GOVT.

POLYTECHNICCOLLEGE,MATTANUR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

WORKSHOP PRACTICE
SUBJECT CODE : 2008

CARPENTRY
 CARPENTRY

INTRODUCTION

Carpentry may be defined as the process of making wooden components. It

starts from a marketable form of wood and ends with finished products. Its
deals with the building work, furniture, cabinet making. Etc. joinery, i.e.,
preparation of joints is one of the important operations in all woodworks. It
deals with the specific work of carpenter like making different types of joints to
form a finished product.
Timber is the name given to wood obtained from exogenous (outward growing)
trees. In these trees, the growth is outward from the centre, by adding almost
concentric layers of fresh wood every year known as annual rings. After the full
growth, these trees are cut and sawed to convert into rectangular sections of
various sizes for engineering purposes.

CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBER
According to the manner of growth of trees, timber can be classified as
i) Exogenous or out ward growing
ii) Endogenous or in ward growing
CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
The timber used for commercial purposes can he divided into two classes
as soft wood and hard wood
a.Soft wood
A soft wood is light in weight and light colored. They may have distinct
annual rings but the medullar rays (radial lines) are not visible and the color of
the sap wood (outer layers) is not distinctive from the heart wood (inner
layers). These woods cannot resist stresses developed across their fibers;
hence, not suitable for wood working.
b.Hard wood
In this type of wood the annual rings are compact and thin and the
medullar rays (radial lines) are Visible in most cases. Hard woods are nearly
equally strong both along and across the fibers. Hard wood is the material used
for wood working.
STRUCTURE OF THE TREE
The stucture of exogenous tree shown in figure .Brief description of each
parts is given below.
1. Pitch: The pitch or medulla is the innermost central portion or core of the
tree.
2. Heartwood:It consist of the inner annual rings round the pitch.
3. Sapwood: The outer annual rings between heartwood and cambium layer is
known as the sapwood.
4. Cambium layer:The thin layer below the bark.
5. Inner bark or bast: It is the inner skin or layer covering the cambium
layer.
6. Outer bark or cortex: It consist of wood fibre and is the outermost
cover.
7. Annual ring:The annual ring consist of cellular tissue and wood fibre
arranged in distinct concentric circle or ring round the pith generally one in
year.
8.medullary rays: These are the thin radial fibres extending from pith to
cambium layer.

DEFECT IN TIMBERS

In all kind of timbers several natural defects occur.Following are the

most common defects.
1.heart shake
2.Star shake
3.Cup shake or ring shake
4.Radial shake
5.Wind cracks
6.Knots
SEASONING

Seasoning of wood carried out for removing the sap and reducing the
moisture content. Presence of sap and moisture will render the wood
unsuitable for engineering works due to uneven shrinkage, crack, wrapping
and decay.

Different methods of seasoning

1. Air seasoning or Natural seasoning

2. Water seasoning
3. Electrical seasoning
4. Kiln seasoning

CARPENTRY TOOLS

The principle hand tools used in a carpentry workshop can be classified into

I. MARKING AND MEASURING TOOLS

1. Steel rule and Steel tape

2. Try square

3. Bevel square

4. Marking gauge
II. HOLDING TOOLS

1. Carpenters’ bench vice

2. G –clamp

3. Hand screw

4. Bar cramp or Sash clamp

III. PLANING TOOLS

1. Jack plane

2. Smoothing plane

3. Rebate plane

4. Plough plane

IV. CUTTING TOOLS

A. SAWS

1Cross cut saw or hand saw 3. Tennon saw or back saw

2. Rip saw 4. Compass saw

B. CHISEL

1. Firmer chisel 3. Mortise chisel

2. Bevel edge firmer chisel

V. DRILLING AND BORING TOOLS

1. Hand drill 3. Gimlet

2. Auger 4. Carpenter’s Brace or Ratchet

brace
VI. MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS

1. Mallet 4. Wood rasp file

2. Pincer 5. Bradawl

3. Claw hammer 6. Screw driver

 DESCRIPTION OF TOOLS

I. MEASURING AND MARKING TOOLS

Accurate marking and measurement is very essential in carpentry work,

to produce parts to exact size. Main function is transfer dimensions to the work.
Steel rule

Steel rule is a simple measuring instrument consisting of a long, thin metal

strip with a marked scale of unit divisions.

Bevel square

The bevel square is similar to try square but has a blade that may be
swiveled to any angle from 0 to 1800.

Mortise gauge
A mortise gauge consists of two pins. In this, it is possible to adjust the
distance between the pins, to draw two parallel lines on the stock.
Marking gauge

It is a tool used to mark lines parallel to the edge of a wooden piece.

It consists of a square wooden stem with a sliding wooden stock (head) on it.
On the stem is fitted a marking pin, made of steel. The stock is set at any
desired distance from the marking point and fixed in position by a screw. It
must be ensured that the marking pin projects through the stem, about 3 mm
and the end are sharp enough to make a very fine line.

Compass and divider

Compass and divider are used for marking arcs and circles on the planed
surfaces of the wood.
Scriber or marking knife
It is used for marking on timber. It is made of steel having one end
pointed and the other end formed into a sharp cutting edge.
II. HOLDING TOOLS

Carpenter’s vice
 Carpenter’s bench vice is used as a work holding device in a carpenter
shop. It’s one jaw is fixed to the side of the table while the other is movable by
means of a screw and a handle.The Carpenter's vice jaws are lined with hard
wooden' faces.
G-clamp: It is used for holding small works on the work bench.
Bar cramp or sash cramp: It is made of steel bar of T-section, with malleable
iron fittings and a steel screw. It is used for holding wide works such as frames
or tops.
III. PLANING TOOLS

Planing is the operation used to produce flat surfaces on wood. A plane

is a hand tool used for this purpose. The cutting blade used in a plane is very
similar to a chisel.

Metal jack plane

It is the most commonly used general purpose plane. The body is made
of cast iron, gun metal or malleable iron .The blade is set at an angle of 450 to
the sole .It is available in different length.

Smoothing plane: It is used for finishing work and hence, the blade should
have a straight cutting edge. It is about 20 to 25 cm long.

Rebate plane: It is used for making a rebate. A rebate is a recess along the
edge of a piece of wood.

Plough plane:It is used to cut grooves, which are used to fix panels in a door.

IV.CUTTING TOOLS

A. Saws

A saw is used to cut wood into pieces. There are different types of saws,
designed to suit
Different purposes . A saw is specified by the length of its toothed edge.
Cross-cut or hand saw
It is used to cut across the grains of the stock. The teeth are so set that
the saw kerf will be wider than the blade thickness. This allows the blade to
move freely in the cut, without sticking.
Rip saw
It is used for cutting the stock along the grains. The cutting edge of this
saw makes a steeper
angle, i.e., about 60° whereas that of crosscut saw makes an angle of 45° with
the surface of the stock.
Tenon saw
It is used for cutting the stock either along or across the grains. It is used
for cutting tenons and in fine cabinet work. However, it is used for small and
thin cuts.

Compass saw
It has a narrow, longer and stronger tapering blade, which is used for
heavy works. It
is mostly used in radius cutting.
B. CHISELS
Chisels are used for cutting and shaping wood accurately. Wood chisels
are made in various blade widths, ranging from 3 to 50 mm. They are also
made in different blade lengths. These are made of forged steel or tool steel
blades.

Firmer chisel
The word 'firmer' means 'stronger' and hence firmer chisel is stronger
than other chisels. It is a general purpose chisel and is used either by hand
pressure or by a mallet. The blade of a firmer chisel is flat.
Dovetail chisel or Bevel edge chisel
It has a blade with a beveled back, as shown in Figure, due to which it
can enter sharp comers for finishing, as in dovetail joints.
Mortise chisel
Clawhammer
It has astriking flat face at one end and the claw at the other, as
shown in figure. The face is used to drive nails into wood and for other
striking purposes and the claw for extracting relatively large nails out of
wood.
Screwdriver
It is used for driving screws into wood or unscrewing them. The screw
driver of a carpenter is different fromthe other common types.
Woodraspfile
It is a finishing tool used to make the wood surface smooth, remove
sharp edges and finish fillets and other interior surfaces. Sharp cutting teeth
are provided on its surface for this purpose.
Bradawl
It is a hand operated tool, used to bore small holes for starting a screw
or large nail.
WOODJOINTS
There are many kinds of joints used to connect wood stock. Each joint
has a definite use and requires lay in-out, cutting themtogether. The
strength of the joint depends upon amount of contact area. If aparticular
joint does not have much contact area, then it must be reinforced with nails,
screws. Common wood joints are
1. Lap joints
2 .Mortise and Tenon joint
3. Bridle joint
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WORKSHOP PRACTICALS
1.PLAINING PRACTICE

2.CUTTING AND CHISELLING PRACTICE

3.CROSS HALVED JOINT

EX NO : 1 PLANING PRACTICE

AIM :

To practice planing.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

Wooden reaper of size 260X50X30mm.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Steel rule, Try square, Hand saw, Mallet, Carpenters bench vice, Metal jack plane,
Marking gauge, Marking knife, G-Clamp, Firmer chisel etc.

OPERATION TO BE CARRIED OUT:

Measuring, Marking, Sawing, Planing, Chiselling, Finishing.

PROCEDURE:

1. Cut a wooden reaper of size 260X50X30mm.

2. Hold the work piece in carpenters bench vice, plane and level any one of the
best side (45mm side) using metal jack plane.

3. Similarly plane and level the adjacent side perpendicular to the first side and
check it by Try square.

4. Using marking gauge, draw a line at a distance of 45mm from level side.

5. Remove the excess material by planning using metal jackplane.

6. Similarly thickness also corrected to 25mm.

7. The end portions are marked by using Try square and Marking knife. Chiselling
the marked portion by using Firmer chisel and mallet keeping the length correct to
250mm.

8. Check all dimensions and finish the work.

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EX NO : 2 SAWING AND CHISELLING PRACTICE

AIM : To practice sawing and chiselling.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

Wooden reaper of size 260X50X30mm.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Steel rule, Try square, Hand saw, Mallet, Carpenters bench vice, Metal jack plane,
Marking gauge, Marking knife, G-Clamp, Firmer chisel,cross cut saw etc.

OPERATION TO BE CARRIED OUT:

Measuring, Marking, Sawing, Planing, Chiselling, Finishing.

PROCEDURE:

1.The given reaper is checked to ensure its correct size(260X50X30mm).

2. The reaper is firmly clamped in the carpenter's vice and any two adjacent faces are
planed by the metal jack plane and the two faces are checked for squareness with the try
square.
3. Marking gauge is set and lines are drawn at 45mm and 25 mm, to mark the width and
thickness of the model respectively.
4. The excess material is planed to correct size.
5.Mark the dimensions and draw the lines as per figure using steel rule,marking gauge
and try square.
6. Using the cross-cut saw, the portions to be removed are cut and then chiselling the
excess portion to correct size using firmer chisel and mallet.
7. The ends are chiselled to the exact length of 250mm.
8. Check all dimensions and finish the work.
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EX NO : 3 CROSS HALVED JOINT

AIM : To make a Cross Halved Joint.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

Wooden reaper of size 250X50X30mm.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Steel rule, Try square, Hand saw, Mallet, Carpenters bench vice, Metal jack plane,
Marking gauge, Marking knife, G-Clamp, Firmer chisel etc.

OPERATION TO BE CARRIED OUT:

Measuring, Marking, Sawing, Planing, Chiselling, Finishing.

PROCEDURE:

1. The given reaper is checked to ensure its correct size(250X50X30mm).

2. The reaper is firmly clamped in the carpenter's vice and any two adjacent faces are
planed by the metal jack plane and the two faces are checked for squareness with the try
square.
3. Marking gauge is set and lines are drawn at 45mm and 25 mm ,to mark the width and
thickness of the model respectively.
4. The excess material is planed to correct size.
5. Cut the work piece into two pieces of length 125mm each .The ends of both the parts
are chiselled to the exact length of 120mm.
6. The mating dimensions of both the parts are marked by using steel rule ,try square
and marking gauge as in figure.
7. Using the cross-cut saw, the portions to be removed are cut into both pieces, followed
by chiselling to correct size using firmer chisel and mallet.
8. A fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that, proper fitting is obtained.
9. The parts are fitted to obtain a slightly tight joint.
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