 Economic evaluation of ESS

 Standards and safety of ESS

 Commercial and industrial application
 Grid storage battery development
 Alternate battery technology
 Solid state lithium ion battery
 Battery packing system
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Energy Storage Systems

By
Romil Kumar
 Background of storage system
Storage is an essential unit that stores unstable electric
energy during wind and photovoltaic power generation,
which is sharply growing new renewable energy, and
supplies unstable energy to electric power system again
in necessary moment.
If there is no such energy storage unit, any kinds of
serious problems like sudden blackout occurs because of
unstable sunlight-dependent electricity supply.
This Storage takes an important part in the electricity
storage systems for households, the medium-size system
for industrial/commercial use, and the extra-large system
for power plants and substations like Frequency
Regulations
 Electrical energy storage (EES)
 Electrical energy storage (EES) has recently experienced a
strong increase in interest, driven by the growth of
distributed energy resources and renewable energy
sources.
 EES is based on processes which convert energy to a
storable form and convert it back to electricity when
required.
 EES is considered as a complementary technology to
distributed generation technologies and renewable energy
resources, as it allows to balance load and intermittent,
variable generation as well as secures power supply and
quality .
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 Classification of Storage systems
 Storage systems for electrical energy can be broadly
categorized into two groups:
 1. Storage systems for power applications--
have typically high power ratings
have very short reaction times.
their energy capacity is usually limited.
They are therefore mostly installed for power quality or
reliability purposes.
 2. Storage systems for energy applications–
can store energy for longer times
but lack short-term power ratings and flexibility.
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 many storage technologies fall somewhere in between
and can be counted to either group, depending on their
design and configuration.
 Another classification of storage : According to its scale
of implementation ranging from small- to medium- to
large-scale installations.
However, this approach ignores that several storage
technologies can easily be scaled to desired capacity.
 Another classification of storage : EES can be classified
according to how energy is stored. devices using
mechanical, electrical, electro-chemical and chemical
storage
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Storage technologies

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 Mechanical Storage—
 Mechanical storage systems use electricity to create
mechanical energy, such as potential or kinetic energy.
 This energy can then be converted back to electric
energy when required.
 Commercially available systems are:
-- pumped hydro-electrical storage systems,
-- compressed air storage systems
-- flywheels.

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 Pumped storage

 A pumped storage hydro power plant may store huge energy by

pumping water from a lower reservoir to a higher pond. In a pumped
storage hydro plant, we usually make the height of the reservoir equal to
a small hill and at bottom a cavity is made so that water may not run
away downward.
 Water is pumped during off-peak times and may be utilized to generate
electricity. Other innovations may store electricity in small quantity but
pumped storage hydro power plant may store electricity in Megawatts
(MW) or even Gigawatts(GW).
 Flywheel energy storage
 Flywheel energy storage systems are one of energy storage
devices.
 They store energy mechanically in flywheel rotor by rotating rotor
while as chemical batteries stores energy electrically. When we
want to use stored energy in rotor, a generator is used to convert
mechanical energy to electrical energy.
 The flywheel system is a very efficient energy storage device, it can
be used for various applications.
Flywheel systems are not sensitive to temperature since
they are operating in a vacuum containment. Therefore, the
hybrid vehicle with flywheel systems can run without any
problem at very cold or hot areas. And, flywheel systems
can store more energy per system weight compared to
chemical batteries,

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 Electrical Storage–
 As opposed to mechanical storage systems,
-- supercapacitors
-- superconducting magnetic storage systems
do not use any intermediate form of energy and hence do
not require converting stored energy to electric energy.

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 Supercapacitors
 Supercapacitors store electricity directly by accumulating
positive and negative charges.
--Response times are very fast as no conversion is required.
-- Supercapacitors have long lifetimes (8-10 years)
-- high efficiencies (about 95%)
-- high power densities (10 000 W/kg)
-- long cycle lifetimes.
However, high self-discharge losses and low energy
capacities limit their application potential to similar cases as
flywheels.

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 Superconducting Magnetic Energy
Storage:
Superconducting magnetic energy storage stores electricity in
a magnetic field, generated by DC flowing through a
superconducting material. This advanced systems store
energy within a magnet and release it within a fraction of
a cycle.
-- It requires substantial energy itself for cooling and
becoming superconducting
-- have high efficiencies (about 97%)
-- very quick reaction times with high charging & discharging
power ratings
-- unlimited cycle lifetime.
--Technology is very costly, generates strong magnetic fields.
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 Superconducting Magnetic Energy
Storage
 Application
 As energy density is low, superconducting magnetic
energy storage installations are used for voltage stability
and power quality issues.

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 Electro-Chemical Storage
 Electro-chemical storages are used in household devices in
the form of batteries.
 Batteries are EES that store electricity through a
reversible chemical reaction. This reaction takes place in
an electro-chemical cell, which usually consists of two
electrodes and an electrolyte material.
 Individual cells can be arranged to obtain desired power
and energy capacity.
 EES for electric vehicles advanced battery technologies for
medium to large-scale systems and smart-grid.
 Improvements of technical characteristics, efficiency,
reliability and cost have been researched.
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Batteries

Batter
Battery y
working

Battery
 Lead-Acid, Nickel-Cadmium and Nickel-
Metal Hybrid Batteries

 Lead-acid batteries:
--oldest battery type , very mature ,wide-spread technology.
-- batteries have an efficiency of 65-80% and considerable
self-discharge rates.
-- Their Lead-acid Cell lifetime is typically 500-2000 cycles
-- versatility, low cost and high reliability.
Drawbacks :
-- they usually require regular maintenance,
-- have comparably low energy densities (30-50 Wh/kg),
-- long charging times and can emit explosives gases.
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 Application of Lead-acid batteries:
 Lead-acid batteries are used in a wide range of
applications, both in small-scale installations for power
back-up as well as in large-scale installations for grid
support

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 nickel-cadmium batteries
 As compared to lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium
batteries have longer life expectancy (2000-2500 cycles),
 a higher energy density (50-70 Wh/kg)
 lower maintenance requirements.
 However, due to toxic nature of cadmium, they were
banned for most uses in European Union.
 In addition, nickel-cadmium batteries should be fully
discharged before next subsequent charge cycle to avoid
a ―memory effect‖, which reduces battery capacity.
 Their usage in combination with intermittent energy
resources therefore requires additional battery
management techniques. 20
 Nickel-Metal hybrid batteries
 These demonstrate an improved performance against
lead-acid and nickelcadmium batteries.
 In addition,they lack environmental toxic components

lead and cadmium.

Drawbacks:
their higher energy density 25-40% must be weighed
against their higher self-discharge rate, which makes
them unsuitable for long-term storage

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 Lithium-Ion Batteries
 Lithium-ion batteries are dominating market for small,
portable electronic devices. They have
-- even higher energy density (up to 2000 Wh/kg),
--long lifetimes (more than 3 000 cycles),
-- very low self-discharge rates,
-- high power-ratings
--reach efficiencies of 95%.
Drawbacks :
-- their high costs
Due to their characteristics, lithium-ion batteries are used
in electric vehicles and small installations despite their high
capital cost. 22
 Sodium-Sulfur and Sodium-Nickel
Batteries
 Sodium-sulfur batteries require an operating temperature
of about 300-350°C.
 Besides this demanding requirement and associated high
energy usage to keep battery at this temperature, they
exhibit many desirable features:
-- a lifetime of 2500 cycles
-- high power density (150-240 Wh/kg)
-- good efficiency (75-90%)
However, sodium-sulfur batteries have high capital cost.

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 Flow Batteries
 Like regular batteries, flow batteries store energy through
a reversible chemical reaction. Their operation is however
more comparable to a rechargeable fuel cell.
 A liquid electrolyte is pumped through a cell stack, where
an ion exchange takes place, converting chemical energy
to electricity and vice versa. As the liquid electrolyte can
be stored externally, a flow battery can be efficiently
scaled, both in terms of power (by adding additional cell
stacks) as well as in terms of energy (increasing the
volume of the electrolyte liquid).

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 Flow Batteries
 Features of Flow batteries
-- operate at ambient temperature
-- experience no self-discharge
Drawback:
-- require a complex operating system as compared to
regular batteries.

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 Flow Batteries
-- have lifetime expectancies of about 10-15 years .
Commercially available representatives are
--vanadium redox batteries ( efficiency up to 85%) and
--zincbromine batteries (about 75% efficient)

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 Regenerative fuel cell storage
 A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that
converts a source fuel (from combustible
substances such as hydrogen, methane,
propane, and methanol) into an electric
current.
 A fuel cell is a device that generates
electricity by a chemical reaction. Every fuel
cell has two electrodes, one positive and
one negative, called, respectively, the
anode and cathode. The reactions that
produce electricity take place at the
electrodes.
 Hydrogen is the basic fuel, but fuel cells also require
oxygen. One great appeal of fuel cells is that they
generate electricity with very little pollution—much of the
hydrogen and oxygen used in generating electricity
ultimately combine to form a harmless byproduct, namely
water.


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continue…

Compressed air energy storage

•Energy from solar or wind and

even electricity from thermal
power plant during off-peak
period may be utilized to
compress air by compressor and
same air may be utilized to
produce electricity during peak-
hour.
•Compressed air energy storage
is done in underground caverns
and abandoned mines.
 THANKS

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