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Miller Indeces

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29 views23 pages

Miller Indeces

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SR MediaZone
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MILLER INDECES

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MILLER INDICES

• The crystal lattice may be regarded as


made
up of an infinite set of parallel
equidistant
planes passing through the lattice
points
which are known as lattice planes.
• In simple terms, the planes passing
through
lattice points are called ‘lattice
planes’.

2
• For a given lattice, the lattice planes
can be
MILLER INDICES

DIFFERENT LATTICE PLANES

3
DIFFERENT LATTICE PLANES

4
MILLER INDICES
The orientation of planes or faces in a
crystal can be described in terms of
their intercepts on the three axes.
Miller introduced a system to
designate a plane in a crystal.
He introduced a set of three numbers
to specify a plane in a crystal. This
set of three numbers is known as
‘Miller Indices’ of the concerned
Miller indices is defined as the
plane.
reciprocals of the intercepts
converted in to whole number made
by the plane on the three axes.

5
MILLER INDICES
Procedure for finding Miller Indices

Step 1: Determine the intercepts of the plane along the


axes X,Y and Z in terms of the lattice constants a,b and c.
Step 2: Determine the reciprocals of these numbers.
Step 3: Find the least common denominator (lcd)
and multiply each by this lcd.

Step 4:The result is written in paranthesis.This is


called the `Miller Indices’ of the plane in
the form (h k l).
This is called the `Miller Indices’ of the plane in the form
(h k l).

6
ILLUSTRATION

PLANES IN A CRYSTAL

• Plane ABC has intercepts of 2 units along X-axis, 3

units along Y-axis and 2 units along Z-axis.


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ILLUSTRATION

DETERMINATION OF ‘MILLER INDICES’

Step 1:The intercepts are 2,3 and 2 on the three


axes.

Step 2:The reciprocals are 1/2, 1/3 and 1/2.

Step 3:The least common denominator is ‘6’.


Multiplying each reciprocal by lcd,
we get, 3,2 and 3.

Step 4:Hence Miller indices for the plane ABC is (3


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2 3)
MILLER INDICES

IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MILLER INDICES

For the cubic crystal especially, the important features


of Miller indices are,

• A plane which is parallel to any one of the co-ordinate


axes
has an intercept of infinity (∞). Therefore the Miller
index for
that axis is zero; i.e. for an intercept at infinity, the
corresponding index is zero.
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EXAMPLE

( 1 0 0 ) plane

Plane parallel to Y and Z axes

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EXAMPLE

• In the above plane, the intercept along X axis is 1 unit.

• The plane is parallel to Y and Z axes. So, the intercepts


along Y and Z axes are ‘∞’.

• Now the intercepts are 1, ∞ and ∞.

• The reciprocals of the intercepts are = 1/1, 1/∞ and 1/∞.

• Therefore the Miller indices for the above plane is (1 0


0).
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MILLER INDICES

IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MILLER INDICES

• All equally spaced parallel planes have same ‘Miller


indices’ i.e. The Miller indices do not only define a
particular
plane but also a set of parallel planes. Thus the planes
whose intercepts are 1, 1,1; 2,2,2; -3,-3,-3 etc., are all
represented by the same set of Miller indices.

12
MILLER INDICES

IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MILLER INDICES

• It is only the ratio of the indices which is important in


this
notation. The (6 2 2) planes are the same as (3 1 1)
planes.

• If a plane cuts an axis on the negative side of the origin,


corresponding index is negative. It is represented by a
bar,
like (1 0 0). i.e. Miller indices (1 0 0) indicates that the
plane has an intercept in the –ve X –axis.
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MILLER INDICES OF SOME IMPORTANT PLANES

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PROBLEMS

Worked Example:
Calculate the miller indices for the plane with intercepts 2a,
- 3b and 4c the along the crystallographic axes.

The intercepts are 2, - 3 and 4

Step 1: The intercepts are 2, -3 and 4 along the 3 axes

Step 2: The reciprocals are

Step 3: The least common denominator is 12.

Multiplying each reciprocal by lcd, we get 6 -4 and 3

Step 4: Hence the Miller indices for the plane is


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DESIRABLE FEATURES OF MILLER INDICES

• The relation between the interplanar distance and


the
interatomic distance is given by,

for cubic crystal.

• If (h k l) is the Miller indices of a crystal plane then


the
intercepts made by the plane with the
crystallographic
16
axes are given as
PROBLEMS

Worked Example

The lattice constant for a unit cell of aluminum is 4.031Å


Calculate the interplanar space of (2 1 1) plane.

a = 4.031 Å
(h k l) = (2 1 1)
Interplanar spacing

∴ d = 1.6456 Å

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CUBIC CRYSTAL SYSTEM
⚫ Three types
⚫ Simple cubic
⚫ Body centered
⚫ Face centered

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SIMPLE CUBIC
The intercepts are
(1,∞ ∞),miller
indices (100)
Grating space is d=a
since h=1,k=0,l=0
For 110 d=a/square
root of 2
For 111 d=a/root 3

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conclusion

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STRUCTURE OF KCL AND
NACL
KCL NACL

Ions of the two kinds form an interlocked face centred cube


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KCL
⚫ Potassium has 19 electrons chlorine has 17
⚫ During combination K loses one and becomes
electropositive
⚫ CL gains one becomes electro negative
⚫ Scattering depends on number of electrons
⚫ Scattering takes place equally
⚫ Theoretical grating spaces agree with
experimental values
⚫ KCL is a simple cubic

22
NACL
⚫ NA has 11 electrons,CL has 17
⚫ During combination NA loses one
becomes electropositive.CL gains one
and becomes electronegative
⚫ CL ions scatter more x rays
⚫ First order maximum is relatively weaker
⚫ Second is brighter
⚫ Third weaker
⚫ Experimentally verified
⚫ NACL has interlocked face centre

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