Index

RP denotes Reference Page numbers.

Abel, Niels, 212 by Newton’s method, 339 autonomous differential equation, 589
absolute maximum and minimum values, 274, by an nth-degree Taylor polynomial, 257 auxiliary equation, 1143
946, 951 quadratic, 256 complex roots of, 1145
absolute value, 16, A6, A58 by Riemann sums, 372 real roots of, 1144
absolute value function, 16 by Simpson’s Rule, 511, 513 average cost function, 334
absolutely convergent series, 732 tangent line, 251 average rate of change, 148, 224, 862
acceleration as a rate of change, 161, 224 by Taylor polynomials, 768 average speed of molecules, 528
acceleration of a particle, 863 by Taylor’s Inequality, 756, 769 average value of a function, 451, 452, 570,
components of, 866 by the Trapezoidal Rule, 508 979, 1027
as a vector, 863 Archimedes, 406 average velocity, 4, 84, 145, 224
Achilles and the tortoise, 5 Archimedes’ Principle, 460, 1134 axes, coordinate, 786, A11
adaptive numerical integration, 515 arc curvature, 853 axes of an ellipse, A19
addition formulas for sine and cosine, A29 arc length, 538, 854 axis of a parabola, 670
addition of vectors, 792, 795 of a parametric curve, 648
Airy, Sir George, 746 of a polar curve, 667 bacterial growth, 605, 610
Airy function, 746 of a space curve, 853, 854 Barrow, Isaac, 3, 101, 153, 386, 406
algebraic function, 30 arc length contest, 545 base of a cylinder, 430
alternating harmonic series, 729, 732 arc length formula, 539 base of a logarithm, 62, A55
alternating series, 727 arc length function, 541 change of, 65
Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, 730 arcsine function, 67 baseball and calculus, 455
Alternating Series Test, 727 area, 2, 360 basis vectors, 796
analytic geometry, A10 of a circle, 480 Bernoulli, James, 594, 621
angle(s), A24 under a curve, 360, 365, 371 Bernoulli, John, 303, 310, 594, 640, 754
between curves, 271 between curves, 422, 423 Bernoulli differential equation, 621
of deviation, 283 of an ellipse, 479 Bessel, Friedrich, 742
negative or positive, A25 by exhaustion, 2, 101 Bessel function, 217, 742, 746
between planes, 821 by Green’s Theorem, 1087 Bézier, Pierre, 653
standard position, A25 enclosed by a parametric curve, 647 Bézier curves, 639, 653
between vectors, 801, 802 in polar coordinates, 654, 665 binomial coefficients, 760
angular momentum, 871 of a sector of a circle, 665 binomial series, 760
angular speed, 864 surface, 650, 1014, 1104, 1106 discovery by Newton, 767
antiderivative, 344 of a surface of a revolution, 545, 551 binomial theorem, 175, RP1
antidifferentiation formulas, 345 area function, 385 binormal vector, 858
aphelion, 683 area problem, 2, 360 blackbody radiation, 777
apolune, 677 argument of a complex number, A59 blood flow, 230, 336, 564
approach path of an aircraft, 208 arithmetic-geometric mean, 702 boundary curve, 1122
approximate integration, 506 arrow diagram, 11 boundary-value problem, 1147
approximating cylinder, 432 astroid, 215, 645 bounded sequence, 697
approximating surface, 546 asymptote(s), 311 bounded set, 951
approximation in graphing, 311 Boyle’s Law, 235
by differentials, 253 horizontal, 131, 311 brachistochrone problem, 640
to e, 180 of a hyperbola, 674, A20 Brahe, Tycho, 867
linear, 251, 917, 921 slant, 312, 315 branches of a hyperbola, 674, A20
linear, to a tangent plane, 917 vertical, 94, 311 Buffon’s needle problem, 578
by the Midpoint Rule, 378, 507 asymptotic curve, 318 bullet-nose curve, 51, 205

A135

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A136 INDEX

C 1 tansformation, 1040 closed curve, 1077 sequence, 695

cable (hanging), 258 closed interval, A3 space curve, 843
calculator, graphing, 44, 318, 638, 661. See Closed Interval Method, 278 vector field, 1058
also computer algebra system for a function of two variables, 952 concavity, 293
calculus, 8 closed set, 951 Concavity Test, 293, A44
differential, 3 closed surface, 1116 concentration, 227
integral, 2, 3 Cobb, Charles, 879 conchoid, 641, 663
invention of, 8, 406 Cobb-Douglas production function, 880, conditionally convergent series, 733
cancellation equations 910, 963 conductivity (of a substance), 1120
for inverse functions, 61 cochleoid, 686 cone, 670, 830
for inverse trigonometric functions, 61, 67 coefficient(s) parametrization of, 1102
for logarithms, 63 binomial, 760 conic section, 670, 678
cans, minimizing manufacturing cost of, 337 of friction, 198, 281 directrix, 670, 678
Cantor, Georg, 713 of inequality, 429 eccentricity, 678
Cantor set, 713 of a polynomial, 27 focus, 670, 672, 678
capital formation, 567 of a power series, 741 polar equation, 680
cardiac output, 565 of static friction, 837 shifted, 675, A21
cardioid, 215, 658 combinations of functions, 39 vertex (vertices), 670
carrying capacity, 236, 294, 581, 607 comets, orbits of, 684 conjugates, properties of, A58
Cartesian coordinate system, A11 common ratio, 705 connected region, 1077
Cartesian plane, A11 comparison properties of the integral, 381 conservation of energy, 1081
Cassini, Giovanni, 665 comparison test for improper integrals, 525 conservative vector field, 1061, 1082
CAS. See computer algebra system Comparison Test for series, 722 constant force, 446, 805
catenary, 258 Comparison Theorem for integrals, 525 constant function, 174
Cauchy, Augustin-Louis, 113, 984, A45 complementary equation, 1149 Constant Multiple Law of limits, 99
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality, 807 Completeness Axiom, 698 Constant Multiple Rule, 177
Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem, A45 complex conjugate, A57 constraint, 957, 961
Cavalieri, 513 complex exponentials, A63 consumer surplus, 563, 564
Cavalieri’s Principle, 440 complex number(s), A57 continued fraction expansion, 702
center of gravity. See center of mass addition and subtraction of, A57 continuity
center of mass, 554, 1004, 1065 argument of, A59 of a function, 118, 841
of a lamina, 1005 division of, A57, A60 of a function of three variables, 898
of a plate, 557 equality of, A57 of a function of two variables, 896
of a solid, 1023 imaginary part of, A57 on an interval, 120
of a surface, 1112 modulus of, A58 from the left or right, 120
of a wire, 1065 multiplication of, A57, A60 continuous compounding of
centripetal force, 875 polar form, A59 interest, 241, 309
centroid of a plane region, 556 powers of, A61 continuous random variable, 568
centroid of a solid, 1023 principal square root of, A58 contour curves, 883
Chain Rule, 198, 199, 201 real part of, A57 contour map, 883, 909
for several variables, 924, 926, 927 roots of, A62 convergence
change of base, formula for, 65 component function, 840, 1057 absolute, 732
change of variable(s) components of acceleration, 866 conditional, 733
in a double integral, 999, 1041, 1044 components of a vector, 793, 804 of an improper integral, 520, 523
in integration, 407 composition of functions, 40, 199 interval of, 743
in a triple integral, 1029, 1034, 1046 continuity of, 125, 898 radius of, 743
characteristic equation, 1143 derivative of, 200 of a sequence, 692
charge, electric, 227, 1003, 1004, 1023, 1160 compound interest, 241, 309 of a series, 705
charge density, 1004, 1023 compressibility, 228 convergent improper integral, 520, 523
chemical reaction, 227 computer algebra system, 90, 502, 638 convergent sequence, 692
circle, area of, 480 for integration, 502, 751 convergent series, 705
circle, equation of, A16 pitfalls of using, 90 properties of, 709
circle of curvature, 859 computer algebra system, graphing with, 44 conversion, cylindrical to rectangular
circular cylinder, 430 a curve, 318 coordinates, 1028
circular paraboloid, 832 function of two variables, 882 cooling tower, hyperbolic, 832
circulation of a vector field, 1126 level curves, 886 coordinate axes, 786, A11
cissoid of Diocles, 644, 663 parametric equations, 638 coordinate planes, 786
Clairaut, Alexis, 907 parametric surface, 1102 coordinate system, A2
Clairaut’s Theorem, 907, A48 partial derivatives, 907 Cartesian, A11
clipping planes, 826 polar curve, 661 cylindrical, 1028

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 INDEX A137

polar, 654 curve fitting, 25 of a polynomial, 174

retangular, A11 curve-sketching procedure, 311 of a power function, 175
spherical, 1033 cusp, 641 of a power series, 748
three-dimensional rectangular, 786 cycloid, 639 of a product, 184, 185
coplanar vectors, 813 cylinder, 430, 827 of a quotient, 187
Coriolis acceleration, 874 parabolic, 827 as a rate of change, 143
Cornu’s spiral, 652 parametrization of, 1102 right-hand, 165
cosine function, A26 cylindrical coordinate system, 1028 second, 160, 850
derivative of, 193 conversion equations for, 1028 second directional, 944
graph of, 31, A31 triple integrals in, 1029 second partial, 906
power series for, 758, 760 cylindrical coordinates, 1030 as the slope of a tangent, 143, 148
cost function, 231, 330 cylindrical shell, 441 third, 161
critical number, 277 of trigonometric functions, 191, 194
critical point(s), 946, 956 damped vibration, 1157 of a vector function, 847
critically damped vibration, 1158 damping constant, 1157 Descartes, René, A11
cross product, 808 decay, law of natural, 237 descent of aircraft, determining start of, 208
direction of, 810 decay, radioactive, 239 determinant, 808
geometric characterization of, 811 decreasing function, 19 devil’s curve, 215
magnitude of, 811 decreasing sequence, 696 Difference Law of limits, 99
properties of, 812 definite integral, 372, 974 difference quotient, 12
cross-section, 430 properties of, 379 Difference Rule, 178
of a surface, 827 Substitution Rule for, 411 differentiable function, 157, 918
cubic function, 27 of a vector function, 851 differential, 253, 919, 921
curl of a vector field, 1091 definite integration differential calculus, 3
current, 227 by parts, 464, 466, 467 differential equation, 183, 237, 346, 579, 580,
curvature, 653, 855 by substitution, 411 582
curve(s) degree of a polynomial, 27 autonomous, 589
asymptotic, 318 del (ⵜ), 936 Bernoulli, 621
Bézier, 639, 653 delta (⌬) notation, 147, 148 family of solutions, 580, 583
boundary, 1122 demand curve, 331, 563 first-order, 582
bullet-nose, 51, 205 demand function, 330, 563 general solution of, 583
cissoid of Diocles, 663 De Moivre, Abraham, A61 homogeneous, 1142
closed, 1077 De Moivre’s Theorem, A61 linear, 616
Cornu’s spiral, 652 density linearly independent solutions, 1143
demand, 563 of a lamina, 1003 logistic, 607, 703
devil’s, 215 linear, 226, 401 nonhomogeneous, 1142, 1149
dog saddle, 891 liquid, 553 order of, 582
epicycloid, 645 mass vs. weight, 553 partial, 908
equipotential, 890 of a solid, 1023 second-order, 582, 1142
grid, 1100 dependent variable, 10, 878, 926 separable, 594
helix, 841 derivative(s), 143, 146, 154, 256 solution of, 582
length of, 538, 853 of a composite function, 199 differentiation, 157
level, 883 of a constant function, 174 formulas for, 188, RP5
monkey saddle, 891 directional, 933, 934, 937 formulas for vector functions, 850
orientation of, 1068, 1084 domain of, 154 implicit, 209, 210, 905, 928
orthogonal, 216 of exponential functions, 180, 203, A54, logarithmic, 220
ovals of Cassini, 665 A55 partial, 900, 905, 906
parametric, 636, 841 as a function, 154 of a power series, 748
piecewise-smooth,1064 higher, 160 term-by-term, 748
polar, 656 higher partial, 906 of a vector function, 850
serpentine, 189 of hyperbolic functions, 259 differentiation operator, 157
simple, 1078 of an integral, 387 Direct Substitution Property, 101
smooth, 538 of an inverse function, 218 directed line segment, 791
space, 840, 841 of inverse trigonometric functions, 213, 214 direction field, 585, 586
strophoid, 669, 687 left-hand, 165 direction numbers, 818
swallotail catastrophe, 644 of logarithmic functions, 218, A51, A54 directional derivative, 933, 934, 937
toroidal spiral, 843 normal, 1098 maximum value of, 938
trochoid, 643 notation, 157 of a temperature function, 933, 934
twisted cubic, 843 notation for partial, 903 second, 944
witch of Maria Agnesi, 643 partial, 902 directrix, 670, 678

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A138 INDEX

discontinuity, 119, 120 electric force, 1060 equilibrium solution, 581, 623
discontinuous function, 119 elementary function, integrability of, 498 equipotential curves, 890
discontinuous integrand, 523 element of a set, A3 equivalent vectors, 792
disk method for approximating volume, 432 ellipse, 215, 672, 678, A19 error
dispersion, 283 area, 479 in approximate integration, 508, 509
displacement, 145, 401 directrix, 678 percentage, 254
displacement vector, 791, 805 eccentricity, 678 relative, 254
distance foci, 672, 678 in Taylor approximation, 769
between lines, 823 major axis, 672, 683 error bounds, 510, 514
between planes, 823 minor axis, 672 error estimate
between point and line in space, 815 polar equation, 680, 683 for alternating series, 730
between point and plane, 815 reflection property, 673 for the Midpoint Rule, 508, 509
between points in a plane, A11 rotated, 217 for Simpson’s Rule, 514
between points in space, 788 vertices, 672 for the Trapezoidal Rule, 508, 509
between real numbers, A7 ellipsoid, 828, 830 error function, 395
distance formula, A12 elliptic paraboloid, 828, 830 escape velocity, 528
in three dimensions, 788 empirical model, 25 estimate of the sum of a series, 718, 725,
distance problem, 367 end behavior of a function, 142 730, 735
divergence endpoint extreme values, 275 Euclid, 101
of an improper integral, 520, 523 energy Eudoxus, 2, 101, 406
of an infinite series, 705 conservation of, 1081 Euler, Leonhard, 55, 589, 715, 721, 757
of a sequence, 692 kinetic, 455, 1081 Euler’s formula, A63
of a vector field, 1094 potential, 1081 Euler’s Method, 589, 590
Divergence, Test for, 709 epicycloid, 645 even function, 17, 311
Divergence Theorem, 1129 epitrochoid, 652 expected values, 1011
divergent improper integral, 520, 523 equation(s) exponential decay, 237
divergent sequence, 692 cancellation, 61 exponential function(s), 32, 51, 179, RP4
divergent series, 705 of a circle, A17 with base a, A55
division of power series, 763 differential (see differential equation) derivative, of 180, 203, A55
DNA, helical shape of, 842 of an ellipse, 672, 680, A19 graphs of, 52, 180
dog saddle, 891 of a graph, A16, A17 integration of, 377, 408, 762, 763
domain of a function, 10, 878 heat conduction, 913 limits of, 135, A53
domain sketching, 878 of a hyperbola, 67, 675, 680, A20 power series for, 755
Doppler effect, 932 Laplace’s, 908, 1095 properties of, A53
dot product, 800 of a line, A12, A13, A14, A16 exponential graph, 52
in component form, 800 of a line in space, 816, 817 exponential growth, 237, 610
properties of, 801 of a line through two points, 818 exponents, laws of, 53, A53, A55
double-angle formulas, A29 linear, 820, A14 extrapolation, 26
double integral, 974, 976 logistic difference, 703 extreme value, 274
change of variable in, 1041, 1044 logistic differential, 581, 615 Extreme Value Theorem, 275, 951
over general regions, 988, 989 Lotka-Volterra, 623
Midpoint Rule for, 978 nth-degree, 212 family
in polar coordinates, 997, 998, 999 of a parabola, 670, 680, A18 of epicycloids and hypocycloids, 644
properties of, 981, 993 parametric, 636, 817, 841, 1099 of exponential functions, 52
over rectangles, 974 of a plane, 819 of functions, 49, 322, 323
double Riemann sum, 977 of a plane through three points, 821 of parametric curves, 640
Douglas, Paul, 879 point-slope, A12 of solutions, 580, 583
Dumpster design, minimizing cost of, 956 polar, 656, 680 fat circles, 213, 544
dye dilution method, 565 predator-prey, 622, 623 Fermat, Pierre, 3, 153, 276, 406, A11
second-degree, A16 Fermat’s Principle, 335
e (the number), 55, 180, A52 slope-intercept, A13 Fermat’s Theorem, 276
as a limit, 222 of a space curve, 841 Fibonacci, 691, 702
as a sum of an infinite series, 757 of a sphere, 789 Fibonacci sequence, 691, 702
eccentricity, 678 symmetric, 818 field
electric charge, 1003, 1004, 1023 two-intercept form, A16 conservative, 1061
electric circuit, 593, 596, 619 van der Waals, 914 electric, 1060
analysis of, 1160 vector, 816 force, 1060
electric current to a flash bulb, 83, 207 wave, 908 gradient, 942, 1060
electric field (force per unit charge), 1060 equilateral hyperbola, A21 gravitational, 1060
electric flux, 1119 equilibrium point, 624 incompressible, 1095

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 INDEX A139

irrotational, 1094 cubic, 27 reciprocal, 30

scalar, 1057 decreasing, 19 reflected, 36
vector, 1056, 1057 demand, 330, 563 representation as a power series, 746
velocity, 1056, 1059 derivative of, 146 representations of, 10, 12
First Derivative Test, 291 differentiability of, 157, 918 revenue, 331
for Absolute Extreme Values, 328 discontinuous, 119 root, 29
first octant, 786 domain of, 10, 878 of several variables, 878, 886
first-order linear differential equation, 582, 616 elementary, 498 shifted, 36
first-order optics, 774 error, 395 sine integral, 396
fixed point of a function, 171, 289 even, 17, 311 smooth, 538
flash bulb, current to, 83 exponential, 32, 51, 179 step, 17
flow lines, 1062 extreme values of, 274 stretched, 36
fluid flow, 1059, 1095, 1118 family of, 49, 322, 323 tabular, 13
flux, 564, 565, 1117, 1119 fixed point of, 171, 289 of three variables, 886
flux integral, 1117 Fresnel, 389 transformation of, 36
FM synthesis, 322 Gompertz, 612, 615 translation of, 36
foci, 672 gradient of, 936, 938 trigonometric, 31, A26
focus, 670, 678 graph of, 11, 880 of two variables, 878
of a conic section, 678 greatest integer, 105 value of, 10, 11
of an ellipse, 672, 678 harmonic, 908 vector, 840
of a hyperbola, 673 Heaviside, 44, 91 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, 386,
of a parabola, 670 homogeneous, 932 388, 393
folium of Descartes, 209, 687 hyperbolic, 257 higher-dimensional versions, 1135
force, 446 implicit, 209 for line integrals, 1075
centripetal, 875 increasing, 19 for vector functions, 851
constant, 446, 805 integrable, 976
exerted by fluid, 552, 553 inverse, 58, 60 G (gravitational constant), 234, 451
resultant, 797 inverse cosine, 68 Gabriel’s horn, 550
torque, 813 inverse hyperbolic, 260 Galileo, 640, 647, 670
force field, 1056, 1060 inverse sine, 67 Galois, Evariste, 212
forced vibrations, 1159 inverse tangent, 68 Gause, G. F., 610
Fourier, Joseph, 233 inverse trigonometric, 67, 68 Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 1129, A35
Fourier series, finite, 478 joint density, 1008, 1023 Gaussian optics, 774
four-leaved rose, 658 limit of, 87, 109, 893, 898 Gauss’s Law, 1119
fractions (partial), 484, 485 linear, 23, 881 Gauss’s Theorem, 1129
Frenet-Serret formulas, 862 logarithmic, 32, 62, A50, A55 geometric series, 705
Fresnel, Augustin, 389 machine diagram of, 11 geometry of a tetrahedron, 816
Fresnel function, 389 marginal cost, 148, 232, 330, 401 Gibbs, Joseph Willard, 797
frustum, 439, 440 marginal profit, 331 Gini, Corrado, 429
Fubini, Guido, 984 marginal revenue, 331 Gini coefficient, 429
Fubini’s Theorem, 984, 1017 maximum and minimum values of, Gini index, 429
function(s), 10, 878 274, 946 global maximum and minimum, 274
absolute value, 16 natural exponential, 56 Gompertz function, 612, 615
Airy, 746 natural logarithmic, 64 gradient, 936, 938
algebraic, 30 nondifferentiable, 159 gradient vector, 936, 938
arc length, 541, 853 of n variables, 887 interpretations of, 942
arcsine, 67 odd, 18, 311 gradient vector field, 942, 1060
area, 385 one-to-one, 59 graph(s)
arrow diagram of, 11 periodic, 311 of an equation, A16, A17
average cost, 334 piecewise defined, 16 of equations in three dimensions, 787
average value of, 452, 570, 979, 1027 polynomial, 27, 897 of exponential functions, 52, 180, RP4
Bessel, 217, 742, 746 position, 145 of a function, 11
Cobb-Douglas production, 880, 910, 963 potential, 1061 of a function of two variables, 880
combinations of, 39 power, 28, 174 of logarithmic functions, 63, 66
component, 840, 1057 probability density, 568, 1008 of a parametric curve, 636
composite, 40, 199, 898 profit, 331 of a parametric surface, 1112
constant, 174 quadratic, 27 polar, 656, 661
continuity of, 118, 896, 898 ramp, 44 of power functions, 29, RP3
continuous, 841 range of, 10, 878 of a sequence, 695
cost, 230, 231 rational, 30, 484, 897 of trigonometric functions, 31, A30, RP2

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A140 INDEX

graphing calculator, 44, 318, 638, 661 hyperbolic function(s), 257 change of variables in, 407, 999, 1040,
graphing device. See computer algebra system derivatives of, 259 1044, 1046
gravitation law, 234, 451 inverse, 260 comparison properties of, 381
gravitational acceleration, 446 hyperbolic identities, 258 conversion to cylindrical coordinates, 1029
gravitational field, 1060 hyperbolic paraboloid, 829, 830 conversion to polar coordinates, 998
great circle, 1039 hyperbolic substitution, 481, 482 conversion to spherical coordinates, 1034
greatest integer function, 105 hyperboloid, 830 definite, 371, 974
Green, George, 1085, 1128 hypersphere, 1027 derivative of, 388
Green’s identities, 1098 hypocycloid, 644 double (see double integral)
Green’s Theorem, 1084, 1128 evaluating, 374
vector forms, 1096 i (imaginary number), A57 improper, 519
Gregory, James, 199, 475, 513, i (standard basis vector), 796 indefinite, 397
750, 754 I/D Test, 290 iterated, 982, 983
Gregory’s series, 750 ideal gas law, 236, 914 line (see line integral)
grid curves, 1100 image of a point, 1041 patterns in, 505
growth, law of natural, 237, 606 image of a region, 1041 properties of, 379
growth rate, 229, 401 implicit differentiation, 209, 210, 905, 928 surface, 1110, 1117
relative, 237, 606 implicit function, 209, 210 of symmetric functions, 412
Implicit Function Theorem, 929, 930 table of, 463, 495, 500, RP6 –10
half-angle formulas, A29 improper integral, 519 triple, 1017, 1018
half-life, 239 convergence or divergence of, 520, 523 units for, 403
half-space, 887 impulse of a force, 455 integral calculus, 2, 3
hare-lynx system, 626 incompressible velocity field, 1095 Integral Test, 716
harmonic function, 908 increasing function, 19 integrand, 372
harmonic series, 708, 717 increasing sequence, 696 discontinuous, 523
alternating, 729 Increasing/Decreasing Test, 290 integration, 372
heat conduction equation, 913 increment, 147, 921 approximate, 506
heat conductivity, 1120 indefinite integral(s), 397 by computer algebra system, 502
heat flow, 1119 table of, 398 of exponential functions, 377, 408
heat index, 900 independence of path, 1076 formulas, 463, 495, RP6 –10
Heaviside, Oliver, 91 independent random variable, 1010 indefinite, 397
Heaviside function, 44, 91 independent variable, 10, 878, 926 limits of, 372
Hecht, Eugene, 253, 256, 773 indeterminate difference, 305 numerical, 506
helix, 841 indeterminate forms of limits, 301 partial, 983
hidden line rendering, 826 indeterminate power, 306 by partial fractions, 484
higher derivatives, 160 indeterminate product, 305 by parts, 464, 465, 466
higher partial derivatives, 906 index of summation, A34 of a power series, 748
homogeneous differential equation, 1142 inequalities, rules for, A4 of rational functions, 484
homogeneous function, 932 inertia (moment of), 1006, 1023, 1074 by a rationalizing substitution, 492
Hooke’s Law, 447, 1156 infinite discontinuity, 120 reversing order of, 985, 993
horizontal asymptote, 131, 311 infinite interval, 519, 520 over a solid, 1030
horizontal line, equation of, A13 infinite limit, 93, 115, 136 substitution in, 407
Horizontal Line Test, 59 infinite sequence. See sequence tables, use of, 500
horizontal plane, 787 infinite series. See series term-by-term, 748
Hubble Space Telescope, 279 inflection point, 294 of a vector function, 847
Huygens, Christiaan, 640 initial condition, 583 intercepts, 311, A19
hydrostatic pressure and force, 552, 553 initial point interest compunded continuously, 241
hydro-turbine optimization, 966 of a parametric curve, 637 Intermediate Value Theorem, 126
hyperbola, 215, 673, 678, A20 of a vector, 791, 1146 intermediate variable, 926
asymptotes, 674, A20 initial-value problem, 583 interpolation, 26
branches, 674, A20 inner product, 800 intersection
directrix, 678 instantaneous rate of change, 85, 148, 224 of planes, 821
eccentricity, 678 instantaneous rate of growth, 229 of polar graphs, area of, 666
equation, 674, 675, 680, A20 instantaneous rate of reaction, 228 of sets, A3
equilateral, A21 instantaneous velocity, 85, 145, 224 of three cylinders, 1032
foci, 673, 678 integer, A2 interval, A3
polar equation, 680 integrable function, 976 interval of convergence, 743
reflection property, 678 integral(s) inverse cosine function, 68
vertices, 674 approximations to, 378 inverse function(s), 58, 60

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 INDEX A141

inverse sine function, 67 level surface, 887 tangent, 848

inverse square laws, 35 tangent plane to, 940 vector equation of, 816, 817
inverse tangent function, 68 l’Hospital, Marquis de, 303, 310 line integral, 1063
inverse transformation, 1041 l’Hospital’s Rule, 302, 310, A45 Fundamental Theorem for, 1075
inverse trigonometric functions, 67, 68 origins of, 310 for a plane curve, 1063
irrational number, A2 libration point, 343 with respect to arc length, 1066
irrotational vector field, 1094 limaçon, 662 for a space curve, 1068
isothermal, 883, 890 limit(s), 2, 87 work defined as, 1070
isothermal compressibility, 228 calculating, 99 of vector fields, 1070, 1071
iterated integral, 982, 983 e (the number) as, 222 liquid force, 552, 553
of exponential functions, 135 Lissajous figure, 638, 644
j (standard basis vector), 796 of a function, 87, 110 lithotripsy, 673
Jacobi, Carl, 1043 of a function of three variables, 898 local maximum and minimum values, 274, 946
Jacobian of a transformation, 1043, 1046 of a function of two variables, 893 logarithm(s), 32, 62
jerk, 161 infinite, 93, 115, 136 laws of, 63, A51
joint density function, 1008, 1023 at infinity, 130, 131, 136 natural, 64, A50
joule, 446 of integration, 372 notation for, 64
jump discontinuity, 120 left-hand, 92, 113 logarithmic differentiation, 220
of logarithmic functions, 95, A50 logarithmic function(s), 32, 62
k (standard basis vector), 796 one-sided, 92, 113 with base a, 62, A55
kampyle of Eudoxus, 215 precise definitions, 108, 113, 116, 137, 140 derivatives of, 218, A55
Kepler, Johannes, 682, 867 properties of, 99 graphs of, 63, 66
Kepler’s Laws, 682, 867, 868, 872 right-hand, 92, 113 limits of, 95, A52
kinetic energy, 455, 1081 of a sequence, 5, 362, 692 properties of, 63, 64, A51
Kirchhoff’s Laws, 587, 1160 involving sine and cosine functions, 191, logistic difference equation, 703
Kondo, Shigeru, 757 192, 193 logistic differential equation, 581, 607
of a trigonometric function, 193 logistic model, 581, 606
Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 285, 286, 958 of a vector function, 840 logistic sequence, 703
Lagrange multiplier, 957, 958 Limit Comparison Test, 724 LORAN system, 677
lamina, 556, 1003, 1005 Limit Laws, 99, A39 Lorenz curve, 429
Laplace, Pierre, 908, 1095 for functions of two variables, 896 Lotka-Volterra equations, 623
Laplace operator, 1095 for sequences, 693
Laplace’s equation, 908, 1095 linear approximation, 251, 917, 921 machine diagram of a function, 11
lattice point, 272 linear combination, 1142 Maclaurin, Colin, 754
law of conservation of angular momentum, 871 linear density, 226, 401 Maclaurin series, 753, 754
Law of Conservation of Energy, 1082 linear differential equation, 616, 1142 table of, 761
law of cosines, A33 linear equation, A14 magnitude of a vector, 794
law of gravitation, 451 of a plane, 820 major axis of ellipse, 672
law of laminar flow, 230, 564 linear function, 23, 881 marginal cost function, 148, 232, 330, 401
law of natural growth or decay, 237 linearity of an integral, 981 marginal productivity, 910
laws of exponents, 53 linearization, 251, 917 marginal profit function, 331
laws of logarithms, 63 linearly independent solutions, 1143 marginal propensity to consume or save, 712
learning curve, 585 linear model, 23 marginal revenue function, 331
least squares method, 26, 955 linear regression, 26 mass
least upper bound, 698 line(s) in the plane, 82, A12 of a lamina, 1003
left-hand derivative, 165 equation of, A12, A13, A14 of a solid, 1023
left-hand limit, 92, 113 equation of, through two points, 818 of a surface, 1112
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 3, 157, 386, 406, horizontal, A13 of a wire, 1065
594, 767 normal, 176 mass, center of. See center of mass
Leibniz notation, 157 parallel, A14 mathematical induction, 76, 79, 699
lemniscate, 215 perpendicular, A14 principle of, 76, 79, A36
length secant, 82, 83 mathematical model. See model(s),
of a curve, 538 slope of, A12 mathematical
of a line segment, A7, A12 tangent, 82, 83, 144 maximum and minimum values, 274, 946
of a parametric curve, 648 line(s) in space mean life of an atom, 528
of a polar curve, 667 normal, 941 mean of a probability density function, 570
of a space curve, 853 parametric equations of, 817 Mean Value Theorem, 284, 285
of a vector, 794 skew, 819 for double integrals, 1052
level curve(s), 883, 886 symmetric equations of, 818 for integrals, 452

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A142 INDEX

mean waiting time, 570 motion of a spring, force affecting one-sided limits, 92, 113
median of a probability density damping, 1157 one-to-one function, 59
function, 572 resonance, 1160 one-to-one transformation, 1041
method of cylindrical shells, 441 restoring, 1156 open interval, A3
method of exhaustion, 2, 101 movie theater seating, 456 open region, 1077
method of Lagrange multipliers, 957, 958, 961 multiple integrals. See double integral; optics
method of least squares, 26, 955 triple integral(s) first-order, 774
method of undetermined coefficients, 1149, multiplication of power series, 763 Gaussian, 774
1153 multiplier (Lagrange), 957, 958, 961 third-order, 774
midpoint formula, A16 multiplier effect, 712 optimization problems, 274, 325
Midpoint Rule, 378, 508 orbit of a planet, 868
for double integrals, 978 natural exponential function, 56, 180, A52 order of a differential equation, 582
error in using, 508 derivative of, 180, A54 order of integration, reversed, 985, 993
for triple integrals, 1025 graph of, 180 ordered pair, A10
minor axis of ellipse, 672 power series for, 754 ordered triple, 786
mixing problems, 598 properties of, A53 Oresme, Nicole, 708
Möbius, August, 1115 natural growth law, 237, 606 orientation of a curve, 1068, 1084
Möbius strip, 1109, 1115 natural logarithm function, 64, A50 orientation of a surface, 1115
model(s), mathematical, 13, 23 derivative of, 218, A51 oriented surface, 1115
Cobb-Douglas, for production costs, 880, limits of, A51 origin, 786, A2, A10
910, 963 properties of, A51 orthogonal curves, 216
comparison of natural growth vs. n-dimensional vector, 795 orthogonal projection, 807
logistic, 610 negative angle, A25 orthogonal surfaces, 945
of electric current, 587 net area, 373 orthogonal trajectory, 216, 597
empirical, 25 Net Change Theorem, 401 orthogonal vectors, 802
exponential, 32, 54 net investment flow, 567 osculating circle, 859
Gompertz function, 612, 615 newton (unit of force), 446 osculating plane, 859
linear, 23 Newton, Sir Isaac, 3, 8, 101, 153, 157, 386, Ostrogradsky, Mikhail, 1129
logarithmic, 32 406, 767, 868, 872 ovals of Cassini, 665
polynomial, 28 Newton’s Law of Cooling, 240, 585 overdamped vibration, 1158
for population growth, 237, 580, 612 Newton’s Law of Gravitation, 234, 451,
power function, 28 868, 1059 Pappus, Theorem of, 559
predator-prey, 622 Newton’s method, 338, 339 Pappus of Alexandria, 559
rational function, 30 Newton’s Second Law of Motion, 446, 455, parabola, 670, 678, A18
seasonal-growth, 615 864, 868, 1156 axis, 670
trigonometric, 31, 32 Nicomedes, 641 directrix, 670
for vibration of membrane, 742 nondifferentiable function, 159 equation, 670, 671
von Bertalanffy, 631 nonhomogeneous differential equation, focus, 670, 678
modeling 1142, 1149 polar equation, 680
with differential equations, 580 nonparallel planes, 821 reflection property, 272
motion of a spring, 582 normal component of acceleration, vertex, 670
population growth, 54, 237, 580, 606, 866, 867 parabolic cylinder, 827
612, 630 normal derivative, 1098 paraboloid, 828, 832
modulus, A58 normal distribution, 572 paradoxes of Zeno, 5
moment normal line, 176, 941 parallel lines, A14
about an axis, 555, 1005 normal plane, 859 parallel planes, 821
of inertia, 1006, 1023, 1074 normal vector, 820, 858 parallel vectors, 793
of a lamina, 556, 1005 nth-degree equation, finding roots of, 212 parallelepiped, 430
of a mass, 555 nth-degree Taylor polynomial, 257, 755 volume of, 813
about a plane, 1023 number Parallelogram Law, 792, 807
polar, 1007 complex, A57 parameter, 636, 817, 841
second, 1006 integer, A2 parametric curve, 636, 841
of a solid, 1023 irrational, A2 arc length of, 648
of a system of particles, 556 rational, A2 area under, 647
momentum of an object, 455 real, A2 slope of tangent line to, 645
monkey saddle, 891 numerical integration, 506 parametric equations, 636, 817, 841
monotonic sequence, 696 of a line in space, 817
Monotonic Sequence Theorem, 698 O (origin), 786 of a space curve, 841
motion of a projectile, 864 octant, 786 of a surface, 1099
motion in space, 862 odd function, 18, 311 of a trajectory, 865

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 INDEX A143

parametric surface, 1099 point(s) in space multiplication of, 763

graph of, 1112 coordinates of, 786 radius of convergence, 743
surface area of, 1104, 1105 distance between, 788 representations of functions as, 747
surface integral over, 1111 projection of, 787 predator-prey model, 236, 622, 623
tangent plane to, 1103 point-slope equation of a line, A12 pressure exerted by a fluid, 552, 553
parametrization of a space curve, 854 Poiseuille, Jean-Louis-Marie, 230 prime notation, 146, 177
with respect to arc length, 855 Poiseuille’s Laws, 256, 336, 565 principal square root of a complex
smooth, 855 polar axis, 654 number, A58
paraxial rays, 252 polar coordinate system, 654 principal unit normal vector, 858
partial derivative(s), 902 area in, 665 principle of mathematical induction, 76,
of a function of more than three conic sections in, 678 79, A36
variables, 905 conversion of double integral to, 997, 998 principle of superposition, 1151
interpretations of, 903 conversion equations for Cartesian probability, 568, 1008
notations for, 903 coordinates, 655, 656 probability density function, 568, 1008
as a rate of change, 902 polar curve, 656 problem-solving principles, 75
rules for finding, 903 arc length of, 667 uses of, 170, 355, 407, 419
second, 906 graph of, 656 producer surplus, 566
as slopes of tangent lines, 903 symmetry in, 659 product
partial differential equation, 908 tangent line to, 659 cross, 808 (see also cross product)
partial fractions, 484, 485 polar equation, graph of, 656 dot, 800 (see also dot product)
partial integration, 464, 465, 466, 983 polar equation of a conic, 680 scalar, 800
partial sum of a series, 704 polar form of a complex number, A59 scalar triple, 812
particle, motion of, 862 polar graph, 656 triple, 812
parts, integration by, 464, 465, 466 polar moment of inertia, 1007 product formulas, A29
pascal (unit of pressure), 553 polar rectangle, 997 Product Law of limits, 99
path, 1076 polar region, area of, 665 Product Rule, 184, 185
patterns in integrals, 505 pole, 654 profit function, 331
pendulum, approximating the period polynomial, 27 projectile, path of, 644, 864
of, 252, 256 polynomial function, 27 projection, 787, 804
percentage error, 254 of two variables, 897 orthogonal, 807
perihelion, 683 population growth, 54, 237, 605 p-series, 717
perilune, 677 of bacteria, 605, 610
period, 311 of insects, 494 quadrant, A11
periodic function, 311 models, 580 quadratic approximation, 256, 956
perpendicular lines, A14 world, 54 quadratic function, 27
perpendicular vectors, 802 position function, 145 quadric surface(s), 827
phase plane, 624 position vector, 794 cone, 830
phase portrait, 624 positive angle, A25 cylinder, 827
phase trajectory, 624 positive orientation ellipsoid, 830
piecewise defined function, 16 of a boundary curve, 1122 hyperboloid, 830
piecewise-smooth curve, 1064 of a closed curve, 1084 paraboloid, 828, 829, 830
Planck’s Law, 777 of a surface, 1116 table of graphs, 830
plane region of type I, 989 potential, 532 quaternion, 797
plane region of type II, 990 potential energy, 1081 Quotient Law of limits, 99
plane(s) potential function, 1061 Quotient Rule, 187
angle between, 821 pound (unit of force), 446
coordinate, 786 power, 150 radian measure, 191, A24
equation(s) of, 816, 819, 820 power consumption, approximation of, 403 radiation from stars, 777
equation of, through three points, 821 power function(s), 28 radioactive decay, 239
horizontal, 787 derviative of, 174 radiocarbon dating, 243
line of intersection, 821 Power Law of limits, 100 radius of convergence, 743
normal, 859 Power Rule, 175, 176, 201, 221 radius of gyration, 1008
osculating, 859 power series, 741 rainbow, formation and location of, 282
parallel, 821 coefficients of, 741 rainbow angle, 283
tangent to a surface, 915, 940, 1103 for cosine and sine, 758 ramp function, 44
vertical, 878 differentiation of, 748 range of a function, 10, 878
planetary motion, 867 division of, 763 rate of change
laws of, 682 for exponential function, 758 average, 148, 224
planimeter, 1087 integration of, 748 derivative as, 148
point of inflection, 294 interval of convergence, 743 instantaneous, 85, 148, 224

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A144 INDEX

rate of growth, 229, 401 right-hand derivative, 165 series, 6, 704

rate of reaction, 150, 228, 401 right-hand limit, 92, 113 absolutely convergent, 732
rates, related, 244 right-hand rule, 786, 810 alternating, 727
rational function, 30, 485, 897 Roberval, Gilles de, 393, 647 alternating harmonic, 729, 732, 733
continuity of, 122 rocket science, 964 binomial, 760
integration of, 484 Rolle, Michel, 284 coefficients of, 741
rational number, A2 roller coaster, design of, 184 conditionally convergent, 733
rationalizing substitution for integration, 492 roller derby, 1039 convergent, 705
Ratio Test, 734 Rolle’s Theorem, 284 divergent, 705
Rayleigh-Jeans Law, 777 root function, 29 geometric, 705
real line, A3 Root Law of limits, 101 Gregory’s, 750
real number, A2 Root Test, 736 harmonic, 708, 717
rearrangement of a series, 737 roots of a complex number, A62 infinite, 704
reciprocal function, 30 roots of an nth-degree equation, 212 Maclaurin, 753, 754
Reciprocal Rule, 191 rubber membrane, vibration of, 742 p-, 717
rectangular coordinate system, 787, A11 ruling of a surface, 827 partial sum of, 704
conversion to cylindrical coordinates, 1028 rumors, rate of spread, 233 power, 741
conversion to spherical coordinates, 1033 rearrangement of, 737
rectilinear motion, 347 saddle point, 947 strategy for testing, 739
recursion relation, 1165 sample point, 365, 372, 975 sum of, 6, 705
reduction formula, 467 satellite dish, parabolic, 832 Taylor, 753, 754
reflecting a function, 36 scalar, 793 term of, 704
reflection property scalar equation of a plane, 820 trigonometric, 741
of conics, 271 scalar field, 1057 series solution of a differential
of an ellipse, 673 scalar multiple of a vector, 793 equation, 1164
of a hyperbola, 678 scalar product, 800 set, bounded or closed, 951
of a parabola, 271, 272 scalar projection, 804 set notation, A3
region scalar triple product, 812 serpentine, 189
connected, 1077 geometric characterization of, 813 shell method for approximating volume, 441
under a graph, 360, 365 scatter plot, 13 shift of a function, 36
open, 1077 seasonal-growth model, 615 shifted conics, 675, A21
plane, of type I or II, 989, 990 secant function, A26 shock absorber, 1157
simple plane, 1085 derivative of, 194 Sierpinski carpet, 713
simple solid, 1129 graph of, A31 sigma notation, 366, A34
simply-connected, 1078 secant line, 3, 82, 83, 85 simple curve, 1078
solid (of type 1, 2, or 3), 1018, 1019, 1020 secant vector, 848 simple harmonic motion, 206
between two graphs, 422 second derivative, 160, 850 simple plane region, 1085
regression, linear, 26 of a vector function, 850 simple solid region, 1129
related rates, 244 Second Derivative Test, 295 simply-connected region, 1078
relative error, 254 Second Derivatives Test, 947 Simpson, Thomas, 512, 513, 972
relative growth rate, 237, 606 second directional derivative, 944 Simpson’s Rule, 511, 513
relative maximum or minimum, 274 second moment of inertia, 1006 error bounds for, 514
remainder estimates second-order differential equation, 582 sine function, A26
for the Alternating Series, 730 solutions of, 1142, 1147 derivative of, 193, 194
for the Integral Test, 718 second partial derivative, 906 graph of, 31, A31
remainder of the Taylor series, 755 sector of a circle, area of, 665 power series for, 758
removable discontinuity, 120 separable differential equation, 594 sine integral function, 396
representation(s) of a function, 10, 12, 13 sequence, 5, 690 sink, 1133
as a power series, 746 bounded, 697 skew lines, 819
resonance, 1160 convergent, 692 slant asymptote, 312, 315
restoring force, 1156 decreasing, 696 slope, A12
resultant force, 797 divergent, 692 of a curve, 144
revenue function, 331 Fibonacci, 691 slope field, 586
reversing order of integration, 985, 993 graph of, 695 slope-intercept equation of a line, A13
revolution, solid of, 435 increasing, 696 smooth curve, 538, 855
revolution, surface of, 545 limit of, 5, 362, 692 smooth function, 538
Riemann, Georg Bernhard, 372 logistic, 703 smooth parametrization, 855
Riemann sum(s), 372 monotonic, 696 smooth surface, 1104
for multiple integrals, 977, 1017 of partial sums, 704 Snell’s Law, 335
right circular cylinder, 430 term of, 690 snowflake curve, 782

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 INDEX A145

solid, 430 summation notation, A34 techniques of integration, summary, 495

volume of, 430, 431, 1018, 1019 supply function, 566 telescoping sum, 708
solid angle, 1139 surface(s) temperature-humidity index, 888, 900
solid of revolution, 435 closed, 1116 term of a sequence, 690
rotated on a slant, 551 graph of, 1112 term of a series, 704
volume of, 437, 442, 551 level, 887 term-by-term differentiation and
solid region, 1129 oriented, 1115 integration, 748
solution curve, 586 parametric, 1099 terminal point of a parametric curve, 637
solution of a differential equation, 582 positive orientation of, 1116 terminal point of a vector, 791
solution of predator-prey equations, 623 quadric, 827 terminal velocity, 602
source, 1133 smooth, 1104 Test for Divergence, 709
space, three-dimensional, 786 surface area, 547 tests for convergence and divergence
space curve, 840, 841, 842, 843 of a parametric surface, 650, 1104, 1105 of series
arc length of, 853 of a sphere, 1105 Alternating Series Test, 727
speed of a particle, 148, 862 of a surface z 苷 f 共x, y兲, 1013, Comparison Test, 722
sphere 1014, 1106 Integral Test, 716
equation of, 789 surface integral, 1110 Limit Comparison Test, 724
flux across, 1117 over a parametric surface, 1111 Ratio Test, 734
parametrization of, 1101 of a vector field, 1116 Root Test, 736
surface area of, 1105 surface of revolution, 545 summary of tests, 739
spherical coordinate system, 1033 parametric representation of, 1103 tetrahedron, 816
conversion equations for, 1033 surface area of, 547 third derivative, 161
triple integrals in, 1034 swallowtail catastrophe curve, 644 third-order optics, 774
spherical wedge, 1034 symmetric equations of a line, 818 Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 1085,
spherical zones, 577 symmetric functions, integrals of, 412 1123, 1128
spring constant, 447, 582, 1156 symmetry, 17, 311, 412 three-dimensional coordinate systems,
Squeeze Theorem, 105,A42 in polar graphs, 659 786, 787
for sequences, 694 symmetry principle, 556 TNB frame, 858
standard basis vectors, 796 toroidal spiral, 843
standard deviation, 572 T and T ⫺1 transformations, 1040, 1041 torque, 871
standard position of an angle, A25 table of differentiation formulas, 188, RP5 Torricelli, Evangelista, 647
stationary points, 946 tables of integrals, 495, RP6 –10 Torricelli’s Law, 234
steady state solution, 1162 use of, 500 torsion of a space curve, 861
stellar stereography, 528 tabular function, 13 torus, 440, 1110
step function, 17 tangent function, A26 total differential, 920
Stokes, Sir George, 1123, 1128 derivative of, 194 total electric charge, 1004, 1023
Stokes’ Theorem, 1122 graph of, 32, A31 total fertility rate, 169
strategy tangent line(s), 143 trace of a surface, 827
for integration, 494, 495 to a curve, 3, 82, 143 trajectory, parametric equations for, 865
for optimization problems, 325, 326 early methods of finding, 153 transfer curve, 875
for problem solving, 75 to a parametric curve, 645, 646 transformation, 1040
for related rates, 246 to a polar curve, 659 of a function, 36
for testing series, 739 to a space curve, 849 inverse, 1041
for trigonometric integrals, 473, 474 vertical, 159 Jacobian of, 1043, 1046
streamlines, 1062 tangent line approximation, 251 one-to-one, 1041
stretching of a function, 36 tangent plane translation of a function, 36
strophoid, 669, 687 to a level surface, 915, 940 Trapezoidal Rule, 508
Substitution Rule, 407, 408 to a parametric surface, 1103 error in, 508
for definite integrals, 411 to a surface F共x, y, z兲 苷 k, 916, 940 tree diagram, 926
subtraction formulas for sine to a surface z 苷 f 共x, y兲, 915 trefoil knot, 843
and cosine, A29 tangent plane approximation, 917 Triangle Inequality, 115, A8
sum, 365 tangent problem, 2, 3, 82, 143 for vectors, 807
of a geometric series, 706 tangent vector, 848 Triangle Law, 792
of an infinite series, 705 tangential component of acceleration, 866 trigonometric functions, 31, A26
of partial fractions, 485 tautochrone problem, 640 derivatives of, 191, 194
Riemann, 372 Taylor, Brook, 754 graphs of, 31, 32, A30, A31
telescoping, 708 Taylor polynomial, 257, 755, 956 integrals of, 398, 471
of vectors, 792 applications of, 768 inverse, 67
Sum Law of limits, 99 Taylor series, 753, 754 limits involving, 192, 193
Sum Rule, 177 Taylor’s Inequality, 756 trigonometric identities, A28

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A146 INDEX

trigonometric integrals, 471 length of, 794 velocity problem, 84, 145
strategy for evaluating, 473, 474 magnitude of, 794 velocity vector, 862
trigonometric series, 741 multiplication of, 793, 795 velocity vector field, 1056
trigonometric substitutions, 478 n-dimensional, 795 Verhulst, Pierre-François, 581
table of, 478 normal, 820 vertex of a parabola, 670
triple integral(s), 1017, 1018 orthogonal, 802 vertical asymptote, 94, 311
applications of, 1022 parallel, 793 vertical line, A13
in cylindrical coordinates, 1029 perpendicular, 802 Vertical Line Test, 15
over a general bounded region, 1018 position, 794 vertical tangent line, 159
Midpoint Rule for, 1025 properties of, 795 vertical translation of a graph, 36
in spherical coordinates, 1034, 1035 representation of, 794 vertices of an ellipse, 672
triple product, 812 scalar mulitple of, 793 vertices of a hyperbola, 674
triple Riemann sum, 1017 standard basis, 796 vibration of a rubber membrane, 742
trochoid, 643 tangent, 848 vibration of a spring, 1156
Tschirnhausen cubic, 215, 428 three-dimensional, 794 vibrations, 1156, 1157, 1159
twisted cubic, 843 triple product, 813 viewing rectangle, 44
type I or type II plane region, 989, 990 two-dimensional, 794 visual representations of a function, 10, 12
type 1, 2, or 3 solid region, 1018, 1019, 1020 unit, 797 volume, 431
unit normal, 858 by cross-sections, 430, 431, 565
ultraviolet catastrophe, 777 unit tangent, 848 by cylindrical shells, 441
underdamped vibration, 1158 velocity, 862 by disks, 432, 435
undetermined coefficients, method of, zero, 792 by double integrals, 974
1149, 1153 vector equation of a hypersphere, 1027
uniform circular motion, 864 of a line, 816, 817 by polar coordinates, 1000
union of sets, A3 of a plane, 820 of a solid, 430, 976
unit normal vector, 858 vector field, 1056, 1057 of a solid of revolution, 435, 551
unit tangent vector, 848 conservative, 1061 of a solid on a slant, 551
unit vector, 797 curl of, 1091 by triple integrals, 1022
divergence of, 1094 by washers, 434, 435
value of a function, 10 electric flux of, 1119 Volterra, Vito, 623
van der Waals equation, 216, 914 flux of, 1117 von Bertalanffy model, 631
variable(s) force, 1056, 1060
change of, 407 gradient, 1060 Wallis, John, 3
continuous random, 568 gravitationsl, 1060 Wallis product, 470
dependent, 10, 878, 926 incompressible, 1095 washer method, 434
independent, 10, 878, 926 irrotational, 1094 wave equation, 908
independent random, 1010 line integral of, 1070, 1071 Weierstrass, Karl, 493
intermediate, 926 potential function, 1080 weight (force), 446
variables, change of. See change of variable(s) surface integral of, 1117 wind-chill index, 879
variation of parameters, method of, 1153, 1154 velocity, 1056, 1059 wind patterns in San Francisco Bay area, 1056
vascular branching, 336, 337 vector function, 840 witch of Maria Agnesi, 189, 643
vector(s), 791 continuity of, 841 work (force), 446, 447
acceleration, 863 derivative of, 847 defined as a line integral, 1070
addition of, 792, 794 integration of, 851 Wren, Sir Christopher, 650
algebraic, 794, 795 limit of, 840
x-axis, 786, A10
angle between, 801 vector product, 808
x-coordinate, 786, A10
basis, 796 properties of, 812
x-intercept, A13, A19
binormal, 858 vector projection, 804
X-mean, 1011
combining speed, 799 vector triple product, 813
components of, 804 vector-valued function. See vector function y-axis, 786, A10
coplanar, 813 continuous, 841 y-coordinate, 786, A10
cross product of, 808 limit of, 840 y-intercept, A13, A19
difference, 793 velocity, 3, 84, 145, 224, 401 Y-mean, 1011
displacement, 805 average, 4, 84, 145, 224
dot product, 801 instantaneous, 85, 145, 224 z-axis, 786
equality of, 792 velocity field, 1059 z-coordinate, 786
force, 1059 airflow, 1056 Zeno, 5
geometric representation of, 794 ocean currents, 1056 Zeno’s paradoxes, 5
gradient, 936, 938 wind patterns, 1056 zero vectors, 792
i, j, and k, 796 velocity gradient, 231

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