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Internet of Things Unit 3

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79 views

Internet of Things Unit 3

NOTES

Uploaded by

sarathananth154
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTERNET OF THINGS

UNIT IV:-

Introduction to Arduino and Raspberry Pi- Installation, Interfaces (serial, SPI, I2C),
Programming –Python program with Raspberry PI with focus on interfacing external
gadgets, controlling output,and reading input from pins.

Introduction to Arduino

What is Arduino? Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use


hardware and software. It consists of a microcontroller and a development environment that
allows you to create interactive projects.

Common Uses:

● Robotics
● Home automation
● Wearable technology
● Educational projects

Installation of Arduino

1. Download the Arduino IDE:


○ Go to the Arduino website.
○ Select the version for your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux) and
download it.
2. Install the IDE:
○ Follow the installation instructions specific to your OS.
3. Connect the Arduino Board:
○ Use a USB cable to connect your Arduino board to your computer.
4. Select the Board and Port:
○ Open the Arduino IDE.
○ Go to Tools > Board and select your Arduino model (e.g., Arduino Uno).
○ Then, go to Tools > Port and select the corresponding port.
5. Test the Installation:
○ Open an example sketch by going to File > Examples > 01.Basics > Blink.
○ Upload it to your board by clicking the right arrow button.

Introduction to Raspberry Pi

What is Raspberry Pi? Raspberry Pi is a small, affordable computer that you can use for
various projects, from learning programming to building complex systems like servers or
media centers.
Common Uses:

● Learning programming (Python, Scratch)


● Media center (Kodi)
● Home automation
● IoT projects

Installation of Raspberry Pi

1. Prepare the SD Card:


○ Download the Raspberry Pi Imager from the Raspberry Pi website.
○ Insert an SD card (minimum 8GB recommended) into your computer.
2. Flash the OS:
○ Open the Raspberry Pi Imager.
○ Select the OS you want to install (Raspberry Pi OS is a good starting point).
○ Choose the SD card and click "Write."
3. Insert the SD Card:
○ Once the process is complete, insert the SD card into your Raspberry Pi.
4. Connect Peripherals:
○ Connect a keyboard, mouse, and monitor to the Raspberry Pi.
○ Finally, plug in the power supply to boot it up.
5. Initial Setup:
○ Follow the on-screen instructions to set up your Raspberry Pi (language,
Wi-Fi, etc.).

Interfaces (serial, SPI, I2C)

In the Internet of Things (IoT), communication between devices is crucial, and several
interfaces are commonly used for this purpose. Here’s a brief overview of serial
communication, SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), and I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit):

1. Serial Communication

● Definition: Serial communication transmits data one bit at a time over a single
channel.
● Types: Common types include RS-232, RS-485, and TTL Serial.
● Use Cases: Often used for long-distance communication, such as connecting
microcontrollers to PCs or other devices.
● Advantages: Simple wiring, cost-effective, and widely supported.
● Disadvantages: Slower than parallel communication, limited distance depending on
the protocol.

2. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)


● Definition: A synchronous serial communication interface used for short-distance
communication, primarily in embedded systems.
● Operation: Uses a master-slave architecture with a clock line (SCK), data lines
(MOSI and MISO), and a chip select line (CS) for each slave.
● Use Cases: Common in connecting microcontrollers to sensors, SD cards, and
displays.
● Advantages: Fast data transfer rates, full-duplex communication, and flexible
configurations (number of slaves).
● Disadvantages: Requires more pins than I2C, not as flexible for multiple devices.

3. I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)

● Definition: A multi-master, multi-slave, synchronous serial communication interface.


● Operation: Uses only two wires (SDA for data and SCL for clock), allowing multiple
devices to be connected on the same bus.
● Use Cases: Frequently used for connecting sensors, EEPROMs, and RTCs
(Real-Time Clocks) in IoT devices.
● Advantages: Fewer pins required, supports multiple devices, and simple wiring.
● Disadvantages: Slower than SPI, potential for bus contention if multiple masters are
used.

controlling output

Controlling output in the Internet of Things (IoT) involves managing how devices respond to
commands, collect data, and communicate with each other or central systems. Here are
some key aspects:

1. Device Management: Use of protocols (like MQTT, CoAP) to send commands to


devices for controlling outputs (e.g., turning on lights, adjusting thermostats).
2. Automation and Scheduling: Implementing rules or schedules for devices to follow,
enabling automation based on time or environmental conditions.
3. Feedback Loops: Devices can provide real-time feedback, allowing for adjustments
based on sensor data (e.g., adjusting a thermostat based on temperature readings).
4. Cloud Integration: Utilizing cloud platforms to manage devices and data, allowing
remote control and monitoring via applications.
5. User Interfaces: Providing intuitive interfaces (mobile apps, web dashboards) for
users to control devices and view status.
6. Security Considerations: Ensuring secure communication channels and
authentication to prevent unauthorized access and control.
7. Interoperability: Ensuring that different devices and platforms can communicate
effectively, allowing for seamless control and data exchange.
8. Edge Computing: Processing data closer to the source (on the device or local
server) to reduce latency in control commands.

reading input from pins

Reading input from pins in IoT devices is a fundamental aspect of interfacing with sensors
and other input devices. Here’s a brief overview of how this works:

1. Understanding Pins

● Digital Pins: These can read binary signals (high/low). They’re used for simple on/off
devices like buttons or switches.
● Analog Pins: These read varying voltage levels, allowing devices to detect changes
in sensors like temperature sensors or potentiometers.

2. Common Input Devices

● Sensors: Devices that detect environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, light)


and provide data.
● Buttons/Switches: Simple input devices to trigger actions.
● Keypads: For user input and commands.

3. Microcontroller Integration

● Use platforms like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, or ESP8266/ESP32 to read inputs. Each
platform has libraries and functions to simplify pin reading.
● Example: In Arduino, you can use digitalRead(pin) for digital inputs or
analogRead(pin) for analog inputs.

4. Programming Basics

● Setup: Configure the pin mode (input/output).


● Loop: Continuously check the pin state and act upon changes.
● Debouncing: For buttons, implement debouncing to avoid multiple triggers from a
single press.

5. Data Handling

● Process the input data to trigger actions, send it to a server, or use it in local
computations.
● For example, if a temperature sensor reads a value above a threshold, it could send
a command to activate a cooling system.
6. Communication

● Send input data to a central system or cloud service for further processing or
monitoring, often using protocols like MQTT or HTTP.

7. Security Considerations

● Validate input data to prevent malicious exploitation.


● Ensure secure communication channels when transmitting data.

const int buttonPin = 2; // Pin number for the button


int buttonState = 0; // Variable for reading the button status
void setup() {
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT); // Set the button pin as input
Serial.begin(9600); // Start serial communication
}
void loop() {
buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin); // Read the state of the button
if (buttonState == HIGH) {
Serial.println("Button Pressed!"); // Action on button press
}
delay(100); // Short delay to avoid bouncing
}

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