Computer is a device for processing,

storing, and displaying information.

Computer once meant a person

who did computations, but now the
term almost universally refers to
automated electronic machinery.
The first computers were used primarily
for numerical calculations. However, as
any information can be numerically
encoded, people soon realized that
computers are capable of general-
purpose information processing. Their
capacity to handle large amounts of
data has extended the range and
accuracy of weather forecasting.
The basic organization of a computer
system is the processing unit, memory
unit, input-output devices, Arithmetic
Logic unit, and control unit.
Each component has unique, specialized
functions that cooperate to carry out a
variety of activities. Its primary goal is to
help us comprehend the entire hardware
architecture of the computer and all of
its ancillary components.
 It manages and coordinates all
the units of the computer. It obtains
the instructions from the memory,
interprets them, and directs the
operation of the computer. It
communicates with Input/Output
devices for transfer of data or results
from storage. It does not process or
store data.
Memory unit functions as a way to
measure the quantity of data collected
together under a single memory
location, which is termed as the
‘storage unit’. These memory units are
used to indicate the number or
amount of data that are picked and
used for individual computation
processes performed in a computing
device.
Input and Output devices are a major
part of the computer. They are a type
of hardware device that makes up the
computer system.

Keyboards, mouse, scanners, etc are

some of the input devices while
printers, monitors, headphones, etc
are some of the output devices.
The Arithmetic Logic Unit is a part of
the CPU where various computing
functions are performed on data. The
Arithmetic Logic Unit performs
arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division
and logical operations. The logical
operations of Arithmetic Logic Unit
promote the decision-making ability of
a computer.
The control unit is a vital component
of a computer that manages and
coordinates all activities within the
system. It interprets and executes
instructions from the computer's
memory, ensuring that data is
processed and transferred correctly
between various hardware
components.
• CPU • Control Unit
• Computer Hardware • Printer
• Computer Memory • Graphics Card
• Motherboard • Computer Case
• Input Device • Power Supply
• Output Device • Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Hard Drive • Sound Card
• RAM • Input/Output
• Mouse • Microprocessor
• Monitor • Peripheral
• Computer Keyboard • GPU
• Storage • Optical Disc Drive
• also called a central processor
or main processor—is the most
important processor in a given
computer.
• The CPU is regarded as the
computer’s brain.
• The CPU is responsible for all
data processing operations.
• It saves information such as
data, intermediate results, and
instructions (program).
• It directs the operation of all
computer components.
 Hardware refers to
the computer's tangible
components or delivery
systems that store and
run the written
instructions provided
by the software.
 Computer memory is
an important link between
the computer's software and
its CPU. It also optimizes the
microprocessor's
performance, controls the
programs a computer can
run, and stores all the
computer information for
future use.
 The motherboard is
the backbone that ties the
computer's components
together at one spot and
allows them to talk to
each other.
 An input device is
essentially a piece of instrument
or hardware that allows users to
provide data, information, or
control instructions to a
computer used for interaction or
control. Input devices convert
raw data into the appropriate
format or language that can be
easily understood by a computer
 An output device is
essentially a piece of
instrument or computer that
retrieves data from a computer
system and further translates
the received data into a form
understandable to humans such
as text, visual or a hard copy.
 A hard drive (also known
as a hard disk drive or HDD) is a
computer storage device found
in many computers. A hard
drive is intended for long-term
data storage. It is usually
installed internally in a
computer, attached directly to
the disk controller of the
computer's motherboard.
 RAM (which stands for Random
Access Memory) is the familiar
acronym for random access memory,
which is the temporary storage in
your computer that gives applications
a place to store and access data on a
short-term basis. RAM allows your
computer to perform most of its
everyday tasks, such as loading
applications, browsing the internet,
editing a spreadsheet, or experiencing
the latest game.
 A mouse for a computer can be
explained as one of the many
peripheral devices available as a hand-
held indicating instrument, for
locating and identifying a particular
spot on the computer display surface.
With the help of this device, the
movements performed on the system
display can be naturally decoded from
the shifts and clicks into the
meaningful actions and operations
suitable for the display plane.
 A monitor is an electronic
output system called a Video Display
(VDT) or video display (VDU) unit. The
display of information created by a
related computer through a video
card is rendered by photos, text,
video, and graphics. Xerox unveiled
the first electronic monitor as part of
the Alto computer system on 1 March
1973. Older monitors were designed
using a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) and
featured a fluorescent screen.
 A keyboard is a device with
buttons called keys for typing letters,
numbers, and symbols into a
computer or other electronic devices.
It is basically a flat board with
different types of keys, where each
key represents a particular alphabet,
number, punctuation, function, etc. It
helps you communicate with the
computer so you can ask it to do what
you want by pressing the correct keys.
 computer data storage, is often
called storage or memory, is a
technology consisting of computer
components and recording media
used to retain digital data. It is a core
function and fundamental component
of computers. The central processing
unit (CPU) of a computer is what
manipulates data by transforming
computations.
 The control unit is a vital
component of a computer that
manages and coordinates all
activities within the system. It
interprets and executes
instructions from the
computer's memory, ensuring
that data is processed and
transferred correctly between
various hardware components.
1. Timing and Control Logic - for generating the necessary
timing signals
2. Program Counter - keeps track of the memory address
3. Instruction Register - holds the current instruction
4. Instruction Decoder - responsible for interpreting the
instruction
 Types of Printers
Printers are output devices
1. Inkjet printers - utilize liquid ink to
used to produce physical copies
create high-quality color or black-and-
of digital documents.
white prints
2. laser printers -use toner and heat to
produce sharp, precise documents
3. Dot matrix printers - use a grid of pins
to transfer ink onto paper, making them
suitable for specific tasks like multipart
forms.
The graphics component of a
computer refers to the hardware
responsible for rendering visual
information on a display. This includes
the graphics card or integrated
graphics processor (IGP) which
processes and generates images, and
the monitor which displays them.
Graphics cards come in various
models, offering different levels of
performance and capabilities.
The computer case protects the
internal components of a computer.
It provides a framework for
mounting the motherboard, power
supply, storage devices, and other
hardware components. It is also
designed to facilitate airflow,
helping to regulate the temperature
within the system and prevent
overheating.
The power supply unit in a
computer converts the power
from the wall outlet to the
type of power needed by the
computer. It sends power
through cables to the
motherboard and other
components.
 The Arithmetic Logic
Unit is a part of the CPU
where various computing
functions are performed on
data. The Arithmetic Logic
Unit performs arithmetic
operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication,
division and logical
operations.
 Sound card is a
computer component
responsible for generating
and recording audio. It
enables users to connect
analog speakers, headphones
and microphones to their
computer.
 I/O is the communication
between an information
processing system, such as a
computer, and the outside
world, possibly a human or
another information processing
system. Inputs are the signals
or data received by the system
and outputs are the signals or
data sent from it.
 A microprocessor is a
computer processor where the data
processing logic and control is
included on a single integrated
circuit (IC), or a small number of
ICs. The microprocessor contains
the arithmetic, logic, and control
circuitry required to perform the
functions of a computer's central
processing unit (CPU).
 A computer peripheral is any
device that connects to the
computing unit but is not part of
the core architecture of the
computing unit. The three
categories of peripherals are
input devices, output devices,
and storage devices that include
*/ not central or of main importance
dual input/output devices.
a specialized processor
originally designed to
accelerate graphics rendering.
GPUs can process many
pieces of data simultaneously,
making them useful for
machine learning, video
editing, and gaming
applications.
 An optical disc drive (ODD)
in a computer system allows you
to use CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray
discs to listen to music or watch a
movie. Most drives also allow you
to write data to a disc, so you can
create your own music CDs, video
DVDs or even create of back-up
copy of your important data files.
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What Is the Octal Number
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Hexadecimal Number System Table
 Conversion of
Number System to
Other Bases

Group 3
 Number System
•A number system is defined as a system of writing to
express numbers. It is the mathematical notation for
representing numbers of a given set by using digits or other
symbols in a consistent manner. It provides a unique
representation of every number and represents the
arithmetic and algebraic structure of the figures.
 Decimal Number System
•Decimal number system is also known as the base 10
positional numeral system as this type of number system
has the base number as 10 and uses digits from 0 to 9.

•The decimal number system is the standard system for

denoting integer and non-integer numbers.
 Binary Number System
•According to digital electronics and mathematics, a binary
number is defined as a number that is expressed in the
binary system or base 2 numeral system.
• It describes numeric values by two separate symbols; 1 (one)
and 0 (zero).
•The base-2 system is the positional notation with 2 as a
radix.
 Octal Number System
•The octal numeral system is the base-8 number system,
and uses the digits 0 to 7. That means there are only 8
symbols or digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) used to form other
numbers.
•The main advantage of using the octal number system
is that it uses fewer digits than the decimal and
hexadecimal number system.
 Hexadecimal Number System
•The hexadecimal number system is a type of number system, that
has a base value equal to 16. It is also pronounced sometimes as
'hex’.
•Hexadecimal numbers are represented by only 16 symbols.
These symbols or values are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and
F. Each digit represents a decimal value.
 Decimal to Binary Number
Conversion
Example #1

•Convert 160 to Binary

Number
 Decimal to Binary Number
Conversion
Example #2

•Convert 200.625 to Binary

Number
 Decimal to Binary Number
Conversion
Example #3

•Convert 15.25 to Binary

Number
 Binary to Decimal Number
Conversion
Example #1

Convert 10001 to Decimal

Number
 Binary to Decimal Number
Conversion
Example #2

Convert 1001.11 to
Decimal Number
 Binary to Decimal Number
Conversion
Example #3

Convert 1001.11101 to
Decimal Number
 Decimal to Octal Number
Conversion
Example #1

Convert 15.625 to Octal

Number
 Decimal to Octal Number
Conversion
Example #2

Convert 720 to Octal

Number
 Decimal to Octal Number
Conversion
Example #3

Convert 56 to Octal
Number
 Octal to Decimal Number
Conversion
Example #1

Convert 4308
to Decimal
Number
 Octal to Decimal Number
Conversion
Example #2

Convert 2468
to Decimal
Number
 Octal to Decimal Number
Conversion
Example #3

Convert 18728 to
Decimal
Number
 Octal to Decimal Number
Conversion
Example #4

Convert 12589.258 to
Decimal Number
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
Number Conversion
Example #1

Convert 4610 to Hexadecimal

Number
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
Number Conversion
Example #2

Convert 56910 to Hexadecimal

Number
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
Number Conversion
Example #3

Convert 128610 to Hexadecimal

Number
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
Number Conversion
Example #4

Convert 1356710 to Hexadecimal

Number
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
Number Conversion
Example #1

Convert 47816 to
Decimal Number
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
Number Conversion
Example #2

Convert 1D916 to
Decimal Number
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
Number Conversion
Example #3

Convert F7C316 to
Decimal Number
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
Number Conversion
Example #4

Convert DF3CA16 to
Decimal Number
 Binary to Octal Number
Conversion
Example #1

Convert 110010 to Octal

Number
 Binary to Octal Number
Conversion
Example #2

Convert 101011001 to Octal

Number
 Binary to Octal Number
Conversion
Example #3

Convert 10111101 to Octal

Number
 Binary to Octal Number
Conversion
Example #4

Convert 1100010.11 to Octal

Number
 Octal to Binary Number
Conversion
Example #1

Convert 65 to Binary Number

 Octal to Binary Number
Conversion
Example #2

Convert 203 to Binary Number

 Octal to Binary Number
Conversion
Example #3

Convert 1675 to Binary Number

 Octal to Binary Number
Conversion
Example #4

Convert 347.24 to Binary

Number
 Binary to Hexadecimal
Number Conversion
Example #1

Convert 10110011 to
Hexadecimal Number
 Binary to Hexadecimal
Number Conversion
Example #2

Convert 1101111001 to
Hexadecimal Number
 Binary to Hexadecimal
Number Conversion
Example #3

Convert 11000011.111 to
Hexadecimal Number
 Binary to Hexadecimal
Number Conversion
Example #4

Convert 101111.11 to
Hexadecimal Number
 Hexadecimal to Binary
Number Conversion
Example #1

Convert 3B716 to
Binary Number
 Hexadecimal to Binary
Number Conversion
Example #2

Convert 1D2916 to
Binary Number
 Hexadecimal to Binary
Number Conversion
Example #3

Convert 1CED16 to
Binary Number
 Octal to Hexadecimal
Number Conversion
Example #1

Convert 16578 to
Hexadecimal Number
 Octal to Hexadecimal
Number Conversion
Example #2

Convert 3318 to
Hexadecimal Number
 Octal to Hexadecimal
Number Conversion
Example #3

Convert 2138 to
Hexadecimal Number
 Hexadecimal to Octal
Number Conversion
Example #1

Convert D816 to Octal

Number
 Hexadecimal to Octal
Number Conversion
Example #2

Convert AC16 to Octal

Number
 Hexadecimal to Octal
Number Conversion
Example #3

Convert 1EF16 to Octal

Number