EXPERIMENT NO.

01 & 02

1. AIM: To Study of lab equipments and components: CRO, Multimeter, Function Generator,
Power supply- Active, and Passive Components & Bread Board.
2. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Apparatus / Software Used Specification Quantity

1. CRO 1
2. Function Generator 1
3. Multimeter 1
4. Resistance & Capacitance 1
5. Power supply & Bread Board 1

3. THEORY:
CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)
The oscilloscope is one of the most important electronic instruments available for making circuit
measurements. It displays a curve plot of time-varying voltage on the oscilloscope screen. The
oscilloscope provided with Multisim Electronics Workbench is a dual trace oscilloscope that
looks and acts like a real oscilloscope. A dual trace oscilloscope allows the user to display and
compare two time-varying voltages at one time.
The controls on the oscilloscope are as follows:
1. The TIME BASE control adjusts the time scale on the horizontal axis in time per division
when Y/T is selected. When B/A is selected, the horizontal axis no longer represents time. The
horizontal axis now represents the voltage on the channel A input and vertical axis represents the
voltage on channel B input. When A/B is selected, the horizontal axis represents the voltage on
the channel B input and the vertical axis represents the voltage on the channel A input. The
X_POS control determines the horizontal position where the curve plot begins.
2. The CHANNEL A control adjusts the volts per division on the vertical axis for the channel A
curve plot. The Y-POS control determines the vertical position of the channel A curve plot
relative to the horizontal axis. Selecting AC places a capacitance between the channel A vertical
input and the circuit testing point. Selecting “0” connects channel A vertical input to ground.
3. The CHANNEL B control adjusts the volts per division of the vertical axis for the channel B
curve plot. The Y-POS determines the vertical position of the channel B curve plot relative to the
horizontal axis. Selecting AC places a capacitance between the channel B vertical input and the
circuit test point. Selecting “0” connects the channel B vertical input to ground.
4. The trigger settings control the conditions under which a curve plot is triggered (begins to
display). Triggering can be internal (based on one of the input signals) or external (based on a
signal applied to the oscilloscope external trigger input). With internal triggering AUTO, A, or
B. If A is selected, the curve plot will be triggered by channel A input signal. If |B is selected, the
curve plot will be triggered by channel B input signal. If you expect a flat input waveshape or
you want the curve plot displayed as soon as possible, select AUTO. The display can be set to
start on positive or negative slope of the input by selecting the appropriate EDGE selection. The
trigger LEVEL control determines the voltage level of the input signal waveform, in divisions on
the vertical axis, before the waveform will begin to display.

Function Generator
The function generator is a voltage source that supplies different time-varying voltage functions.
The Multisim Electronics Workbench can supply sine wave, square wave, and
triangular wave voltage functions. The wave shape, frequency, amplitude, duty cycle, and dc
offset can be easily changed. It has three voltage output terminals. Connect the COM terminal
to ground symbol. The +ve terminal provides output voltage that is positive with respect to
the COM terminal and the –ve terminal proves an output voltage that is negative with respect
to the COM terminal.
The controls on the function generator are as follows:
1. You can select a wave shape by clicking the appropriate wave shape on the top of the function
generator.
2. The frequency control allows you adjust the frequency of the output voltage up to 999 MHz.
Click up or down arrow to adjust the frequency, or click the frequency box and type the desired
frequency.
3. The AMPLITUDE control allows you to adjust the amplitude of the output voltage measured
from the reference level (common) to peak level. The peak to peak value is twice the amplitude
setting.
4. The OFFSET control adjusts the dc level of the voltage curve generated by the function
generator. An offset of 0 positions the curve plot along the x-axis with an equal positive and
negative voltage setting. A positive offset raises the curve plot above the x-axis and a negative
offset lowers the curve plot below the x-axis.

Multimeter
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic
measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical
multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance.
Multimeters may use analog or digital circuits—analog multimeters (AMM) and digital
multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.) Analog instruments are usually based on a
microammeter whose pointer moves over a scale calibrated for all the different measurements
that can be made; digital instruments usually display digits, but may display a bar of a length
proportional to the quantity being measured. A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for
basic fault finding and field service work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very
high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of
industrial and household devices such as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic
appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.

Power Supply

A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to one or more electric loads. The term
is most commonly applied to devices that convert one form of electrical energy to another,
though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (mechanical, chemical,
solar) to electrical energy. A regulated power supply is one that controls the output voltage or
current to a specific value; the controlled value is held nearly constant despite variations in either
load current or the voltage supplied by the power supply's energy source.

Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it
consumes while performing that task, from an energy source
Active Elements & Passive Elements
"The elements within a circuit will either control the flow of electric energy or respond to it.
Those elements which control the flow of electric energy are known as active elements and those
which dissipate or store the electric energy are passive elements."

"The three linear passive elements are the Resistor, the Capacitor and the Inductor. Examples of
non-linear passive devices would be diodes, switches and spark gaps. Examples of active devices
are Transistors, Triacs, Varistors, Vacuum Tubes, relays, solenoids and piezo electric devices."

Bread Board
A breadboard (protoboard) is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. The term is
commonly used to refer to solderless breadboard (plugboard). Because the solderless breadboard
does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating temporary
prototypes and experimenting with circuit design.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Study of lab equipments- CRO, Multimeter, Function Generator, Power supply- Active, and
Passive Components & Bread Board has been studied successfully.
5. PRE EXPERIMENT Q.B:

Q1. What is CRO?

Ans. The oscilloscope is one of the most important electronic instruments available for making
circuit measurements. It displays a curve plot of time-varying voltage on the oscilloscope screen.

Q2. What do you mean by active element and passive element ?

Ans. "The elements within a circuit will either control the flow of electric energy or respond to
it. Those elements which control the flow of electric energy are known as active elements and
those which dissipate or store the electric energy are passive elements."

6. POST EXPERIMENT Q.B:

Q1. What is multimeter?

Ans. A multimeter also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring
instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may
include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance.

Q2. What is function generator?

Ans. The function generator is a voltage source that supplies different time-varying voltage
functions. The Multisim Electronics Workbench can supply sine wave, square wave, and
triangular wave voltage functions. The wave shape, frequency, amplitude, duty cycle, and dc
offset can be easily changed. It has three voltage output terminals.