Bs-PHID/eHos

Lesson -1
Vector

1 Scalar Triple Product:

) or or [ÄBÖ|
It is nothing but the volume of a parallelepiped generated by A, Band
If A=Aji+ Azj + A_k
B= Bi+ B2j +B3k
Þ= Cii+ Czj + Cgk
A Az A3
then B B B:
C1 C2 Cs
× C) = B(x ¢) = ( B)
Anecessary and sufficient condition for the B and C to be coplanar is that ¤.(BxC) = 0.

2 Vector Triple Product:

A× (Bx C) Parenthesis must be retained)
It is a vector.
¤x (Bx Þ) = B ÃB)
×(B× ) (ÃX(B) × Þ

3 Vector Differentiation
R(u) = a vector depending only on a single variable u.
The ordinary derivative of vector R(u) with respect to u is given by = lima-0
= limau-0 Xu+Au)-R(u)
Au if limit exists
dR is a vector in the direction of the tangent to the curve at any point.
du du

du du

(oÃ) = +A

4 Partial derivatives of vectors

IfÄ= R(, y, 2)
then limaz0X(a+Any,)-Xays)
Similarly for other variables.
Higher derivatives
 #(3)
GrÝy
-(4)
(if A has
continuous partial derivatives of second order)
A.B) = + B94

5
Differentials of vectors
If = Aji+ Azj + Ask
’ dA = dAji +
dA.B) = A.dB +dA2j
+ dA_k
B.dÃ
d¢ xB) = ¢x dB +d¢x B
If =A(T, y, z) then dÃ= A dr
+ dyAdy + dz
Problems
1. If A(t) has constant
magnitude, show that A
and are perpendicular
vided A 0. to each other pro
2. Show that A.44 =AA
3. If A>x = 0, the the vector A has a
constant magnitude.

6 Gradient
Let T = T(r,y, z)
then

dT = dr +dy + dz
dT =(+i% +#).(idr +jdy +kdz)
dT=VT dr
Here dr =(idr +jdy + kdz ) is the infinitesimal displacement vector
and VT = i + +k
This first order differential operator is called the gradient of T. It is a vector
quantity.
6.1 Geometrical interpretation of the gradient
1. Like any vector the gradient has both direction and magnitude.
2. dT= VT.dY = |VT||drl cos 0, where is the angle b/w VT and d
For a given value of ldrl, the maxinum change in T evidently occurs when 8 0 ke
 VT I| dr
Ge he magnitude VT points towards a direction along which T changes
most rapidly and the magnitude IVTI gives the slope (rate of increase) alon5
the maximal direction.

3. If dr is taken in the direction along which T = con stant , we have

dT = VT.dr = 0.
Theretore VT is perpendicular to all such direction Hence VT has a direction normal
to the surface T = constant.
Example: Electric potentialV=constant surface -cquipotential surface- E= -VW is
perpendicular to the cquipotential surfaces, E is the electric field vector.
4. lt VT=0at (,y, z), then dT = 0for small displacement about the point (T, 9, Z), then
axis a stationary point of the function T(,y, 2),
It could be maximum(summnit)
minimum(a volley)
a saddle point(a pass)
or shoulder.
surfaces for different values of constant c
5. If o(T,y, z) Ecrepresents a family of
Therefore do = V.dr = 0
=c
Therefore Vo is a vector normal to the surface (, y, z)
Vo.d.It is called direc
componenet of V% in the direction of a vector d is equal to
6. The direction of d
tional derivative of in the

P(2,0, 1)
Problems
surface a +3y + 22 = 6 at
4. Find a unit vector
normal to the =g'+y'-3 at the point (2,-1,2)
surfaces z'+y'+=9and z be orthogonal to
5. Findthe angle b/w theand b so that the surface aa- byz = (a+ 2)r will
a
6. Find the constants the point (1,-1.2).
z= 4 at
the surface 4.ru +
VF + VG
" V(F+ G) =
FVG + GVF
" V(FG) =

(ai
T + ui +zk) =-
(ul+ye+2)
Problems
ny"-f
that V,n =
7. Show

3
7 Divergence
Let A = Aji+ A2) + Azk be defued and differentiable at each point (T,y, z) in a
of space, then the divergence of A is defined by certain rego
T + +k)(Aji+ Azj + A,k)
A is a vector function in the middle (at P(x.yz) in fgure) of an infinitesimal volume with
sides dr, dy and dz parallel to the axes T,y and z.
The value of y component of the vector at the middle of the faces ABCD and EFGH are
(Az- dy) i and (Az + du) i.
Arca vector on ABCD is -drdz)
Area vector on ABCD is +drdzj

" Flux of A through the surface S is given by f A.dS

So the excess of flux leaving the elenent over that entering it in y direction is given by
(A.dS) ABCD + (A.dS) EFGH
=-(A2 - dy) dadz +(Az t dy) drdz
= OA2
dy
dudydz. directions are respectively
Similarly the contributions parallel to z and z
dAL drdydz and OAs dz dzdydz is
dz
leaving over entering or diverging from the element
The total flux
dy element is +A OA,
from per nit volume of the
Hence The total fux diverging
and dz approach zero the above
limit as the parallelepiped s1rinks to P, i.e. as dx, dy
In the divergence of the vector A:
quantity is defined as the
+
scalar.
avector function A is itself a
divergemce of
1. The meaningless.
divergence of a scalar is
2. The
spreads out or diverges from
the point in
3. V. ÄV vector A
much the
is ameasure of how
4. V.A
questiion.
 5. The positive divergence at a point in fluid means the rate at w
which the field lines (repre-
senting the field) are emerging from the point the point is a source at which the
feld lines are entering the feld

Negative divergence measures the rate of converge of the field lines towards a point the
nt is sink at which field line are leaving or
draining out of the field.
7 The vanishing of divergence at every point in aregion of space V.A=0 means the equality
f the feld lines entering and leaving any element of volume in
that region.
If V.¤ =0, then A is called solenoidal (means tube).
9. V.( B) = V. VÂ.
10. V.(6¤) = (Vo).A+ o(V.Ã)
11. V.F=3

12 V.(5)=0 (Consider = , and A= F, use V.(¢Ã) (Vo).¤ + o(V. and Vrn =

13. V.Vo = v'

Problems
8. Show that V.(GA) = (V0). + o(V.Á).
9. Show that V?().
10. Find v²(rn).

Curl

If A(r, y, z) =Aji+ Agj + Ask be defined and diferentiable at cach point (z, y, 2) in a certain
region of spacc, then the curl or rotation of A, writte as V x A, curl A or rot A is defined by
VxÄ= (i +i +kx (Aji+ Anj +Ask)

A A A3

" Curl of a vector is also a vector.

" Vx A is a measure of how much a vector Acurls around the point in question.
" Vx¤ 0. ¤is called irrotational.
The closed line or path integral of a vector A, A.dl, around the bounding edge of a
orientation of area.
Vector area, in general, depends on the
1here will be an orientation of the area for which the value of the line integral is maximum.
e amnount of this maximum line integral per unit
area is the magnitude of the curl of
vectorial sense of the +ve normal drawn
e vector field at that point and is given the
integral.
On the small area at the orentation giving this greatest
"Vx ( ¼)=VxÃ+VX B.
 .Vx (oA) = (Vo) x A+o(V

Some important relations:

2. g?

3. Vx () xÂtÄx(OD
4. Vx (Vo) =0
5. V.(Vx À) = 0
6. V.( B) = B.Vx ¤v xB
7. Vx (Vx A)) -v'A+ VV
BVx¤- ¢V xB
Problems 11. Show that V x (Åx B=
12. Show that Vx (Vo) =0 14. If Aand B are irrotational, show that Ax B is
irrotational.
Show that V.(Vx A) =0 - 3y -z)j + (4r + cy + 22)k is
13. az)i + (bz
Find constants a, b, c so that V= (r+2y +
15. such that
irrotational. Find
irrotational
(6zu + z3) + (3r2 - z)i + (3z -y)k is
16. Show that =
A= Vo.
17- Tx()-o