Types of Research based on method

Analytical Descriptive Experimental Qualitative

Research Research Research Research
(Cause & Effect
relationship
a. Survey
a. Historical method
Research
b. Philosophical
Normative Questionnaire Interview
Research
survey
c. Review b. Case study c. Job analysis
d. Metanalysis
d. Observational Research e. Development study

f. Correlational g. Medical Research

 ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
Research that involves in-depth study and
evaluation of available information in an
attempt to explain complex phenomena. It
can be classified in the following ways:

Historical Philosophic Review Metanalysis

Research al Research
a. Historical Research:
Example: Tracing the history of Indian Cricket by
Mihir Bose. Historical study ancient Olympic and
Modern Olympic. (Sources of Historical materials.
Primary sources and Secondary sources.)

b. Philosophical Research:
Problems dealing with objectives, curriculum, course
content, requirement and methodology are some of the
examples for philosophical research. Example: Reviewing
and restructuring of the Kerala State School syllabus by
State Council of Education Research and Training (S.C.E.R.T.)
c. Review :
A review involves analysis, evaluation, and
integration of the published literature, often leading
to important conclusions concerning research
findings upto that time. Example: The 50th
anniversary issue of the Research quarterly for
exercise and sport contains some excellent reviews
on various topics.

d. Metanalysis:
A quantitative means of analyzing the findings from
numerous studies
 Quantitative : numbers

Systematic : methodical

Combining : putting together

Previous research : what’s already done

Conclusions : new knowledge

 Meta-Analysis
• When scientists want to know the answer to a
question that’s been studied a great deal, they
conduct something called a meta-analysis,
pooling data from multiple studies to arrive at
one combined answer.
• There are many meta-analysis in psychology
and medicine areas where studies find often
conflicting results.
 Meaning of Meta-Analysis
• A subset of systematic reviews; a method for
systematically combining pertinent qualitative and
quantitative study data from several selected
studies to develop a single conclusion that has
greater statistical power.
Meta Analysis

Study
1

Study Combined Study

results
4 2

Study
3
 META-ANALYSIS RESEARCH

1. A Quantitative means of analyzing from numerous

studies.
2. Meta-analysis is a quantitative approach for
systematically combining results of previous
research to arrive at conclusions about the body of
research.
3. Meta-analysis is a statistical technique for
combining the result from two or more
independent studies.
4. Meta-analysis is the statistical
procedure for combining data from
multiple studies. When the treatment
effect (or effect size) is consistent from
one study to the next, meta-analysis can
be used to identify this common effect.

5. A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis

that combines the results of multiple scientific
studies.
 Example : Dr’s report of healthcare investigation.
1.
 DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
1. It is concerned with status. This Research attempts to
determine the current state of such things as knowledge,
attitudes and behaviors related to specific issues.
2. The forms of descriptive Research are Questionnaire,
interview, normative survey, case study, job analysis,
documentary analysis developmental studies and
correlation studies.

Example : How much has changed in the sports field in the last ten
years.
Education system and social status.
 Descriptive Research

Survey Case Job Observational Correlational Medical

Method study analysis Research studies Research

Normative Questionnaire Interview

Survey
a. The Survey Method:
The following paragraphs briefly three different types
of survey techniques:

Normative Questionnaire Interview

Survey
i. The Normative Survey: The normative
survey generally seeks to gather
performance or knowledge data on a
large sample from a population and to
present the results in the form of
comparative standards or norms.
Example: Cooper test, AAPHER Youth
fitness test. Khelo India, Candian
Physical Efficiency test, Johnson Basket
test etc.
Psychology test (questionnaire) related to
Physical Education

1. Competitive Behaviour Scale 12+ (R.Yadav) H

2. Sports man spirit test (L.N. Dubey) H/E
3. Sports coach personality test (R.K. Yadav) H
4. Pscho. Physical state of sportsman scale
(Walkar-Indian Adopt. Age 13+) H/E
5. Sportsman personality test Age 13+ H/E
Splelberger- Indian Adopt. )
6. Athlete Motivational Inventory Age 13+ H/E
(Tutko- Indain Adoptation.
7. Games and Sports interest test Age 12+
(Complete Set)
8. Inventory for Factors influencing sports
(M.L. Kamlesh Career) E
9. Will to win Questionnaire (Dr. Kumar) H/E
10. Locus of Control (Dr. Anand Kumar) H
11. Sports Competition Anxiety Inventory (Ravi
Kant and Dr. V.N. Mishra) H
12. Sports specific personality (Dr. Agijeet) H
13. Sports Aggression (Dr. Kumar Anand) H
14. Attitude Scale for Physical Education (Dr.
G.P. Thakur and Manju Thakur) H
15. Social Intelligence Scale (SIS) (Dr. N.K.
Chadha) E
16. Trait and Free Floating Anxieties (Dr. R.R.
Tripathi and Dr. Amber Rastogi) E
17. The Scale of Emotional Competencies (Dr.
H.C. Sharma and Dr. R.L. Bharadwaj) E
18. The Test For Social Acceptability Among
Peers (TSAAP) (Dr. S.L. Chopra) E
19. Self Concept Questionnaire (SCQ) (Dr. Raj
Kumar Saraswat) H/E
20. Organizational Effectiveness Scale (A.K.
Srivastava) H
21. Stress Management Scale (Singh &
Srivastava) H/E
22. Work Adjustment Inventory (Srivastava &
Mishra) H
23. Job Satisfaction Scale (S.K. Srivastava) H
24. Leader Behaviour Scale (Dr. Asha Hingar)E
ii. Questionnaire
Definition of Questionnaire
1. Questionnaire defines as “a form
distributed through mail or filled out
by respondent under the supervision
of the investigator or interviewer”.
- Mildred Parten
“In general the word questionnaire refers to a device for
securing answers to questions by using a form which
the respondent fills in himself.
- Good and Hatt
Classification of Questionnaire
1. P.V. Young classifies the questionnaire into two groups.
 (a) Structured Questionnaire and
(b) Non-structured Questionnaire
(a) Structured Questionnaire
Structured Questionnaire contains definite,
concrete and pre-ordinated questions,
which means they are prepared in advance
and not constructed on the spot during the
questioning period.
 It is designed to produce accurate
communication “and accurate response”.
(b) Non-structured Questionnaire
Non-structured Questionnaire are
those which the interviewer is largely
free to arrange the form at the time of
enquiry.
Characteristics of a Good
Questionnaire:
1. It deals with a significant topic
2. It is accompanied by a covering letter
3. It seeks to obtain information which is
not possible from other sources.
4. It is as short as possible
5. It contains Question of an objective
nature
6. It contains Question in a good order;
7. Questions are arranged in categories to
ensure accurate and easy responses.
8. It contains clear and complete
directions.
9. Each question deals with a single idea
10. It is easy to interpret
11. It is attractive in appearance
12. It is clearly duplicated or printed
13. It is duly stitched or punched.
Advantages of Questionnaire
1. Low cost
2. Large coverage
3. Repetitive information
4. Greater reliability
5. Rapidity
Limitation of Questionnaire
1. Unreliability
2. Incomplete entries
3. Difficulties of bad handwriting
4. Poor response replies
5. Possibility of a manipulation
6. Lack of personal contact
7. Impossibility of deeper problem
iii. The interview:
The subjects are questioned
and respond orally
Example: After match players
interview by Media, Sports
personalities interview, “HARDTalk”-
on by BBC News.
Meaning of Interview:
1. One of the most important tools of research in the
descriptive approach is “Interview”. The person who is
interviewing is called interviewer and the person who is
giving interview is called interviewee.
2. The term interview is derived from the French words
“interview” – which mean “between”, therefore, the
meaning of interview is an exchange of ideas and
information in between two persons.
Definition of Interview:
1. “An effective informal verbal and non-verbal conversation,
started for specific purposes and focused on certain
planned areas”.
- P.V. Young

2. “The Interview method of study extends certain aspects of

the observational technique”.
- Theodore L. Torgerson
Types of Interview:
1. Diagnostic interview.
2. Clinical interview.
3. Research interview.
4. Group interview.
5. Single interviewer or panel interviews.
6. Directed interview.
7. Non-directive.
8. Focused interview.
9. The depth interview.
10. Telephone interview.
1. Diagnostic interview: Its purpose is to locate the
possible causes of an individual’s problems, getting
information about his past history, family relations
and personal adjustment problems.
2. Clinical interview: Such an interview is followed
after the diagnostic interview. It is a means of
introducing the patient to therapy.
3. Research interview: It is aimed at getting
information required by the investigator to test his
hypothesis.
4. Group interview: A proper setting for group
interview requires a group of not more than 10 to
12 persons with some social, intellectual and
educational homogeneity which ensures effective
participation by all.
5. Single interviewer or panel interviews: For the
purpose of research single interviewer is usually
present. In case of selection and treatment
purposes, panel interviews are held.
6. Directed interview: It is structured, includes
questions of the closed type and definite in a
prepared manner.
7. Non-directive: It includes questions of the open-
end form and allows much freedom to the
interviewee to discuss freely the problems under
study.
8. Focussed interview: It aims at providing the
responses of individuals to specific event.
9. The depth interview: It is an intensive and
searching type of interview.
10. Telephonically interview
Advantages:
1. Measuring personality
2. Full information collected
3. Delay due to non-response avoided
4. Accuracy of response
Limitations
1. Interviewer bias
2. Meeting of minds
3. Subjectivity
4. Impact of emotions.
Some characteristics of Interview:-
1. Direct data gathering
2. No personal bias
3. 100% accurate results
4. Data collected at the end
5. Relationship
6. Full information collected
B. The case study:
The case study is used to provide
detailed information about individual or
institution or community etc.
Example: A case study done on P.T. Usha by
Dr. VCS Kumar from Alagappa University,
Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, Dr. Dalel Singh
Chauhan, Volley Ball Arjuna Awarded, Dr.
Ajmer Singh, Athletics Arjuna Awarded.
1. Case study approach to research is rather a recent
development in research. When the researcher
conducted a study on the basis of case study data,
the research is said to be called case study
method.

2. It involves a deeper investigation of a single unit,

by an individual, a family, an Institution, a district,
a community or any single event selected for
intensive examination.

3. The case is some phase of the life history of the

unit or it may represent the entire life process.
Meaning of case study:-
The case study is mainly concerned with a person’s
life, history and development of a person, institutions,
a family, a group, a district, a state, entire community
a country.
The Dictionary meaning of the term “case” is a
happening or an event.
Definition of case study:-
1. Case study “a method of exploring and
analysing of life a social unit, be that a person,
a family and Institution, cultural group (or)
even entire group”.
- P.V. Young.
 The Study data may be collected from
varied sources such as:-
1. Life histories. 2. Personal records.
3. Personal documents. 4. Personal letters.
5. Biographies. 6. Interviewing individuals.
7. Observations etc. 8. Social and Family background
9. Physical Status and History
10. Psychological Status and History
11. Educational Status, Marks and Reports
12. Responses of related persons
13. Official Records
Types of case studies:-
(a) Case studies of individuals:
(i) A biography of child development.
(ii) An auto biography of an evolving philosophy and
psychology of teaching.
(iii) Auto-biography of a mental patient or of a criminal.
(iv) A personal account of psycho-analysis.
(b) Case studies of institutions:
(i) Case study of a family.
(ii) Case study of a higher institution of learning.
(iii) Case study of a hospital clinic.
(c) Case studies of communities or
cultural groups.
(i) Case study of a rural village

(ii) Case study of an Industrial

community.

(iii) Case study of a factory setting.

c. The job analysis: It is used to describe
in detail the various duties, procedures,
responsibilities, preparations, advantages
and disadvantages of a particular job.
Example: The nature of job of Physical
Education Teacher-conducting assembly,
organizing practice session handing
medical cases etc.
d. Observational research: Survey
technique in which behavior is
observed in the participant’s natural
setting, such as the classroom or play
environment. The observations are
frequently coded and then their
frequency and duration are analyzed.
e. Developmental Studies: It is
concerned with the interaction of
learning or performance with maturation.
Example: A longitudinal study on the
overhand ball throwing patterns of
children from age 6 to 8.
f. Correlational Studies: The purpose of
correlation Research is to examine the
relationship between certain
performance variables.
Example: A study of the relationship of
reaction time and the fielding ability of
inter collegiate cricketers.
g. Medical Research
(Epidemiological): This type of
research pertains to the frequencies
and distributions of health and disease
condition among various populations.
Example: The research going on all over
the world on the research on to combat
the deadly disease EBOLA VIRUS, BIRD
FLU, NIPAH VIRUS .
•EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
 The experimental research is a systematic and
scientific approach to research in which the
researcher manipulates one or more variables
and controls and measures any changes in other
variables.

Best establishes cause and effect relationships.

An objective ,systematic, controlled

investigation for the purpose of predicting and
controlling phenomena and examining probability
The classic experimental design
The classic or true design for experimental
research, the pre-test/post-test control group
design is summarised in and involves six steps.

Random Selection 2. Random 3. Pre-test/ 4. Experimental 5. Post-test 6. Comparisons

of subject from allocation of subject observation treatment observation
population into groups
(Sampling)

Treatment
Ot1 X Ot2
Group: Rt

RS Oc1 - Ot1
Ot2 - Ot1
Control OC1
(Ot2 - Ot1) - (Oc2 - Oc1)
Oc2
Group: Rc
Classic experimental design
1.Selection of subjects from a population (sampling).
2.Subjects are randomly allocated to two groups: A,
the treatment group, and B, the control group.

3.In the pre-test observation, subjects in both groups

are measured with respect to the dependent
variables
4.The experimental treatment, E, is applied to the
treatment group, A, but not to the control group, B.
1.In the post-test observation, subjects in both groups
are measured again with respect to the dependent
variable.
2.For the experimental treatment to be judged
positive:
. there should be no significant difference between
Ot1 and Oc1
. there should be a significant difference between
(Ot2 - Ot1) and (Oc2 - Oc1)
typically in Step 6 the calculations will be based on
mean scores for each measurement for each group.
The concept of significant difference is discussed.
 Two group simple randomized experimental design (in
diagram form)

Experimental Treatment A
Group

Independent
Randomly Variables
Randomly Sample
Population assigned
Selected

Control Treatment B
Group
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Long-time observation in a natural
setting.
Example: The long time studies
conducted
by Dr. Salim Ali on the migratory birds
in the Baharatpur Bird Sanctuary in
Rajasthan.