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Learning Objectives
1) Define and distinguish types of scientific research
PHƯƠNG PHÁP NGHIÊN CỨU
VÀ KỸ NĂNG VIẾT HỌC THUẬT 2) Understand the overall business research process
(RESEARCH METHOD AND ACADEMIC WRITING SKILL)

3) Identify and define the research problem

4) Understand the importance of writing title
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND 5) Aware of the role of ethics in scientific research
DEFINING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
6) Apply the APA instructions
(GIỚI THIỆU VỀ NGHIÊN CỨU KHOA HỌC VÀ NHẬN DIỆN VẤN ĐỀ NGHIÊN CỨU)

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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1 BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF SCIENCE DISCIPLINES

DEFINE AND DISTINGUISH TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Deal with the study of the physical world and its phenomena through
empirical methods.
NATURAL SCIENCES Natural sciences are concerned with the processes and phenomena that
would occur in the absence of humans, and include the disciplines such
as biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, and geology.

Study the processes and phenomena arising from the activity of humans,
SOCIAL SCIENCES for example: sociology, economics, and anthropology.
Make use of the scientific method to study these processes.

Deal with the study of culture arising out of human activities and
HUMANITIES achievements, for example: literature, art, languages, and theatre.
Generally, a critical or analytical approach is employed to study human
culture.

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TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

What is research?
According to the purpose or application of research results, research can be broadly classified
In academic fields, the term research is used to denote activities such as into 2: basic research & applied research.
defining, redefining, and solving problems; observing facts and their
interpretation; formulation of hypotheses and their testing through experiments; Refers to investigation undertaken to discover the
revision of existing theories and laws; and practical application of information applications and uses of theories, knowledge and
already generated. Basic, fundamental, or pure research principles in actual work or in solving problems.
(C. George Thomas, 2021)
In other words, it is any research that is used to
A focused, systematic study or
answer a specific question, determine why
investigation undertaken to discover
Business research
something failed or succeeded, solve a specific,
new knowledge or interpretations and
pragmatic problem, or to gain better
establish facts or principles in a
Business research is an organized, systematic, data-based, critical, understanding.
particular field.
objective, inquiry or investigation into a specific problem, undertaken with
the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it.
(Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie, 2016) Applied research
Both these research forms use scientific methods in various stages of the research process.

FORMAL APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

DISCUSSION
Discuss, with reasons, whether the scenarios below fall into the category of applied or basic research
Research designs can be classified as quantitative or qualitative based on the nature of data collected.

 Qualitative research involves the collection of data in

Companies are very interested in acquiring other firms, even A university professor wanted to analyze in depth the narrative form to understand the particular
when the latter operate in totally unrelated realms of business. reasons for absenteeism of employees in organizations. phenomenon or process.
For example, Coca‐Cola has announced that it wants to buy Fortunately, a company within 20 miles of the campus Quantitative research
employed her as a consultant to study that very issue.  They are exploratory and inductive in nature, and
China Huiyuan Juice Group in an effort to expand its activities  The knowledge generated is based on
begin with the assumption that reality is subjective
in one of the world’s fastest‐growing beverage markets. Such collection of numerical data and analysis.
and not objective.
acquisitions are claimed to “work miracles.” However, given Scenario 2:
Reasons for absenteeism  In general, quantitative research is
the volatility of the stock market and the slowing down of  Once concepts and themes are identified, they can
confirmatory and deductive in nature.
business, many companies are not sure whether such be further tested using a quantitative approach.
acquisitions involve too much risk. At the same time, they also  Data analysis is mainly statistical.
A research scientist wants to investigate the question: What is the most
wonder if they are missing out on a great business opportunity
effective way for an organization to recover from a service failure? Her  Most often, quantitative designs are about
if they fail to take such risks. Some research is needed here!
objective is to provide guidelines for establishing the proper “fit” between quantifying relationships between the
service failure and service recovery that will generalize across a variety of independent variable and the dependent
service industries. variables. Qualitative research
Scenario 1:
To acquire or not to acquire:
that is the question Scenario 3:
Effects of service recovery on customer satisfaction
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FORMAL APPROACHES TO RESEARCH FORMAL APPROACHES TO RESEARCH

Non-experimental studies are classified based on the timing of the event being studied as
Quantitative research designs are either non-experimental or experimental. prospective or retrospective.

 A quantitative study can be conducted starting from  The investigator starts to observe in the
the effects to trace the cause, it is non-experimental present and wait for the results in the future.
research.
Experimental research Retrospective (Hồi cứu)  A prospective study is slow, and normally, you
 The independent variables cannot be manipulated, have to wait for years to accumulate sufficient
 A quantitative study can be conducted and therefore, cannot be experimentally studied.
starting from the cause to the effects, it is  The researcher gathers data at a data to draw any strong conclusions.
These designs are used to describe, differentiate, or
called experimental research. examine associations between or among variables, particular time in the present and traces
groups, or situations. the differences into the past.
 the independent variable can be directly
manipulated by the investigator, keeping  Non-experimental designs can be classified based
other variables constant as far as possible. on the timing of data collection as cross-sectional or
longitudinal.

Prospective research (tiến cứu)

Non-experimental research
Some studies can be considered as retrospective - prospective studies. These focus on past trends
in an incident or phenomenon and study its future trends.

RESEARCH PROCESS
LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2
UNDERSTAND THE OVERALL BUSINESS RESEARCH PROCESS

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHODS THÀNH PHẦN CỦA LÝ THUYẾT KHOA HỌC
Research Methods Giới hạn: Giả thuyết về giá trị, thời gian và không gian
• The methods and procedures a researcher employs to
accomplish a research task. Research methods provide

Khả năng tổng quát hóa

precise and detailed procedures of how to start,
implement, and complete a research project

• Include the research techniques, data collection methods,

Khái niệm Giả thuyết 1 Khái niệm
statistical techniques for the analysis of data, evaluation of Concepts A B
research results, etc. Construct
Variable
Operationalization
Giả thuyết 3 Giả thuyết 2
Research Methodology
• Research methodology deals with the general approaches or
guidelines for conducting research. It is the science and philosophy
Khái niệm
behind research methods. C
• Research methodology can be defined as the systematic study of
the research process starting from the planning process to
reporting the results.
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GIẢ THUYẾT, KHÁI NIỆM VÀ ĐO LƯỜNG LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3

IDENTIFY AND DEFINE THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Giả thuyết
Khái niệm lý thuyết Khái niệm
nghiên cứu nghiên cứu

Giả thuyết
kiểm định
Biến quan sát Biến quan sát

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH IDEA GENERATING RESEARCH IDEAS

There are a variety of techniques that can be used to generate one you would like to research. These can be divided into two
groups: those that predominantly involve rational thinking techniques, being based on a systematic approach and those that
• APPROPRIATENESS • CAPABILITY involve more creative thinking techniques favouring individual preferences or spontaneous ideas

✔ Does the idea fit the specifications and meet the ✔ Do you have, or can you develop within the project time
Rational thinking Explanation
standards set by the examining institution? frame, the necessary research skills to undertake the research?
Examining your own strengths and It is important that you select an idea in which you are likely to do well and, if possible, already have some
✔ Is the research achievable within the available time? interests academic knowledge.
✔ Does the idea contain issues that have a clear link
Examining academic staff research Your university’s website will have profile pages of academic staff, which may be helpful in exploring and
to theory? ✔ Is the research achievable within the financial resources that
interests generating research ideas that could be of interest for your own project.
are likely to be available?
✔ Are you able to state an overarching research Looking at past project titles A common way of doing this is to scan a list of past project titles for anything that captures your
question(s), research aim and research objectives or ✔ Are you reasonably certain of being able to gain access to imagination. Titles that look interesting or that grab your attention should be noted, as should any thoughts
data you are likely to require for this research? you have about the title in relation to your own research idea. In this process the fact that the title is poorly
investigative questions clearly? worded or the project report received a low mark is immaterial.

✔ Will the proposed research be likely to provide • FULFILMENT Discussion Ideas can also be obtained by talking to people who work in, or have direct experience of, the topic area in
which you are interested to develop a research idea.
fresh insights into this topic? ✔ Does the research idea really interest and motivate you?
Searching existing literature There are various types of literature that are of particular use for generating research ideas. These include:
✔ Will the research help towards the achievement of your future • articles in peer-reviewed academic journals;
✔ Are the findings likely to be symmetrical: that is, • articles in trade and professional journals;
aspirations or career goals?
of similar value whatever the outcome • reports;
• books and e-books.
Scanning the media Keeping up to date with items in the news can be a very rich source of ideas.

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GENERATING RESEARCH IDEAS REDEFINING RESEARCH IDEAS

There are a variety of techniques that can be used to generate one you would like to research. These can be divided into two Techniques Explanations
groups: those that predominantly involve rational thinking techniques, being based on a systematic approach and those that The Delphi technique The standard Delphi method involves a researcher using a purposive sample of
involve more creative thinking techniques favouring individual preferences or spontaneous ideas participants who are knowledgeable about the topic to be discussed; asking these
participants to write down their answers anonymously to some initial questions to
Creative thinking Explanation gather their opinions and perceptions; analysing these answers thematically; using
Keeping a notebook of your ideas This involves simply noting down any interesting research ideas as you think of them and, of this to generate a second round of questions to gain participants’ feedback to the
equal importance, what sparked off your thought. initial responses; repeating this process until a consensus is reached about the topic
Exploring personal preferences using past projects For each project that you like, note down your first thoughts in response to each of the in order to inform decision-making, policy or practice.
following questions:
1. What do you like in general about the project? Preliminary inquiry This search activity to refine, focus and operationalise your initial research idea into
2. Why do you like the project? an overarching research question(s), aim and objectives or investigative questions
3. Which ideas in the project appeal to you?
involves a preliminary inquiry or initial inquiry. This may lead to the first iteration of
Exploring relevance to business of ideas in the literature Such articles can contain ideas that you may be able to translate, make operational and test in your critical literature review or help to inform it.
practice.
Relevance trees Ideas can also be obtained by talking to people who work in, or have direct experience of, the Integrating ideas It involves classifying each research idea first into its area, then its field and finally the
topic area in which you are interested to develop a research idea. precise aspect in which you are interested. These represent an increasingly detailed
Brainstorming It is best undertaken with a group of people, although you can brainstorm on your own. description of the research idea.
Brainstorming involves a number of stages:
1. Defining the problem Refining ideas given by your Your manager may provide you with an embryonic research idea. This may be
2. Asking for suggestions employing organisation something that affects your work and in which you have an interest. You may have
3. Recording suggestions discussed this with your manager and relish the opportunity to research it further.
4. Reviewing suggestions
5. Analysing suggestions 19 20
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RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND RESEARCH AIMS CRITERION AND PURPOSE OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
• An overarching research question will • A research aim is a brief statement of the Criterion Purpose
allow you to say what the issue or purpose of the research project. It is often Transparency (What The meaning is clear and unambiguous.
problem is that you wish to study and written as a sentence stating what you does it mean?)
what your research project will seek to intend to achieve through your research. Specificity (What I am The purpose is clear and easily understood, as are the actions required to fulfil
going to do?) it.
find out, explain and answer. • Research objectives allow you to Relevance (Why I am The link to the aim and overarching research question and wider research
• One of the key criteria of your research operationalise your question, that is to going to do this?) project is clear.
success will be whether you have state the steps you will take to answer it. Interconnectivity (How Taken together as a set, the research objectives and/or investigative questions
developed a set of clear conclusions from will it help to complete outline the steps in the research process from its start to its conclusion, without
• Each research objective therefore the research project?) leaving any gaps. In this way, they form a coherent whole.
the data you have collected. provides a clear specific statement of an Answerability (Will this The intended outcome is achievable. Where this relates to data, the nature of
aspect of the research that you need to be possible?) (Where the data required will be clear or at least implied.
shall I obtain data?)
undertake to meet your research aim.
Measurability (When The intended outcome will be evident when it has been achieved.
will it be done?)

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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4 EVALUATING A TITLE

UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF WRITING TITLE AND ABSTRACT Is the Title Sufficiently Specific?
An Investigation of balanced scorecard and Its Implications

Is the Title Reasonably Concise?

More than 20 words

Are the Primary Variables Mentioned in the Title?

The relationship between former-manager’s supervision habits and their own firm’s
performances in environment and society

When There are Many Variables, are the Types of variables referred to?
The relationship between manager involvement and sustainable achievement in the
entrepreneurship

Does the Title Identify the Types of Aggregate Units in the Sample?
Administrative management styles and job satisfaction among registered nurses
employed by public hospitals

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EVALUATING A TITLE EVALUATING AN ABSTRACT

01 02
Has the Author Avoided Describing Results in the Title?
DOES THE ABSTRACT MENTION
Strong managerial supervision lessens propensity to create budgetary slack in IS THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE RESEARCH
participative budget process REFERRED TO OR AT LEAST METHODOLOGY?
CLEARLY IMPLIED?

04
If There are a Main Title and a Subtitle, do both Provide
Important Information About the Research? ARE THE HIGHLIGHTS OF THE RESULTS

03
HAS THE RESEARCHER OMITTED DESCRIBED?
The consistency between qualitative and quantitative information in annual reports: A THE TITLES OF MEASURES
comparison between Vietnam and Thailand (EXCEPT WHEN THESE ARE THE

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FOCUS OF THE RESEARCH)? HAS THE RESEARCHER AVOIDED MAKING
If the Title Implies Causality, does the Method of Research Justify it? VAGUE REFERENCES TO IMPLICATIONS
The effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction in accounting soft-wares on accountants’ tasks
AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS?

05
IF THE STUDY IS STRONGLY TIED
TO A THEORY, IS THE THEORY

07
Is the Title Free of Jargon and Acronyms that Might be Unknown MENTIONED IN THE ABSTRACT? Does the abstract include
purpose/objectives, methods, and
to the Audience for the Research Report?
results of the study?
Determinants affecting the intention to adopt SaaS cloud-based accounting in Vietnamese SMEs

Ethical principles and their rationale

LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5 (Nguyên tắc đạo đức và cơ sở lý luận của chúng)
Ethical principle(s) Rationale
AWARE OF THE ROLE OF ETHICS IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Integrity, fairness and Research quality depends in part on the integrity, fairness and open-mindedness of the researcher. This means
open-mindedness of acting openly, being truthful and promoting accuracy. Conversely, it also means avoiding deception, dishonesty,
the researcher misrepresentation (of data and findings, etc.), partiality, reckless commitments or disingenuous promises. Where
appropriate, any conflict of interest or commercial association should be declared.
Respect for others A researcher’s position is based on trust and respect. The conduct of research entails social responsibility and
obligations to those who participate in or are affected by it. Rights of all persons should be recognised and their
dignity respected.
Avoidance of harm Any harm to participants must be avoided. This may occur to emotional wellbeing, mental or physical health, or
(non-maleficence) social or group cohesion. It can include embarrassment, stress, discomfort, pain or conflict. Harm may be caused
by being intrusive or zealous involving mental or social pressure causing anxiety or stress. It may also be caused
by violating assurances of confidentiality and anonymity, or through harassment or discrimination.
Privacy of those Ensuring privacy underpins respect for others, avoidance of harm, voluntary nature of participation, informed
taking part consent, ensuring confidentiality and maintaining anonymity, responsibility in the analysis of data and reporting of
findings, and compliance in the management and storage of data.
Voluntary nature of The right to not participate in a research project is unchallengeable and is accompanied by the right not to be
participation and harassed to participate. It is also unacceptable to attempt to extend the scope of participation beyond that freely
right to withdraw given. Participants continue to exercise the right to determine how they will participate throughout the research
including modifying the nature of their consent; withdrawing from participation and withdrawing any 28 data they
have provided.
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Ethical principles and their rationale (cont.)

(Nguyên tắc đạo đức và cơ sở lý luận của chúng) LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6
Ethical principle(s) Rationale
Informed consent of those Informed consent necessitates researchers providing sufficient information and assurances about taking APPLY THE APA INSTRUCTIONS
taking part part to allow individuals to understand the implications of participation and to reach a fully informed,
considered and freely given decision about participating, without pressure or coercion. Participants have
the right to expect the researcher to abide by the consent given and prolong the duration of an interview
or observation; or widen the scope of the research without first seeking and obtaining permission
Ensuring confidentiality of Individuals, organisations and groups have the right to remain anonymous and assurances about
data and maintenance of anonymity and confidentiality should be maintained. Data provided should be made non-attributable,
anonymity of those taking part unless there is an explicit agreement to attribute comments. Harm can result from unauthorised
attribution or identification.
Responsibility in analysis of Assurances of privacy, anonymity and confidentiality must be upheld when analysing data and reporting
data and reporting of findings findings. Data must not be made up or altered and results should not be falsified. Analysis and findings
should be reported fully and accurately, irrespective of whether they contradict expected outcomes.
Sources of secondary data should be made clear
Compliance in management Research is likely to involve collection of personal data. Many governments have passed legislation to
of data regulate processing, secure storage and possible sharing of personal data and there is likely to be a
statutory requirement to comply in both the country in which you are studying and in which you are
collecting data.
Ensuring safety of Researchers’ safety is crucial when planning and conducting research. 29
researchers
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PLAGIARISM

1. Plagiarism is the “wrongful appropriation”, stealing

and publishing” of the another authors language,
Exact words from an
original source
thoughts, ideas or any other work and representing
of them as one’s own original work
2. According to the merriam-webster online Citation
dictionary plagiarism means:
 To steal and pass off the ideas or words of another as one’s own.
 To use another's production without crediting the source.
Reading original
work & self-plagiarism  To commit theft.
summarize it.
 To present as new and original an idea or product derived from
an existing source
Fails to cite the Paying someone to
author(s) & to write your paper.
providing reference.

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CITATION REFERENCES
• A citation is the part of the reference which is just after the main body of your work whenever • References is the detailed information of citation, only about a particular sentence,

you quote from paraphrase, journal, book, report or refer to work produced by another author. paragraph or quote.

• It is alphanumeric and it includes the author's surname and year of publication. • It does not give complete information about full work or paper or project.

• It looks like (Patil, 2005). • References should be in APA (American Psychological Association) style and listed in
alphabetical order.
For example:
• In the previous example reference is looks like:
Business finance deals with efficient and effective utilization of finance of business for
Jain, d. V. (2017). Principles of financial management. Nagpur: Seth publication.
achieving business objective i.E. Wealth maximization. (Jain, 2017)

Adopted from: https://library.leeds.ac.uk/homepage/91/harvard_citations

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ABOUT APA 7TH REFERENCING

BIBLIOGRAPHY The American Psychological Association (APA) style covers several aspects of scholarly writing, including
• Bibliography is the detailed information of
referencing.
all the sources, in the process of
searching your work or a project.

• It is included at the end of project or

paper.

• The main purpose is to give credit to the

original author.

• Citation and reference is the part of

bibliography.

• For example the research work of Mr. A

includes citations from various sources
like book, journal, report etc. At the end of
paper bibliography looks like:

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In-text Citations: In-text Citations:

Formatting Quotations Formatting a Summary or Paraphrase
When quoting, introduce the quotation with a signal
Include the author ’ s name in a signal
phrase. Make sure to include the author’s name, the year Provide the author’s last name and
phrase followed by the year of publication
the year of publication in parenthesis
of publication, the page number, but keep the citation in parenthesis.
after a summary or a paraphrase.
brief—do not repeat the information.
Recently, the history of warfare has been
Though feminist studies focus solely
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response significantly revised by Higonnet et al.
on women’s experiences, they err by
(1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate
frequently entails a “ delayed, uncontrolled collectively perpetuating the
(1997) to include women’s personal and
repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other masculine-centered impressions
cultural responses to battle and its
intrusive phenomena” (p.11). (Fussell, 1975).
resultant traumatic effects.

A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed,

uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations
and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

In-text Citations:
Signal Words Book No. 1
Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.
• Author's name: Lauro S. Aspiras
According to X. (2008), “….” (p. 3).
• Title of book: English for Academic and Professional Purposes
X. (2008) argued that “……” (p. 3). • Publisher: St. Andrew Publishing House
Use such signal verbs as: • Date of publication: 2016
acknowledged, contended, maintained,
responded, reported, argued, concluded, • Location of the publishing company: Plaridel, Bulacan
etc.

Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of

verbs in signal phrases
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ANSWERS: Periodical Articles:

What Should Be Included?

APA Style Depends on the type of Author(s).

Article title.
periodical: Journal,
Magazine, or Newspaper (Publication date in parenthesis.).
But they generally require Periodical title (journal, magazine)
italicized.
this information Volume # italicized, (Issue # in
MLA Style parentheses),
Page numbers of the article.
Digital Object Identifier or URL preceded
by the phrase, “Retrieved from” (w/o
Chicago quotation marks)

Style
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What Should Be Included?

Journal Articles
Articles
Journal article with doi:
Author(s). Farley, H. W., Long, H., Close, G., &
Short, M. Farley, H. W., Long, H., & Short, M. (2008). The scientific case for modern anthropogenic causes for
(Date of publication.). (2008). enlarged prostate due to childhood enuresis in adult males. Monthly Review, 60(3), 68-90.
Article title. The scientific case for modern anthropogenic
causes for enlarged prostate due to childhood Issue # in parentheses
doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116.
enuresis in adult males. Dates: For journals, year; for magazine, month and if applicable,
Magazine:
week; for daily newspaper, date. Note Formats: YYYY, MMM, DD.
Manthorpe, C, Womening, M., Evadam, J., & Biternatura, L. (2009, May). "Feminists look at the scienc
Monthly Review
of enuretic doppelgangers. New Scientist 85(3), 29-31. Periodical titles in italics
Periodical title (journal, magazine,
newspaper) Italicized. Newspaper: Volume numbers in italics
Volume #(Issue #), 60(3),
Page #. 68-90. Tilgham, S. M. (2009, September 30). Science vs. women--a radical solution. New York Times, pp. F1,

Digital Object Identifier. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.122.116. F5.

In a newspaper article reference, use “pp.” if more
than one page, “p.” if only a single page.
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General Tips Internet Sources

Electronic Resources What Should Be Included?
Digital Object Identifier (doi): Imperative that you include the doi if it’s
Author(s), if available: Woo, C., & Hwang, D.
available
(Date electronic (2010).
e.g., doi:10.3598.23444/k8iei.777 (no period at the end) publication was last
updated.). Adjunctive behaviors in enuretic
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): If the doi is not available, use the URL preschoolers.
(begins with “http:”) preceded by the phrase “Retrieved from”
Title of the document.
In S. Sue (Ed.), The Stanford
Title of scholarly project, encyclopedia of philosophy (Fall 2010
e.g., Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com (no period at the end) database, periodical, or ed.).

website.
Database: Generally not necessary to identify, unless the database is Retrieved from
URL address http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behavi
archival (e.g., JSTOR, ERIC) oralism

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Websites Electronic Articles

Joyce, J., Dedalus, S., Bloom, L., & Bloom, M. (2009). Chiastic structure and
Journal:
its affect on Mobius strips, Escher prints, and enuretic behaviors of gimpy
gertys. HyperJoyce Studies. Hypermedia Joyce Studies, 10. Retrieved from
http://hjs.ff.cuni.cz/main/essays.php?essay=joyce
Laurance, A. R. A. B. (2008). Can carbon-

laundering save bedsheets? Bioscience, 58(4),

Yee, P., & Yee, K. (2008). Climatological impacts on and fractal patterns of
286-87. doi:10.2010.1492/cc.3shps Volume #(Issue#),
urinal stains. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from page numbers

http://www.epa.gov
No period
Digital Object Identifier
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Electronic Articles, Cont.. Electronic Books

Date article was published Electronic versions of print book:

Newspaper: Salty, J. (2009). Bed-time stories for bedwetters: Putting a cork in it [10th ed.]. doi:

10.1036/00713393722 Info re: editions, volume numbers, page numbers go

in brackets followed by a period
Ball, J. N., Chain, A., & Bonds, B. (2008, October 9). “Warmer climates a
Sweet, W. (2010). Kicking the bedwetting habit: What it takes to dry up [Rev. ed.].

determinant in free-flow enuretic behaviors.” Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A5. Retrieved from http://www.netlibrary.com

Electronic-only book:

Trojan, S. C. (n.d.). Creating a climate for change: Communicating change and

Source in italics
facilitating social change. Retrieved from http://www.googlebooks.com/itemID=456
If only a single page, use “p.”; if continuous pages, use
hyphen, e.g., A1-A5
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Other Sources Other Sources

What Should Be Included?

Technical reports:
Other sources can also be used and cited Browning, R. & Barrett, E. (2006). Romantic auras and enuretic halos
(Report No. 1869). Devonshire, England.

National Institute of Mental Health. Task Force on Female Enenurism.

•Technical & research •Audiovisual media (2008). Report on the sexualization of prepubscent girls diagnosed
reports with enurism. Retreived from
•Data sets, software, http://www.nimh.gov/taskforceenurism/sexualization
•Meetings & symposia measurement instruments, and
apparatus
•Doctoral dissertations & Meetings & symposia, published proceedings:
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