronic are going to be implemented. This solution has been widely
travel aid (ETA) applications in the 24.05-24.25 GHz frequency deployed for a large number of applications in recent years
band, is presented. The artificial magnetic conductor (AMC)- such as nondestructive testing, medical imaging or security
antenna combination reduces the backward radiation to the
wearing person, while improves antenna’s radiation properties [7]–[9]. SAR is based on moving the antenna and taking
and bandwidth without increasing its area. Prototypes of the measurements at a set of positions to coherently add all the
AMC-antenna have been fabricated and measured. In order to reflected signals, in order to obtain high resolution images. In
test its performance for the application, imaging has been con- this case, they are implemented by taking advantage of the
ducted by means of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques natural movement of the user [10], due to the wearable nature
by placing the antenna in the arm of a user to take advantage
of natural body movement. Electromagnetic images have been of the application.
obtained and the target has been identified, demonstrating the Portable and wearable systems require small and compact
suitability of the AMC-antenna for the ETA system. antennas, that can be easily carried by the user. Miniaturized,
Index Terms—Antenna with metasurface, AMC, mmWave lightweight and low-profile planar antennas are preferred for
radar, imaging, mmWave antenna, ETA. their comfort and convenience for wearable applications. From
the radar application point of view, it is necessary to point
I. I NTRODUCTION out some considerations. Antennas with narrow-beam radia-
tion patterns, which enhance directivity, are favored for long

M ORE than 2 billion people worldwide suffer from

vision problems that, in the worst cases, limit their
daily life [1]. The white cane is the most widespread mobility
distance applications, so that a larger range of operation is
obtained. However, if near-field SAR techniques are going to
be explored, wide-beam radiation patterns seem better as the
aid, along with guide dogs. However, they are not enough for complete scene can be illuminated at all the positions along
full autonomy, as the former does not detect obstacles at torso the aperture. Therefore, a trade-off solution between range
height and the latter needs strong training [2]. Thus, numerous and area of coverage must be found. Moreover, our recent
electronic travel aid systems (ETA) have been developed in the work evaluating the performance of different antennas for
last years. Most of them are based on ultrasound sensors and ETA application illustrates how, for short distance detection,
video cameras [2]–[4], although there are alternatives that use antennas with low directivity exhibit better performance than
technologies such as near-field communication (NFC), infrared high gain antennas, which can provide anomalous results along
sensors, and others [5]. their electrically larger dimension [11].
Radar technology stands out as one of the most promising In this work, an AMC-backed twin Arrow Antenna de-
technologies for ETAs, especially at mmWave frequencies, signed, operative in the 24.05-24.25 GHz frequency band, for
where compact devices suitable for portable applications are a wearable ETA system is shown. In order to test its suitability
available. Moreover, it works in all weather and visibility for the target application, SAR measurements taking advantage
conditions and detects both, visible and hidden objects. In of the natural movement of the user have been performed in
addition, radars can be worn under clothing, as the electromag- the near-field of the aperture and electromagnetic images have
netic wave signals that they emit, can easily penetrate through been obtained to detect targets.
fabrics, making their use completely unobtrusive. Therefore,
The paper is organized as follows: first, the design procedure
due to all the advantages of radar technology, it seems entirely
of the antenna and the AMC are exposed. Later, the combina-
appropriate as an alternative to the aforementioned systems.
tion of both structures is shown, and the results are compared
The angular resolution of the system is limited by the radar
with the original antenna. Then, the fabrication methodology is
aperture [6], so synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques
explained, and the measurement outcomes are confronted with
Manuscript received April 19, 2024; revised August 16, 2021. the simulated ones. After that, the AMC-antenna performance
This work was supported in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación in the real radar application is shown and imaging results are
of Spain under the Formación Personal Investigador (FPI) Grant MCIU-20-
PRE2019-089912 and under Project META-IMAGER PID2021-122697OB-
displayed and analyzed. Finally, conclusions are drawn.
I00 and in part by the Gobierno del Principado de Asturias under Project
AYUD-2021-51706.
Alicia Flórez Berdasco, Marı́a Elena de Cos Gómez, Jaime Laviada and II. A NTENNA DESIGN
Fernando Las-Heras are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Uni-
versity of Oviedo, Spain. (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]; A novel twin arrow antenna, that operates in the 24.05
[email protected]; [email protected]). to 24.25 GHz frequency band, is presented. It follows the

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2024.3378012

JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. XX, NO. X, MONTH XXXX 2

D
Wa

L La

Lf B
A

WfWp
W
Fig. 1: Antenna geometry Fig. 2: Simulated antenna reflection coefficient and AMC
reflection phase and its geometry. Light blue strip shows the
TABLE I: Antenna dimension (mm) working band of the AMC.
L W Lf Wf Wp La Wa A B D h
9.6 14.1 4.8 0.25 0.45 0.87 2.96 0.3 1.6 1.9 0.762
and h = 0.762 mm. The resonance frequency of the AMC is
26.6 GHz and the AMC operating bandwidth is 22-31.1 GHz
operating principles of a planar dipole antenna, however, the (see Fig. 2).
shape of the radiating elements has been modified to enhance
its performance. RO3003 (εr = 3.0, tan δ = 0.0013 and B. AMC-antenna Combination
h = 0.762 mm) has been selected as dielectric substrate since
The AMC metasurface has been arranged under the antenna,
its intermediate value of relative dielectric permitivity allows
so that the backward radiation to the wearing person will be
obtaining proper antenna size for fabrication suitability. The
reduced. The 90º ± 45º reflection phase region of the AMC,
two radiating elements and their narrow feeding lines are
is the optimum operating bandwidth when the metasurface is
metallic and have been optimized using the electromagnetic
combined with a dipole antenna [18]. Fig. 2 shows the antenna
software simulator HFSS. Fig. 1 shows the antenna geometry,
reflection coefficient with the AMC reflection phase. It can
and the final dimensions are summarized in Table I.
be observed that the resonance frequency of the antenna is
The antenna exhibits proper impedance matching from 23.2
included in the frequency band in which the reflection phase
to 24.8 GHz. It provides 4.13 dBi of gain (G) and 4.26 dB
of the AMC is between 90º ± 45º, which has been highlighted
of directivity (D) at 24.15 GHz. Therefore, the radiation ef-
in light blue.
ficiency (η) is 97 %. As the antenna is not backed with a
The AMC has been placed under the antenna without any
ground plane, it shows a very low front-to-back ratio (FTBR)
gap between them. It should be noted that the unit-cell under
of 0.25 dB. All the radiation parameters of the antenna are
the feed lines has been removed so as not to disturb the
collected in Table II.
feeding network. The final geometry of the combined structure
is presented in Fig. 3, with the reflection coefficient of both,
A. Artificial Magnetic Conductor Design the antenna alone and the AMC-antenna. The AMC-antenna
With the aim of reducing the backward radiation, an AMC shows a much wider bandwidth than the antenna without
metasurface has been designed to back the antenna. Common metasurface, however, both operate in the target frequency
metallic ground planes (electric conductors) must be placed band. The radiation pattern cuts are depicted in Fig. 4. It can
at a distance of at least one quarter wavelength from the be observed that the AMC metasurface reduces the backward
antenna. If this minimum distance is not observed, there are no radiation and slightly modifies the radiation pattern, so that
constructive interferences, and the antenna is shorted. AMC is a more directive one is observed. Table II collects the main
a type of metasurface that has the ability to reflect the incident radiation properties of both antennas. It can be concluded
electromagnetic field in phase in the bandwidth that comprises that the AMC-antenna improves around 2 dB both, directivity
the frequencies for which the phase of the reflection coefficient and gain with respect to the original antenna. The radiation
is between ±90º [12]. This characteristic allows placing the efficiency keeps high across the whole bandwidth. The great
AMC closer or even attached to the antenna [13]–[17]. advantage of placing an AMC metasurface behind the antenna
A squared metallization has been situated over a grounded is raising the FTBR parameter by approximately 15 dB, so
dielectric (RO3003) to create the AMC unit-cell. A simple that, when the AMC is placed under the antenna, the backward
geometry has been selected to facilitate its fabrication. The radiation to the body is significantly reduce, which is essential
geometry of the unit-cell is shown in Fig. 2 with its reflection in wearable devices. Therefore, all the radiation properties and
coefficient. Floquet port and periodic boundary conditions the bandwidth of the original antenna have been improved
were considered in simulation for the unit-cell optimization while preserving the initial area. The unavoidable thickness
based on the phase of the reflection coefficient. The resulting increase (only due to the AMC as there is no layer between
dimensions of the unit-cell are P = 3.2 mm, g = 0.5 mm it and the antenna) however has no impact on the resulting

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2024.3378012

JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. XX, NO. X, MONTH XXXX 3

TABLE II: Radiation properties for the antenna and AMC- 0 Measured
antenna. Simulated
-5
BW(%) F G D η FTBR
(GHz) (dBi) (dB) (%) (dB) -10
24.05 4.14 4.26 97.3 0.25
Antenna 6.21 24.15 4.13 4.26 97.1 0.25 -15

S dB
24.25 4.01 4.26 94.4 0.25

11
24.05 6.72 6.72 100 14.32
AMC- -20
15.7 24.15 6.73 6.74 99.8 15.58
antenna
24.25 6.74 6.77 99.3 16.12 (a) (b)
-25

-30

-35
(c)
22 22.5 23 23.5 2 24.5 25 25.5 26
f GHz

Fig. 5: Comparison between the measured and simulated S11

of the AMC-antenna together with the antennas prototype.
(a) Antenna prototype, (b) AMC prototype, (c) AMC-antenna
prototype.

can produce these mismatches. In addition, the antenna and the

AMC are aligned through the screws, but it is possible that
small misalignment may occur, which can result in frequency
shifts. Nevertheless, the measured trace has deviated by just
Fig. 3: S11 comparison for the antenna and the AMC-antenna.
0.84% from the simulated one.

D. Comparison with Other Millimeter-Wave Antennas at 24

antenna comfort and wearability. Hence, an ultra-compact GHz
and operative antenna has been achieved to be used in ETA
A brief comparison with the state-of-the-art antennas at 24
applications.
GHz is provided to endorse the achievements of this work.
Despite using dielectric with practically the same εr , the
C. Fabrication and Measurement AMC-antenna outperforms [19], [20] in area and bandwidth.
Prototypes of the AMC-antenna have been fabricated using It also overcomes [19] in gain. Although it provides slightly
laser micromachining. Each element (antenna and AMC) is lower gain than [20], the AMC-antenna triples its radiation
manufactured separately and then, they have been fixed using efficiency. Moreover, [20] is fabricated in paper, which is not
nylon screws, as it can be appreciated in Fig. 5. It depicts the best material for a portable systems, as it can be easily
measured and simulated reflection coefficient results of the damaged. Compared to those on substrates with slightly higher
AMC-antenna. The measured trace has been slightly shifted εr , the AMC-antenna overcomes [21], [22] in bandwidth and
downwards in frequency; however, it shows proper impedance gain, with a more compact design in area. In addition, it
matching in the frequency bandwidth of interest. Discrepancies exhibits better FTBR than [22]. [23] presents a bigger antenna
between simulated and measured results can be attributed to in comparison with the one of this paper, even though a
several issues. On the one hand, manufacturing tolerances can material with a higher εr is used. Besides, it provides half the
cause the displacement of the resonance frequency. On the bandwidth, despite requiring a greater thickness of material.
other hand, the connector is soldered by hand to the narrow It shows better gain, however, η and FTBR are not given.
strips and its size is very large compared to the antenna, which
TABLE III: State-of-the-art antennas at 24 GHz.
BW G η FTBR
CP Antenna CP Antenna Size (mm3 ) εr
0 XP Antenna XP Antenna (%) (dBi) (%) (dB)
15 345 CP AMC-antenna 0 CP AMC-Antenna
30 0 330 XP AMC-Antenna 30
15 345
0 330
XP AMC-Antenna [19] 76 × 76 × 0.13 3 3.8 4.8 - -
45
-20
315 45 -20 315 [20] 20 × 25 × 0.23 2.9 2.3 7.4 35 -
60 300 60 300 [21] 36.5 × 53 × 0.1 3.35 0.8 5.81 - -
-40
75 -40
285 75 285
[22] 23×15×0.254 3.48 6.6 4.24 - 9.23
90
-60
270
-60 [23] 24 × 24 × 1.6 6.4 8 9 - -
90 270
9.6 × 14.1 ×
105 255 AMC- 3 15.7 6.73 99.8 15.58
105 255 1.524
120 240
antenna
120 240
135 225 135 225
150 210 150 210
165 180 195 165 180 195
III. I MAGING TESTING
(a) (b)
Antenna performance is evaluated experimentally for the
Fig. 4: Radiation pattern cuts. (a) Phi=0º, (b) Phi=90º. intended ETA application. For this purpose, SAR techniques

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 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2024.3378012

JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. XX, NO. X, MONTH XXXX 4

TABLE IV: Experimental parameters for the SAR measure-

ment.
Centre Bandwidth Number of Synthetic Target
frequency (GHz) frequencies aperture dimensions
(GHz) length (cm)
(cm)
24 4 3201 12 10 × 10

for high-resolution electromagnetic imaging are implemented

to map the nearby environment. This is achieved by taking
advantage of the natural movement of the body, so a resolution
better than the one obtained with a single position, is reached
[10].
Electromagnetic images are computed by means of a flexi-
ble sum-and-delay algorithm for monostatic acquisition [24]:
(a) (b)
M X
N
j2km |→
−
r ′ −→
−
ρ̂(→
− r n| Fig. 6: Measurement set-up. (a) Schematic, (b) Real laboratory
X
r ′) = S(m, n) · e , (1)
m=1 n=1
set-up.

in which ρ (→ −r ′ ) stands for the reflectivity of the target, →

−
r′
0.3 0 dB
represents to the pixel where reflectivity will be calculated, S
depicts the acquired data corresponding to the s11 parameter -1 dB
0.25
after subtracting the background and calibrating the phase -2 dB
shift, M indicates the number of frequencies and N refers 0.2
-3 dB
to the acquisition points, km refers to the wavenumber at the
z (m)

m-th frequency and → −r n appoints the n-th measured position. 0.15 -4 dB

Fig 6(a) depicted the pure monostatic set-up used to perform -5 dB
the measurements. A metallic plate of 10 × 10 cm has been 0.1
-6 dB
used as a target. The movement of the antenna is recorded
0.05
using a tracking camera. In particular, the Intel® RealSense™ -7 dB
Tracking Camera T265 [25] is used to register the measure- 0 -8 dB
ment positions. The antenna and the camera have been placed -0.2 0 0.2
x (m)
in a 3D printed gadget, in order to move them together, as
well as to fix them to the user’s arm, as can be observed in Fig. 7: Electromagnetic image obtained with the AMC-
Fig 6(b). antenna.
The antenna is moved by means of simple arm swings. The
measurement point interval was cropped to 12 cm from the
target as the tracking device accumulate positioning errors and only along the x-axis. Therefore, the antenna performance is
only positions within a short period are consistent. The target suitable for the pursued application.
was placed at 10 cm. The scattering parameter S is measured
with a vector network analyzer (VNA), in order to emulate a
stepped-frequency continuous-wave (SFCW) radar. Table IV IV. C ONCLUSIONS
summarizes the SAR configuration considerations set up to
perform the measurement. It is necessary to clarify that the A novel ultra-compact and lightweight AMC-backed twin
measurement has been conducted in an extended frequency arrow wearable antenna, suitable for ETA applications, has
band from 22 to 26 GHz, to obtain a good range resolution been achieved. The FTBR and radiation properties of the
that allows to distinguish the target and its range position. The initial antenna have been improved by backing it with an
corresponding measurement dataset, can be found in [26]. AMC. Significant improvement has been obtained in the
Fig. 7 presents the electromagnetic image obtained with the FTBR, which is key for the intended application, in order to
AMC-antenna. Although there are artifacts due to the irregular avoid user radiation. In addition, the radiation parameters and
sampling [27], the target is correctly detected at 10 cm from the operation bandwidth of the antenna have been enhanced,
the radar, that has been highlighted in red color in the image, without increasing its area.
which agrees with its real position. The effects of irregular The antenna performance has been validated for the case of
sampling can be mitigated by different technique such as the close metallic targets. The experimental validation shows that
use of deep learning by means of transformers or generative the target can be correctly detecting providing the distance and
adversarial networks as shown in [27], [28]. Besides, it can an estimation of the profile, illustrating that the arm movement
be observed that the target width (x-axis) matches the actual is exploited to improve the image with respect to one obtained
object size of 10 cm, as expected, since the resolution is with the antenna at a single position.

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 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. This is the author's version which has not been fully edited and
content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/LAWP.2024.3378012

JOURNAL OF LATEX CLASS FILES, VOL. XX, NO. X, MONTH XXXX 5

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