Smart Grids and

Microgrids
Lecture 3
2023/2024
A friendly reminder
from lecture 2
αβ Transformation
dq transformation
Vector representation of
Three-phase variables
αβ Transformation
dq Transformation
 Three-phase systems

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

Symmetrical:

5
 Three-phase systems

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

Balanced:

6
 Three-phase systems

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

7
8
9
10
 αβγ Transform

▪ A new convinient coordinate system can be defined in such a way

that 2-dimensional subspace χ perpendicular to the vector [1 1 1]T
▪ In χ plane
 α axis is defined as projection of a onto χ
 γ axis is colinear with the vector [1 1 1]T
 β axis is defined by right hand rule

11
 αβγ transform

Power Invariant

vabc (t )·iabc (t )T = v (t )·i (t )T

12
 αβγ transform

13
Park Transform

14
Power Invariant

15
Park’s Transform

16
Park Transform

17
Park Transform

18
 Three-phase systems

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

19
 Three-phase systems

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

20
 Three-phase systems

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

21
 Three-phase systems

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

22
 Clarke and Park Transforms

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

23
 Clarke and Park Transforms

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

24
 Clarke and Park Transforms

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

▪ Clarke’s transform

Power invariant

Not Amplitude invariant

25
 Clarke and Park Transforms

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

▪ Clarke’s transform

26
 Clarke and Park Transforms

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

▪ Clarke’s transform

Not Power invariant

Amplitude invariant

27
 Clarke and Park Transforms

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

▪ Clarke’s transform

Not Power invariant

Amplitude invariant

28
 Clarke and Park Transforms

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

▪ Clarke’s transform

Not Power invariant

Amplitude invariant

29
 Clarke and Park Transforms

▪ Clarke’s transformation (stationary reference frame)

Power invariant Not Power invariant

Not Amplitude invariant Amplitude invariant

30
 Clarke and Park Transforms

▪ Sinusoidal, symmetrical, and balanced three-phase system

▪ Park’s transform

31
 Clarke and Park Transforms

▪ Park’s transform (Synchronous reference frame)

𝑣𝛼 + 𝑗𝑣𝛽 = 𝑣𝑑 + 𝑗𝑣𝑞 ∙ 𝑒 𝑗𝜗

Power invariant Not Power invariant

Not Amplitude invariant Amplitude invariant

32
 Case 1: Null Initial Phase

ua = 1 cos (100π t)

ub = ua(t - T/3) uc = ub(t - T/3)

ud = 1 V
u0 = 0

uq = 0

uβ(t) = uα(t-T/4)

uγ = 0
uα(t) = ua(t)

33
 Case 2: Non-null Initial Phase

ua = 1 cos (100π t + 0.6435) ub = ua(t - T/3) uc = ub(t - T/3)

ud = 0.8 V

uq = 0.6 V

uβ(t) = uα(t-T/4)

uα(t) = ua(t)

34
 Case 3: 5th Harmonic Effect

ub = ua(t - T/3) uc = ub(t - T/3)

ua = 1 cos (100π t) +
+ 0.05 cos (500π t)

ud = 1 V

Harmonic ripple in both components!

uq = 0 V

uβ(t) ≠ uα(t-T/4)

uα(t) = ua(t)

35
 Case 4: (Excessive) Umbalance Effect

v A (t ) = Vm ·cos(·t ) + 0.1·Vm ·cos(·t )

2 2
vB (t ) = Vm ·cos(·t − ) + 0.1·Vm ·cos(·t + )
10% inverse 3 3
sequence 2 2
component!
vC (t ) = Vm ·cos(·t + ) + 0.1·Vm ·cos(·t − )
3 3

ud = 1 V

2nd harmonic ripple in both components!

uq = 0 V

36
Homework!!
Are you familiar with
Matlab/Simulink?
 Try to reproduce
cases 1,2,3 and 4 by
yourselves using
Matlab/Simulink
A Microgrid in Grid-connected mode

Reference paper.
A good summary for
control aspects
40
 Clarke and Park Transforms

▪ Clarke’s transformation (stationary reference frame)

Power invariant Not Power invariant

Not Amplitude invariant Amplitude invariant

41
 Clarke and Park Transforms

▪ Park’s transform (Synchronous reference frame)

𝑣𝛼 + 𝑗𝑣𝛽 = 𝑣𝑑 + 𝑗𝑣𝑞 ∙ 𝑒 𝑗𝜗

Power invariant Not Power invariant

Not Amplitude invariant Amplitude invariant

42
Grid-feeding Power Converters

Other generators
should create the
AC bus, setting
the voltage and
the frequency

43
3-phase grid feeding power converter

Control of Power Converters in AC Microgrids

Rocabert, J. ; Luna, A. ; Blaabjerg, F. ; Rodríguez, P.
Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 27, Issue: 11
44
 Ideal Model of Single Phase VSI
Averaged output voltage V (t)
VO(t) O

IO(t)
Averaged Inductor Current

Vo ( s ) − Eo ( s )
I o (s) =
Ls + R

45
 Ideal Model of Single Phase VSI

Averaged output voltage Va(t)

Va(t)

Ia(t)

Averaged Inductor Current

46
 Analog PWM Modulator

c(t), m(t)
c(t)
m(t) VGE1(t)

t m(t)
TS
VGE1(t) c(t) VGE2(t)
COMPARATOR
t
VGE2(t)
t
dTS
VOC2(t) +VDC
t
-VDC

47
 Ideal Model of Single Phase VSI

d is a function of the
modulating signal and
the carrier signal
48
Book Reference

49
Ideal Model of Single Phase VSI

Control Action is
based on duty-cycle d

50
Feedback Loop and Regulator Design

52
Feedback Loop and Regulator Design

53
Feedback Loop and Regulator Design

54
Feedback Loop and Regulator Design

55
Feedback Loop and Regulator Design

56
Feedback Loop and Regulator Design

57
Feedback Loop and Regulator Design

58
Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Single-Phase inverter

62
 Ideal Model of Single Phase VSI

d is a function of the
modulating signal and
the carrier signal
63
Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Single-Phase inverter

𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑑𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑃𝑊𝑀
PWM

64
Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-Phase inverter

𝑆𝑎𝐻 𝑆𝑏𝐻 𝑆𝑐𝐻

𝑣𝑎 (𝑡)
𝑣𝑏 (𝑡)
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)
𝑆𝑎𝐿 𝑆𝑏𝐿 𝑆𝑐𝐿

𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑣𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑚 (𝑡)
2 𝑎
𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑑𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑃𝑊𝑀 𝑉𝑑𝑐
PWM 𝑣𝑏 𝑡 = 𝑚𝑏 (𝑡)
2
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑣𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑚 (𝑡)
2 𝑐
65
Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-Phase inverter

𝑆𝑎𝐻 𝑆𝑏𝐻 𝑆𝑐𝐻 𝑣𝑎𝑔 (𝑡)

𝐿𝑓 𝑅𝐿𝑓
𝑖𝑎 (𝑡)
𝑣𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑏𝑔 (t)
𝑣𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑐𝑔 (𝑡)

𝑆𝑎𝐿 𝑆𝑏𝐿 𝑆𝑐𝐿

𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑣𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑚 (𝑡)
2 𝑎
𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑑𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑃𝑊𝑀 𝑉𝑑𝑐
PWM 𝑣𝑏 𝑡 = 𝑚𝑏 (𝑡)
2
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑣𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑚 (𝑡)
2 𝑐
66
Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-Phase inverter

𝑆𝑎𝐻 𝑆𝑏𝐻 𝑆𝑐𝐻 𝑣𝑎𝑔 (𝑡)

𝐿𝑓 𝑅𝐿𝑓
𝑖𝑎 (𝑡)
𝑣𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑏𝑔 (t)
𝑣𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑐𝑔 (𝑡)

𝑆𝑎𝐿 𝑆𝑏𝐿 𝑆𝑐𝐿

67
Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-Phase inverter – averaged model

𝑣𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑎𝑔 (𝑡)

𝐿𝑓 𝑅𝐿𝑓
𝑖𝑎 (𝑡)
𝑣𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑏𝑔 (t)
𝑖𝑐 (𝑡)
𝑣ഥ𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑐𝑔 (𝑡)

𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑣
2 𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑎𝑏𝑐

68
Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-Phase inverter – averaged model

𝐿𝑓 𝑅𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑎𝑔 (𝑡)
𝑣𝑎 (𝑡)
𝑉𝑎𝑔
𝑣𝑏 (t) 𝑖𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑏𝑔 (t)

𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑐𝑔 (𝑡)

69
Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-Phase inverter – averaged model

𝐿𝑓 𝑅𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑎𝑔 (𝑡)
𝑣𝑎 (𝑡)
𝐼𝑎 𝑉𝑎𝑔
𝑣𝑏 (t) 𝑖𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑏𝑔 (t)

𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑐𝑔 (𝑡)

70
Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-Phase inverter – averaged model

𝑣𝐿 𝑣𝑅
𝐿𝑓 𝑅𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑎𝑔 (𝑡)
𝑣𝑎 (𝑡)
𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝑎 𝑉𝑎𝑔
𝑣𝑏 (t) 𝑖𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑏𝑔 (t)
𝑉𝑅
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑐𝑔 (𝑡)

ib

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝐿 + 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝑎𝑔 = 𝑗𝜔𝐼𝑎 + 𝑅𝐼𝑎 + 𝑉𝑎𝑔

71
Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-Phase inverter – averaged model

𝑣𝐿 𝑣𝑅
𝐿𝑓 𝑅𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑎𝑔 (𝑡)
𝑉𝑎
𝑣𝑎 (𝑡)
𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝑎
𝑣𝑏 (t) 𝑖𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑏𝑔 (t)
𝑉𝑅 𝑉𝑎𝑔
𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑐𝑔 (𝑡)

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝐿 + 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑉𝑎𝑔 = 𝑗𝜔𝐼𝑎 + 𝑅𝐼𝑎 + 𝑉𝑎𝑔

72
Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-Phase voltage – Alpha-beta equivalent

𝑣𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑑 (𝑡)

𝑣𝑏 (t)

𝑣𝑐 (𝑡)

𝑣𝑞 (𝑡)

𝑣𝑑𝑞0 = 𝑇𝛼𝛽𝛾 𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑒 −𝑗𝜗

73
 Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-Phase inductors – dq equivalent

𝑣𝑑
𝑣𝑎
𝐿 𝜔𝐿𝑖𝑞 (𝑡)
𝑖𝑎 (𝑡) 𝐿 𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)

𝑖𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑏

𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑐 𝑣𝑞
𝐿 𝜔𝐿𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)
𝑖𝑞 (𝑡)

𝑑(𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑡))
𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑡 = 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
−1 𝑗𝜗 −1 𝑑(𝑖𝑑𝑞 ) 𝑗𝜗
𝑇𝛼𝛽 𝑣𝑑𝑞 𝑒 = 𝑇𝛼𝛽 𝐿 𝑒 + 𝑗𝜔𝑒 𝑗𝜗 𝑖𝑑𝑞
𝑑(𝑇𝛼𝛽𝛾 −1 𝑖𝑑𝑞0 𝑒 𝑗𝜗 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑇𝛼𝛽𝛾 −1 𝑣𝑑𝑞0 𝑒 𝑗𝜗 =𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝑖𝑑 )
𝑑(𝑖𝑑𝑞 ) 𝑣𝑑 = 𝐿 − 𝜔𝐿𝑖𝑞
𝑗𝜗 𝑣𝑑𝑞 = 𝐿 + 𝑗𝜔𝑖𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡
𝑑(𝑖𝑑𝑞0 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑡 𝑑(𝑖𝑞 )
𝑇𝛼𝛽𝛾 −1 𝑣𝑑𝑞0 𝑒 𝑗𝜗 = 𝑇𝛼𝛽𝛾 −1 𝐿 𝑣𝑞 = 𝐿 + 𝜔𝐿𝑖𝑑
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

74
 Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-Phase resistors – dq equivalent

𝑣𝑎 𝑣𝑑

𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) 𝑅
𝑖𝑎 (𝑡)
𝑅
𝑣𝑏
𝑖𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑞
𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑐
𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) 𝑅

𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑅 𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑡)

𝑣𝑑 = 𝑅𝑖𝑑
𝑇𝛼𝛽𝛾 −1 𝑣𝑑𝑞0 𝑒 𝑗𝜗 = 𝑅 𝑇𝛼𝛽𝛾 −1 𝑖𝑑𝑞0 𝑒 𝑗𝜗 𝑣𝑑𝑞 = 𝑅𝑖𝑑𝑞 ቐ
𝑣𝑞 = 𝑅𝑖𝑞

75
Modeling a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-Phase inverter – dq model

𝐿𝑓 𝑅𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑎 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑎𝑔 (𝑡)
𝑣𝑎 (𝑡)

𝑣𝑏 (t) 𝑖𝑏 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑏𝑔 (t)

𝑣𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑐 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑐𝑔 (𝑡)

𝜔𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) 𝑅
𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) 𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓

𝑣𝑑 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑑𝑔 (𝑡)

𝜔𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)
𝑖𝑞 (𝑡)
𝐿𝑓 𝑅𝐿𝑓

𝑣𝑞 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑞𝑔 (𝑡)

76
 Control a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Current control in the dq frame

𝜔𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑞 (𝑡)
𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) 𝑅𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓

𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑣 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑑𝑔 (𝑡)
2 𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑

𝜔𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑑 (𝑡)
𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) 𝑅𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓

𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑣 (𝑡) 𝑣𝑞𝑔 (𝑡)
2 𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑞

77
 Control a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Current control in the dq frame

𝜔𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑞 (𝑡)
𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) 𝑅𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓

𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑣 (𝑡)
𝑣𝐿𝑅 𝑣𝑑𝑔 (𝑡)
2 𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑

𝑖𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑 𝑣𝐿𝑅 1 𝑖𝑑
PI(s)
𝑖𝑑 1 𝑅 + 𝐿𝑠
=
𝑣𝐿𝑅 𝑅 + 𝐿𝑠

2
𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑 = 𝑣 − 𝜔𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑞 + 𝑣𝑑𝑔
𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝐿𝑅

78
 Control a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Current control in the dq frame

𝜔𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑞 (𝑡)
𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) 𝑅𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓

𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑣 (𝑡)
𝑣𝐿𝑅 𝑣𝑑𝑔 (𝑡)
2 𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑

𝑖𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑 𝑣𝐿𝑅 1 𝑖𝑑
PI(s)
𝑖𝑑 1 𝑅 + 𝐿𝑠
=
𝑣𝐿𝑅 𝑅 + 𝐿𝑠 𝐿(𝑠)

1 𝜔𝑏𝑤
2 𝐿 𝑠 = 𝑃𝐼 𝑠 =
𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑 = 𝑣 − 𝜔𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑞 + 𝑣𝑑𝑔 𝑅 + 𝐿𝑠 𝑠
𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝐿𝑅
𝑅
𝑃𝐼 𝑠 = 𝜔𝑏𝑤 𝐿𝑓 +
𝑠
79
 Control a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Current control in the dq frame

𝜔𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑞 (𝑡)
𝑖𝑑 (𝑡) 𝑅𝐿𝑓 𝐿𝑓

𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑣 (𝑡)
𝑣𝐿𝑅 𝑣𝑑𝑔 (𝑡)
2 𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑
𝑣𝑑𝑔
𝑖𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑 𝑣𝐿𝑅 2 𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑
PI(s) 𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑅
𝑃𝐼 𝑠 = 𝜔𝑏𝑤 𝐿𝑓 + 𝑖𝑑
𝑠
𝑖𝑞
𝜔𝐿𝑓
2
𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑 = 𝑣 − 𝜔𝐿𝑓 𝑖𝑞 + 𝑣𝑑𝑔
𝑉𝑑𝑐 𝐿𝑅

80
 Control a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Current control in the dq frame

𝑣𝑑𝑔
𝑖𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑 𝑣𝐿𝑅 2 𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑
PI(s) 𝑉𝑑𝑐

𝑖𝑑
𝑖𝑞
𝜔𝐿𝑓

𝑖𝑑
𝜔𝐿𝑓
𝑖𝑞
𝑖𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑞 𝑣𝐿𝑅 2 𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑞
PI(s) 𝑉𝑑𝑐

𝑣𝑞𝑔

81
 Control a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Active/Reactive control in the dq frame

Synchronization
3
𝑃= (𝑣𝑑 𝑖𝑑 + 𝑣𝑞 𝑖𝑞 )
2
𝑖𝑑𝑞 𝑣𝑑𝑞𝑔
3
𝑄= (−𝑣𝑑 𝑖𝑞 + 𝑣𝑞 𝑖𝑑 )
2

2
𝑖𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑 𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑
𝑃𝑅𝐸𝐹 ÷
3
Current
𝑣𝑑 Control
𝑖𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑞 𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑞
𝑄𝑅𝐸𝐹 ÷ 2
−3

82
 Control a grid-connected inverter in the dq synchronous frame

▪ Three-phase inverter control scheme

𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑣𝛼𝛽 𝜗
𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑐
PLL
𝛼𝛽

𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑖𝑑𝑞
𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑞 Current 𝑑𝑞 𝑣𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑑𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑃𝑊𝑀
PWM
𝜗 𝑖𝑅𝐸𝐹_𝑑𝑞 Control 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝜗

83
3-phase grid feeding power converter

Grid
Synchronization

Control of Power Converters in AC Microgrids

Rocabert, J. ; Luna, A. ; Blaabjerg, F. ; Rodríguez, P.
Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 27, Issue: 11
84
 3-phase grid feeding power converter

Direct Park
Transformation

Direct Park
Transformation

Inverse Park
Transformation

Control of Power Converters in AC Microgrids

Rocabert, J. ; Luna, A. ; Blaabjerg, F. ; Rodríguez, P.
Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 27, Issue: 11
85
Active and Reactive Power in dq y αβ

86
3-phase grid feeding power converter

Control of Power Converters in AC Microgrids

Rocabert, J. ; Luna, A. ; Blaabjerg, F. ; Rodríguez, P.
Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 27, Issue: 11
87
 3-phase grid feeding power converter

PWM
Modulator

Control of Power Converters in AC Microgrids

Rocabert, J. ; Luna, A. ; Blaabjerg, F. ; Rodríguez, P.
Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 27, Issue: 11
88
3-phase grid feeding power converter

Control of Power Converters in AC Microgrids

Rocabert, J. ; Luna, A. ; Blaabjerg, F. ; Rodríguez, P.
Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume: 27, Issue: 11
89