BRIEF HISTORY OF BASKETBALL:

Basketball was invented in 1891 by Dr James Naismith, a Canadian of Scottish descent at Springfield
College Massachusetts. The college was the International YMCA Training School and the game was
invented to provide an indoor activity for trainee YMCA leaders. When the game was first played, peach
baskets were nailed up at each end of the gymnasium as “goals”, hence the origin of the name
“basketball”.

The first set of rules was published and distributed through the YMCA movement in 1892 and this
resulted in the game spreading rapidly throughout Canada and the USA. 1892 also saw the game played
in England for the first time at Birkenhead YMCA after the Club President was the game played whilst on
a business trip to Canada. In 1893 the game was introduced into the Physical Training College in
Hampstead (now Dartford College of PE) by Madame Berman Osterberg. Changes to the game to suit
the girls led to the first rules of netball being published in 11901.

By 1898 a professional league was established in the USA and by 1911 basketball had spread throughout
the UK as a sport. In 1924 it was introduced as a demonstration sport at the Paris Olympic Games and
Great Britain won the title. 1927 saw Abe Saperstein a Londoner from the world famous Harlem
Globetrotters and in 1931 FIBA the International Basketball Federation was formed with a Welshman as
its first secretary.

The England Basketball Association was formed in 1936, 13 years before the NBA was formed in
America, and by 1957 the English Schools Basketball Association was formed. The 1970’s saw the
introduction of both men’s and women’s national leagues in the UK, and by 1999, 219 teams were
entered in the over 16 national leagues with almost 100 competing at under 15 levels. By 1990 there
were 117 member countries in FIBA making basketball the second largest of all the world’s governing
bodies and also the world’s fastest growing and largest participation sport.

To date there are 212 member countries worldwide, whilst in the UK alone there are over 500,000
people who regularly participate in recreational basketball and it has become increasingly common to
find the sport as part of the curriculum in schools at all levels. It is also used widely as a community
activity as anyone of any age or gender can participate. Basketball is now included in the
Commonwealth Games and the sport in general received a lot of coverage when the GB wheelchair
team performed very successfully in the Paralympics recently, proving that it is a sport that is accessible
and playable by all.

EQUIPMENT AND FACILTIES IN BASKETBALL

Basketball Court- The size of the court depends on the playing level. The size of the court for NBA and
College games is 94 feet long and 50 feet wide. It is smaller for High School and Junior High.

The Backboard and Rim- The regulation height above the ground for the rim (hoop) is 10 feet, and the
rim is 18 inches in diameter. Backboards are 6 feet wide (72 inches) by 42 inches tall, with the inner
square being 24 inches wide by 18 inches tall.

The Foul Line- For all size courts the 'foul line' is 15 feet in front of the backboard.
The key- is 12 feet wide, and is the same for all basketball courts. The backboard extends 4 feet out over
the baseline into the key. A half circle of diameter 6 foot extends from the foul line away from the
basket to complete the key.

The 3 Point Line (Arc)- For NBA Basketball Courts the 3 point arc is 22 feet to the center of the rim on
the sides with a straight line extending out 16 feet 9 inches from the baseline. Past those points the line
extends out 23 feet 9 inches from the center of the rim.

Line Markings- All line markings on the floor are 2 inches wide and can vary in color.

Basket- A hoop or basket with net around its circumference and of 18 inch diameter is firmly hung
horizontally from a rectangular backboard of 3.5 feet height and 6 feet width on either sides of the
court. The rim of the hoop is 10 feet above the ground. The backboard in various international
competitions is transparent for better visibility.

Ball- Basketball is an orange-colored and rough-textured spherical ball with black contours usually made
of leather or composite tough materials.The ball is bounced continuously (dribbling), thrown through
the air to other players (passing), and towards the basket (shooting). So a typical basketball must be very
durable and easy to hold on to.

Game clock- that makes a beep at the end of each period. Some also show the shot clock countdown.
Sometimes, the back boards have bordering lights that light up and indicate that a period is about to
end.

BASIC SKILLS IN PLAYING BASKETBALL:

Dribbling- is the process by which the player has to move th basketball around the court. A player
cannot walk around the court with the ball or else this will be deemed a traveling violation.

Shooting- is the only skill that directly involves scoring points. Whether a player shoots a lay up or a
three pointer it is all encompassed in the idea of shooting or scoring the basketball.

Defense- is the skill that envolves the most effort and athleticism as the goal is to prevent the other
team fron getting good shooting and scoring chances.

Rebounding- is the process of controlling missed shots on both the offensive and defensive ends.
Controlling the most missed shots leads to more shooting opportunities and generally allows a team to
score more points.

Passing- is the other option to move the ball around the court outside of dribbling.

Process of Playing 3 on 3

Court and ball- The game of 3x3 is played on a half court with one basket. A regular 3x3 court playing
surface in official competitions is approximately 49' wide x 36' deep (15 meters x 11 meters), with
regular basketball court markings, including a 19-foot (5.8 meters) free throw line, a 22-foot (6.75
meters) 2-point line, and a “no-charge semi-circle” area underneath the one basket. Half of a traditional
basketball court may be used.

Teams- Each team shall consist of 4 players (3 players on the court and 1 substitute).

Game officials- The game shall consist of 1 or 2 referees and time/score keepers.

Beginning of the game

4.1. Both teams shall warm-up simultaneously prior to the game.

4.2. A coin flip shall determine which team gets the first possession. The team that wins the coin flip can
either choose to benefit from the ball possession at the beginning of the game or at the beginning of a
potential overtime.

4.3. The game must start with three players on the court.

5 Scoring

5.1. Every successful shot inside the arc shall be awarded 1 point.

5.2. Every successful shot behind the arc shall be awarded 2 points.

5.3. Every successful free throw shall be awarded 1 point.

Playing time/Winner of a game

6.1. The regular playing time shall be as follows: one period of 10 minutes playing time. The clock shall
be stopped during dead ball situations and free throws. The clock shall be restarted after the exchange
of the ball is completed (as soon as it is in the offensive team’s hands).

6.2. The first team to score 21 points or more wins the game if it happens before the end of regular
playing time. This rule applies to regular playing time only (not in a potential overtime).

6.3. If the score is tied at the end of playing time, an extra period of time will be played. There shall be a
break of 1 minute before the overtime starts. The first team to score 2 points in the overtime wins the
game.

6.4. A team shall lose the game by forfeit if at the scheduled starting time the team is not present on the
playing court with 3 players ready to play. In case of a forfeit, the game score is marked with w-0 or 0-w
(“w” standing for win).

6.5. A team shall lose by default if it leaves the court before the end of the game or all the players of the
team are injured and/or disqualified. In case of a default situation, the winning team can choose to keep
its score or have the game forfeited, while in either case the defaulting team's score is set to 0.

6.6. A team losing by default or a forfeit will be disqualified from the competition.

Fouls/Free throws

7.1. A team is in a penalty situation after it has committed 6 fouls. After a team has reached 9 team
fouls, any subsequent foul will be considered technical. For the avoidance of doubt, players are not
excluded based on the number of personal fouls subject to art. 15.
7.2. Fouls during the act of shooting inside the arc shall be awarded 1 free throw, whilst fouls during the
act of shooting behind the arc shall be awarded 2 free throws.

7.3. Fouls during the act of shooting followed by a successful field goal shall be awarded 1 additional
free throw.

7.4. Team fouls 7, 8 and 9 shall always be awarded with 2 free throws. The 10th and any subsequent
team foul as well as technical and unsportsmanlike fouls will be always awarded with 2 free throws and
ball possession. This clause is applied also to fouls during the act of shooting and overrules 7.2 and 7.3.

7.5. Possession is kept after the last free throw derived from an unsportsmanlike or technical foul and
the game shall continue with an exchange of the ball behind the arc at the top of the court.

How the ball is played

8.1. Following each successful field goal or last free throw (ex article 7.5):

A player from a non-scoring team will resume the game by dribbling or passing the ball from inside the
court directly underneath the basket (not from behind the end line) to a place on the court behind the
arc.

The defensive team is not allowed to play for the ball in the “no-charge semi-circle area” underneath the
basket.

8.2. Following each unsuccessful field goal or last free throw (ex article 7.5):

If the offensive team rebounds the ball, it may continue to attempt to score without returning the ball
behind the arc.

If the defensive team rebounds or steals the ball, it must return the ball behind the arc (by passing or
dribbling).

8.3. Possession of the ball given to either team following any dead ball situation shall start with an
exchange of the ball (between the defensive and the offensive player) behind the arc at the top of the
court.

8.4. A player is considered to be “behind the arc” when neither of his feet are inside nor stepping on the
arc.

8.5. In the event of a jump ball situation, the defensive team shall be awarded the ball.

Stalling

9.1. Stalling or failing to play actively (i.e. not attempting to score) shall be a violation.

9.2. If the court is equipped with a shot clock, a team must attempt a shot within 12 seconds. The clock
shall start as soon as the ball is in the offensive players’ hands (following the exchange with the
defensive player or after a successful field goal underneath the basket).

Substitutions
Substitutions can be done by any team when the ball becomes dead, prior to the check-ball. The
substitute can enter the game after his teammate steps off the court and establishes a physical contact
with him. Substitutions can only take place behind the end line opposite the basket and substitutions
require no action from the referees or table officials.

Time-outs

One 30-second time-out is granted to each team. A player can call the time-out in a dead ball situation.

Protest procedure

In case a team believes its interests have been adversely affected by a decision of an official or by any
event that took place during a game, it must proceed in the following manner:

1. A player of that team shall sign the score sheet immediately at the end of the game and before the
referee signs it.

2. Within 30 minutes, the team should present a written explanation of the case, as well as a security
deposit of 200 USD to the Sports Director. If the protest is accepted, then the security deposit is
refunded.

3. Video materials may be used only to decide if a last shot for a field goal at the end of the game was
released during playing time and/or whether that shot for a field goal counts for 1 or 2 points.

Standings of teams

Both in pools and in overall competition standings, the following classification rules apply. If teams are
tied after the first step, refer to the next one – and so on.

1. Most wins (or win ratio in case of unequal number of games in inter-pool comparison);

2. Head-to-head confrontation (only taking win/loss into account and applies within a pool only);

3. Most points scored in average (without considering winning scores of forfeits).

If teams are still tied after those three steps, the one(s) with the highest seeding win(s) the tie-breaker.

5 on 5 in basketball

Players, Substitutes and Equipment

A game shall be played with four (4) or five (5) players

Official Game = 4-5 players present

Forfeit = less than 4 players present

One of the five (5) players shall be the captain. The captain is the representative of his/her team and is
the only team member who may address an official on matters of interpretation or to obtain essential
information, and must be done in a courteous manner. Any player may address an official to request a
time-out or permission to leave the court.
Rosters

Rosters are subject to change up until the start of the first game. After tournament play has begun, only
players on the roster will be allowed to play.

Only the names of those players present at game time are allowed to appear on the scorecard. There is
no penalty to sign up names on the scorecard late, but you must have the name on before the player
enters the game. That player(s) must have their ID checked by the IM staff before he/she plays. If this
procedure is not followed, the player will receive a technical foul.

Substitutions

A substitute who desires to enter shall report to mid-court. The substitute shall remain outside the
boundary until an official beckons him/her, whereupon he/she shall enter immediately. If the substitute
enters to replace a player who must attempt a free throw, he/she shall withdraw until the next
opportunity to substitute.

A player who has been withdrawn or directed to leave the game shall not re-enter before the next
opportunity to substitute after the clock has been properly started following his/her replacement.

A player who has been injured to the extent that the coach or any other bench personnel is beckoned
and/or comes onto the court shall be directed to leave the game.

A player who is bleeding or has an open wound, or has an excessive amount of blood on his/her uniform
shall be directed to leave the game.

A player who has been determined unconscious shall not return to play in the game without written
authorization from a physician.

Substitutes may enter the court during any dead ball after getting the official’s attention. Running onto
the court without permission of either official will result in a technical foul.

Fouls/Free-throws

Foul: Is an infraction of the rules that is charged and is penalized.

A personal foul is a player foul, which involves illegal contact with an opponent while the ball is alive or
committed by or an airborne shooter when the ball is dead.

A common foul is a personal or technical foul designed to stop or keep the clock from starting to
neutralize an opponent’s obvious advantageous position, contact away from the ball or when not
playing the ball.

A flagrant foul may be a personal or technical foul of a violent or savage nature, or technical noncontact
foul which displays unacceptable conduct. It may or may not be intentional.

A technical foul is:

1. A foul by a nonplayer.

2. A noncontact foul by a player.

3. An intentional or flagrant contact foul while the ball is dead, except a foul by an airborne shooter

Scoring and Timing Regulations

Absolutely no protests will be allowed over scoring. Each team must have someone to monitor the score
or accept the consequences.

The official score is the score recorded on the score sheet.

A goal is made when a live ball enters the basket from above and remains in or passes through. No goal
is scored if an untouched throw-in goes through the basket. Whether the clock is running or stopped has
no influence on the counting of a goal. If a player control foul occurs after a goal, the goal is canceled.

A successful try from the field by a player who is located behind the 19-foot, 9-inch line counts three (3)
points.

Any other goal from the field counts two (2) points for the team into whose basket the ball is thrown.

Playing Time

A game will consist of two halves of twenty minutes each. The clock will stop only for team and officials’
timeouts during the first 18 minutes of each half. In the last 2 minutes of each half, the clock will be
stopped on all whistles.

Each half or extra period begins when the ball first becomes live. It ends when time expires, except:

1. If the ball is in flight during a try for a field goal or in flight from a tap by a player toward his/her
basket, the half or extra period ends when the try or tap ends.

2. If a held ball or violations occur so near the expiration of time that the clock is not stopped before
time expires, the half or extra period ends with the held ball or violation.

3. If a foul occurs:

A. So near the expiration of time that the timer cannot get the clock stopped before time expires

B. After time expires but while the ball is in flight during a try for field goal.

C. After time expires but while the ball is in flight on a tap by a player toward his/her basket.

The half or extra period ends when the free throw(s) and all related activity have been completed. No
penalty or part of a penalty carries over from one quarter (half) or extra period to the next.

If a technical foul occurs after the ball has become dead to end a half, the next half or an extra period is
started by administering the free throws. This applies when the foul occurs after the first half has ended
and after the second half has ended, provided there is to be an extra period. If there is no way to
determine whether there will be an extra period until the free throws are administered, the free throws
are attempted immediately, as if the foul had been part of the preceding half.

Compare and Contrast the amateur and professional rules and regulations
 Based on my research Amateur basketball tends to hold to different rules and regulations fron the
Professional basketball , but the main facets of the game remains the same. For me, Professional
basketball have a stricter rules than the amateur. The amateur basketball, as opposed to the
professional ranks, also possesses strict rules to which the universities, players, and coaches must
adhere by.If these entities fail to follow the rules, they stand a good chance of facing harsh punishments.
These punishments can range anywhere from fines and player suspensions to probation banning the
school from postseason play. Such rules do not exist in professional basketball.