Research proposal

[email protected]
September 2022

This note is made on October 16 of 2024... Hypothesis about Birkof James

is not a main requisite to settle the bunch of hypothesis to address the problem
established next... the proofs can be revisited now on https://orcid.org/0009-
0007-8175-7185; and can be searched on Academia.edu; Internet Archives; Scribd
preserving a good grade of patience to find the articles... Thanks...
NOTE: THIS IS NOT FOR PUBLISHING
About: This is an eraser of my PhD proposal of thesis... is mainly about
sets, topology and geometry, to solve some problems related with establishment
of quantum mechanics, is the result of a decade of work outside from university
courses and at least in recent year of five years researching stronger on mathe-
matics. I believe, based on my establishment that could be of use to solve some
Clay Institute millennium´s problems (Riemman Hypothesis and Yang-Mills
mass jump).
Also I have too many ideas to develop mathematics for:
Mathematics to establish a ”mechanic” of mathematics or data, something
like to settle a topology to threat any mathematical equation like a piece of a
logical statement and connect them through generalized curves on a geometric
framework, this could be a theory to solve NP millennium problem considered
on Clay Institute and plan a theory about what I could call ”computational
law”, based on how is developed; game theory, objects oriented programming
and linear programming, considering too, some results from military science at
law.
Generalized acoustic based on normal modes of vibration analysis over ideal
model gas plan since an statistical mechanics view.
An statistic to analyze quantum gravity experiments and endowed of physical
meaning, in my opinion I believe that will be necessary to define quantum
gravity concept, because they do not have a correct mathematical framework to
establish this fact, because until now not exist a mathematical treatment like
mine to define what is happening on quantum geometry.
Also I have enough basis to establish a mathematics framework to work on
chemistry problems in stereochemistry and reactivity, based on topology and
some category theory theorems.
Reformulation of theory of value since atomic and particle physics properties,
i.e. considering fundamental energy,particle and topological properties.

1
 I believe that could be possible to develop some applications projects, like
definition of an abacus to work with mathematical equations considering es-
tablishment of Cartesian coordinate system since Category theory proposal of
solution write down and an application of metric spaces in topology.
Since Category theory proposal to obtain Cartesian coordinate system also
I think that could be possible to obtain a proof to define all kind of numbers,
specifically irrationals could be develop at metric space using Hausdorff space
definition.
Also could be possible to obtain an establishment of ”eye TV network”, con-
sidering some fundamental properties about normal modes of vibration on eye
nerves, this work at the beginning is more theoretical than a plan of construc-
tion, but could be used as guide to propose such problem.
I have some theories also some applications about work of Giorgio Parisi on
statistical physics and geography to plan a kind of ”control of global climate”
since thermodynamic properties of mines and crop fields.
And too many more ideas. I believe firmly that all this work could be
planned since set theory to plan topology and geometry about such problems.
I do not have too much money, what you request is too much food for me...
my money is now on stock market and at date (October 9th), I do not know
when market will growth again to have some to pay at least fee.
I am requesting a full scholarship. I have One and a half bachelor (in order
on in Chemistry, another one in mathematics), also a master degree, I do not
have more money of scholarships in Mexico, and I leave PhD program due
to disinterest on subject. I really love mathematics, and I am feel like I am
recovering my talent on this. Unfortunately since two years ago I also need
to start a denounce against my mother´s family due to recent events that I
discover after my political mother´s dead at beginning of 2020 due to a cancer.
Due to recent war conflict on Ukraine I believe that is no more safe for me to
apply to UK universities like was my desire, and enter to Oxford University or
Cambridge instead.
You are one of my options, because I found some information about PhD
program on mathematics and I believe that I could finish my mathematics
courses there (analysis, abstract algebra, I´ve already pass three calculus and
two linear algebra courses, as well as two higher algebra, two analytic geometry,
one sets and logic theory and one modern geometry too).
If you can help me I will appreciate it very much.
Greetings.
Made statistical mechanics of general relativity
Made time machine and space with quantum correlation, teleportation and
entropy production

1 Introduction
Research Proposal
Abstract.

2
 Quantum mechanics is based in Schrödinger equation analysis on Hilbert
space. Different mathematical approach has been given through time, includ-
ing those that consider algebraic group foundations as well as a mathematical
postulation based on operator theory.
One of its procedures consider establishment of quantum theory on differen-
tial manifold and Schrödinger equation in geodesic form to try to set geometry
analysis around such a concepts.
Main problem on this found imply to establish correctly a geometry frame-
work that could consider mechanic arguments based on what we could see on
a laboratory doing a “real experiment”, and preserve mathematical accuracy
in calculations, to have the opportunity to settle mathematical fundamental on
this framework properly.
Some tries has been develop until now for some authors like Ashtekar, Rov-
elli, Smolin, and like that of reference. In general those theories imply to define
quantum mechanical arguments on differential manifolds and explore proper-
ties of tangent and projectives manifold as well as its calculus and statistical
properties to set up quality and some meaning of its results based on such math-
ematical argumentation; but anyone of them has reproduce the main results of
quantum mechanics on its thesis, i.e. results for quantum well potential, quan-
tum harmonic oscillator, rigid rotor as well as to obtain an analytical expression
for Bose – Einstein and Fermi – Dirac statistics since its proposals.
Only Ashtekar, A. mention topology concepts, taking into consideration
mainly like meaning of topology the capability of some topological object to
change its shape preserving the amount of holes, i.e. having the same genus
number, indicating that this characteristic will define topology requirements,
overlooking the main definition taken in mathematics for a topology where it is
established that some properties about sets (union, intersection of subsets and
contain of whole set) will be the main and more strong condition to establish
such a mathematical structure; hence a topological work hypothesis; instead its
mathematics are established like a continuous medium mechanics, doing empha-
sis on its elastic properties and not geometric connections between the objects
that form the sets on analysis, this last the only topological property to define
the proposed mathematical framework correctly.
• Prior fundaments
Basic set theory
-The real line
Definition. The collection of all real numbers can be characterized by the
statement: The real numbers form a complete ordered field.
To elaborate the meaning of this we must explain what a field is, what it
means for a field to be ordered, and what it means for an ordered field to be
complete.
Definition. A collection F of elements a, b, ... is a field if each pair of
elements (distinct or not) can be combined in two ways, called addition and
multiplication, each combination yielding an element of F, these rules of com-
bination being subjected to certain laws, as follows:

3
 (I) The additive combination of a, b, denoted by a + b and called the sum,
and the multiplicative combination of a, b, denoted by ab and called the product,
satisfy the commutative, associative, and distribution laws:
Sum
a+b=b+a
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Multiplicative
ab = ba
a(bc) = (ab)c
Both
a(b+c) = ab + ac
(II) F contains distinct special elements, denoted by 0, 1 such that
a+0=a
a·1=a
for each a in F.
(III) Corresponding to each a in F there is an element in F denoted by -a,
such that
a + (-a) = 0
(IV) Corresponding to each a in F, with the exception of 0, there is an
element in F, denoted by a−1 , such that
a(a−1 ) = 1
In terms of the notations introduced in (III) and (IV) two further rules of
combination (substraction and division) are defined as follows:
a - b is a + (-b),
a −1
b is ab (assuming b ̸= 0)
-Ordered fields
Definition. A field F is said to be ordered if there is a special class P of
elements in F such that
(1) If a is an element of F, then either a is in P, or a = 0, or -a is in P, and
exactly one of these three situations actually occurs;
(2) if a and b are in P, then so is a + b
(3) if a and b are in P, then so is ab
It follows from (1) and (3) that a2 is in P if a ̸= 0. For, either a or -a is in
P, and a2 an be expressed either as aa or (-a)(-a).
The elements of P are called thepositiveelements of the field. When -a is a
positive element, we say that a is negative.
Given two elements a, b in F , we write a < b and say ”a is less that b” if
b − a is in the class P. Then 0 < b means the same as ”b is in P”. The following
assertions about the relation < are valid.
(i) If a, b in F , then either a < b, or a = b, or b < a, and no more than one
of these things is true (law of trichotomy).
(ii) If a < b and b < c, then a < c (law of transitivity).
(iii) If a < b, then a + c < b + c for each c.
(iv) If a < b and 0 < c, then ac < bc.
We express properties (i) and (ii) of < by saying that F is totally ordered by
<.

4
 -Completeness of an ordered field
Definition. Lets define a section in an ordered field F . Let all members of
F be separated into two collections, L, R in such a way that neither collection
is void, and so that, if x is in L and y is in R, then x < y. Then the pairs (L, R)
is called a section in F .
Definition. An ordered field F is called complete if for every section (L, R)
in F it is true that either L has a largest member of R has a smallest member.
When an ordered field is notcomplete, there is at least one section (L, R)
such that L has no largest member and R has no smallest member.
The fundamental fact about the real number system is that it is a complete ordered field.
- Sets defined by conditions
• The empty set. It may happen that condition is given which is not sat-
isfied by any of the prospective elements. In that case we say that the
condition defines the empty set and is denoted by the symbol ∅.
• The union of sets. Suppose we have under consideration various subsets
A, B, ... of a specified set S. If A1 , ..., An are subsets of S, the union of
A1 , ..., An is defined as the set of all elements of S which belong to at least
one of the sets A1 , ..., An. This union is denoted by
A1 ∪ A2 ∪ ... ∪ An or ∪ni=1 Ai
• The intersection of sets. If A1 , ..., An are subsets of S, the intersection
of these sets, denoted by
A1 ∩A2 ∩...∩An or ∩ni=1 Ai is defined as the set of all elements of S which belong
simultaneously to all the Ai s. We may also consider intersections of infinitely
many Ai s or of all the As in a family.
• Complements. If A ⊂ S, the complement of A (relative to S) is the part
of S not in A. Denoted here like Ac . Hence x ∈ Ac means x ∈ S but
x∈ / A. Observe that (Ac )c = A. Also, if A and B are subsets of S, and
A ⊂ B, then B c ⊂ Ac .
• The difference of two sets. If A and B are subsets of S, the difference
A − B is defined as the set A ∩ B c . That is, x ∈ A − B means that x is
in A but not in B. In particular, Ac = S − A.
• Rules of Complementation. The validity of the rule
(1) (∪ni=1 Ai )c = ∩ni=1 Aci
is evident from the definitions of unions, intersections, and complements.
This rule is also valid for any infinite number of sets. An equivalent form of the
rule (1) is
(2) (∩ni=1 Ai )c = ∪ni=1 Aci
• The distributive law. (3) A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C). The
distributive law is also valid in a more general form, with the union of any
number of sets instead of just the two sets B, C.

5
 • Point sets. Upper and lower bounds. Let S be a set of points on the
real line. If M is a point on the line such that x ≤ M whenever x ∈ S, we
call M an upper bound of the set S. Note that M need not belong to S. If
M is an upper bound of S and if M < N , then N is also an upper bound
of S. There may also be upper bounds of S whenever N < M , then M
is called the least upper bound of S. Thus, in order to be the least upper
bound of S, M , must satisfy two conditions:

(1) x ≤ M whenever x ∈ S (2) corresponding to each ϵ > 0 there must be at

least one x in S such that M − ϵ < x.
• Maxima and Minima The largest one of a finite set x1 , ..., xn of real
numbers is denoted by max{x1 , ..., xn }, and called the maximum of the
set. For any set S having a least upper bound, we call supS the maximum
of S by minS if it exist.
• Real sequences Let us consider objects which are pairs (n, x), where n
is a positive integer and x is a real number. Suppose we have a collection
of such objects which is such that for each value of n there is exactly
one object in the collection whose first member is n. Then the collection
is called a real sequence. Clearly the collection is a denumerable set of
objects. If the number which is paired with n is denoted by xn , the
elements of the sequence are
(1, x1 ), (2, x2 ), (3, x3 ), ...
To specify a sequence we need to know what xn is when n is given. In other
words, we need to know xn as a function of n. In fact, a sequence is a particular
kind of function -a function defined on the set of positive integers and having
real numbers as values. It is customary and convenient to use some short cuts of
language in talking about sequences. Thus, the sequence with elements (n, xn )
is often referred to as the sequence {xn }.

• Absolute Value in order to study real sequences it is convenient to make

use of absolute values of numbers. Although the notion of absolute value
is not assumed to be a new at this stage, we review the elementary things
about absolute values at this time.

If c is a real number, its absolute value, denoted by —c—, is defined as

—c— = c if c ≥ 0, —c— = -c if c ¡ 0
Thus —c—≥ 0, and —c— = 0 if and only if c = 0
One of the important rules for using absolute values is
(1) —ab— = —a——b—
One way of proving that (1) is correct is to consider separately the four cases;
(i) either a = 0 or b = 0; (ii) a ¿ 0 and b ¿ 0; (iii) a ¡ 0 and b ¡ 0; (iv) a ¿ 0 and b
¡ 0, or a ¡ 0 and b ¿ 0. Note that —-a—=—a—. In work with inequalities, it is
convenient to notice that if we assert —x— ≤ r, where r ≥ 0, this is equivalent
to asserting the double inequality:
−r ≤ x ≤ r;

6
 that is, x ≤ r and −r ≤ x. Also,
|a − b| < ϵ,
is equivalent to
b−ϵ<a<b+ϵ
The rule
(2) |a + b| ≤ |a| + |b|
is of major importance. We call it the triangular inequality. Here is one way
to prove it: Note that we always have
0 ≤ a + |a| and 0 ≤ −a + |a|,
and therefore
−|a| ≤ a ≤ |a|.
Hence also −|b| ≤ b ≤ |b|
But we can add inequalities. (That is, A ≤ B and C ≤ D imply A+C ≤
B+D.) Therefore
−(|a| + |b|) ≤ a + b ≤ |a| + |b|
This double inequality is equivalent to (2).
The rule (2) implies another rule which is often useful, namely
(3) ||a| − |b|| ≤ |a − b|
To prove this, write a = b + (a − b).
Then |a| = |b + (a − b)| ≤ |b| + |a − b|,
and so
(4) |a| − |b| ≤ |a − b|.
This result must be valid for all pairs a, b, and hence
(5) |b| − |a| ≤ |b − a| = |a − b|.
Since ||a| − |b|| is either |a| − |b| or |b| − |a|, (4) and (5) together certainly
imply (3).

• Distance on the line

If a and b are points on the real line, the distance between them is def ined to
be the absolute value |a − b|. As a formal symbolism let us use D(a, b) to denote
the distance between a and b. Then
(6) D(a, b) = |a − b|.
Note the properties
(7) D(a, b) = 0 is equivalent to a = b; (8) D(a, b) = D(b, a); (9) D(a, c) ≤
D(a, b) + D(b, c)
To verify (9), note that it asserts
|a − c| ≤ |a − b| + |b − c|.
this is true by application of (2), for
a − c = (a − b) + (b − c),
and we can use (2) with a − b in place of a, b − c in place of b.
The properties (7), (8), (9) are preserved when the concept of distance is
applied in geometric contexts of many other sorts besides that of the real line.
Euclidean space. Topology and continuous functions The space Rk
The real Euclidean space Rk is a collection of certain elements, called points,

7
together with a certain mathematical structure which is created by making cer-
tain definitions. A point in Rk is an ordered set of k real numbers ξ1 , ξ2 , ..., ξk .
If k = 1, R1 is just the same as R, the class of all real numbers. We often find
it convenient to designate a point by a single symbol: x = (ξ1 , ..., ξn ). Between
each two points x, y in Rk there is defined to be a numerical distance:
1
(1) D(x, y) = [(ξ1 − η1 )2 + ... + (ξk − ηk )2 ] 2
We observe the following properties:
(2) D(x, y) = 0 is equivalent to x = y; (3) D(x, y) = D(y, x); (4) D(x, y) ≤
D(x, a) + D(a, y).
Rk is a metric space
The fact that the distance, as defined in (1), satisfies the conditions (2), (3),
and (4) mans that Rk is what is called a metric space. The distance function
D is called the metric for Rk .
The topology of the real line
Let us begin with the topology of R(= R1 ). After a certain amount of
discussion of this we shall proceed to discuss the topology of Rk , and the work
will be conducted with as little reference as possible to the value of k.
Suppose S is a set of points on the real line. We shall call S an open set
if to each x0 ∈ S there corresponds some ϵ > 0 such that x ∈ S whenever
|x − x0 | < ϵ.
Note: If we are given any number of open sets, and if S is the set which is
the union of all the given sets, then S is an open set.
Also, the intersection of a finite number of open sets is again an open set,
but the intersection of an infinite number of open sets need not be open.
By definition: 1) The entire space R is obviously an open set. 2) The empty
set is open.
Closed sets in R
We are considering sets S, where S ⊂ R. The complement of S, we recall, is
S c = R - S. The set S is called closed if S c is open. To say that a set is closed
is not the same as saying that the set is not open. A set may be neither open
nor closed; also, a set may be both open and closed.
The facts about unions and intersections of open sets have their counterparts
for closed sets, but the roles of unions and intersections are reversed,as a result
of the rules of complementation. The formal statements are:
The intersection of any number of closed sets is closed The union of any finite number of closed sets is
Accumulation points in R
Closely related to the concept of a closed set is the concept of an accumu-
lation point of a set. If S ⊂ R, and if y ∈ R, we call y an accumulation point
of S if the following is true: whenever V is an open set and y ∈ V , then V ∩ S
contains at least one point x of S such that x ̸= y. If we use {y} to denote the
set whose only element is y, the foregoing condition can be restated as follows:
Whenever V is an open set and y ∈ V , then V ∩ S − {y} is not empty.
An accumulation point of S need not be a member of S.
The set consisting of all the points of accumulation of S is called the derived set
of S. We denote it by S´.

8
 Some properties on Cartesian plane in Euclidean space, are well know in
Calculus to define more precisely numerical values solutions that are commonly
required to filled some mathematical empties that sometimes are not easy to
understand.
For example solution to quadratic polynomial
ax2 + √bx + c = 0 when we consider
−b+/− b2 −4ac
= 0 and b2 − 4ac < 0
2a √
will give a complex solution because we are going to have −1 = i.
Another example is given for rational number in the form pq = n when q
̸= 0; here is established that expression pq define all rational numbers when p
and q are integer. Those numbers that can not be expressed like a rational are
called irrational, but they have not a mathematical expression to be obtained,
and the only values we can define are π and e.
When q → 0, is only possible to define an approximate value to numbers
of this type, being limit definition the most important concept used here to
establish such values.
In principle early examples could be consider like problems not very well
established until now or that nowadays have not found a correct formulation.
Three examples are established in certain way with help of properties based on
formulations made over ℜ2 arguments; however almost in any text, establish-
ment of formulation of Cartesian plane are argument, it means that use of ℜ2
space is taking without consideration of how this space could comes from a line
segment, as well as how values between two line segments that are commonly
used on Cartesian mathematics are related. Instead some topological properties
can be found on literature to define by separate certain structure requirements
on ℜ and ℜ2 , however this conditions are not enough to argument how are re-
lated the elements of ℜ X ℜ or ℜ2 space, it means to establish what kind of
mathematical relationships are define between whole values on Cartesian space.
This will be shown when we can not establish correctly certain values to
solve some problems like those mention before.
Before to start to argument more about this three problems and finally show
a proposal of solution to Riemann Conjeture, I am going to give a proof based
on Category theory to establish how Cartesian plane can be obtained since a
line segment and how this construction could be of help to define geometric
proposal of solution to the problems mention before.
First let´s construct a Grothendieck universe.
Definition. A Grothendieck universe is a set U with the following prop-
erties:

1. If x is an element of U and if y is an element of x, then y is also an element

of U (U is a transitive set)
2. If x and y are both elements of U, then {x, y} is an element of U

3. If x is an element of U, then P(x), the power set of x, is also an element

of U

9
 4. If {xα }α∈I is a family of elements of U, and if I is an element of U, then
the union ∪α∈I xα is an element of U

Definition. A category C have next elements:

1. A set Ob(C) of objects, A, B, ...
2. A set Mor(C) of morphism f, g, ...
3. An application d0 : M or( C) → Ob( C) that assign to every morphism
f ∈ M or(C) an object d0 (f ), called domain of f
4. An application d1 : M or( C) → Ob( C) that assign to every morphism
f ∈ M or(C) an object d1 (f ), called codomain of f
5. An application id : Ob( C) → M or( C) that assign to every object A ∈
Ob(C) a morphism idA , called identity of x
6. Being Mor(C) ΠOb (C) Mor(C) is the set define like:

Mor(C)ΠOb (C) Mor(C) = {(f, g) ∈ Mor(C)2 —d0 (f ) = d1 (g) },

an aplication ◦ : Mor(C)ΠOb (C) Mor(C) → Mor(C), that to each pair
(f, g) ∈ Mor(C)ΠOb (C) Mor(C) assing the morphism f ◦ g, called composition
of f and g.
Definition. If A, B ∈ Ob(C), then Hom(C) (A, B) is the set of morphism
in Cwhose domain is A and whose codomain is B, i.e., is the set define like:
Hom(C) (A, B) = {f ∈ Mor(C— d0 (f ) = A & d1 (f ) = B}
Is established that f : A → B is synonym from f ∈ HomC (A, B) with the
next conditions:

1. For every A ∈ Ob(C), d0 (idA ) = A y d1 (idA ) = A

2. For every pair (f, g) ∈ Mor(C) ΠOb (C) Mor(C), d0 (f ◦ g) = d0 (g) y
d1 (f ◦ g) = d1 (f )
3. If f : A → B, g : B → C and h : C → D are three morphism, then
h ◦ (g ◦ f ) = (h ◦ g) ◦ f , i.e., the diagram:

A (h ◦ g) ◦ f D A h ◦ (g ◦ f ) D A f B A g ◦ f C B h ◦ g D C h D B g C
commute.
4. If f : A → B, f ◦ idA = f y idB ◦ f = f , i.e., the next diagrams:
A idA A Af B Af B
and
A f B A f B B idB B
commute
Definition. Let C a category and f : A → B a morphism of C. Then
1. The morphism f : A → B is a monomorphism if, for every object X of C
and whichever morphism g, h : X → A, the diagram:
X f ◦g B X g A X h A A f B X f ◦h B

10
 commute, then g = h, i.e., if when f ◦ g = f ◦ h, then g = h; is for it
that this type of morphism also is called simplified to left. We denote the set of
monomorphism of A in B like Mono(A, B). We say that f : A 7→ B mean that
morphism f : A 7→ B is a monomorphism.
2. Morphism f : A → B is an epimorphism if, for every object Y of C and
any morphism g, h : B → Y , if the diagram:
A g◦f Y A f B B g Y B h Y A h◦f Y
commute then g = h, i.e., if when g ◦ f = h ◦ f , then g = f ; is for this
that to this type of morphism are called simplified to right. We denote f : AB
mean that morphism f : A → B is an epimorphism, and we write the set of
epimorphism of A in B by Epi(A, B).
3. The morphism f : A → B is an isomorphims if exist a g : B → A such
that g ◦ f = idA and f ◦ g = idB . The isomorphism of an object in itself we call
it automorphism.
On Top monomorphism are continuous injective functions, epimorphism are
surjective continuous functions, and isomorphism are homeomorphism. Empty
set (considered like a topological space) is the initial object of Top.
About the structure we can enounce that the product in Top is define by
topology of product in Cartesian product.
Definition. The cartesian product of the family (Ai |i ∈ I) of sets is the
set
Πi∈I Ai = {f |f : I → ∪i∈I Ai with f (i) ∈ Ai for each i ∈ I} together with
the projection πj : Πi∈I Ai → Aj , f 7→f(j)
Definition. A product of the family of sets (Ai |i ∈ I) is a set A equipped
with a family of maps (πi : A → Ai |i ∈ I) (called projections) with the
properly that, given any other set C with a family of maps (pi : C → Ai |i ∈ I)
there exist a unique map p such that
A πi A
C pi A
p CA
for all i ∈ I
The cartesian product of the family (Ai |i ∈ I) of sets is the set
Πi∈I Ai = {f |f : I → ∪i∈I Ai with f (i) ∈ Ai for each i ∈ I} together with
the projection πj : Πi∈I Ai → Aj , f 7→f(j)
Then let f : ℜ → ℜ2 where ℜ is the domain of the function and ℜ2 is the
image of the same.
to construct ℜ2 it is neccesary to
Quotient Spaces
Definition. Let M be a subspace of a vector space X. The quotient space
or factor space X/M (read ”X modulo M” or ”X mod M”) is the vector space
whose underlying set is the collection {x ▷ M : x ∈ X} of all translates of M
along with the vector space operations given by the formulas
(x ▷ M ) + (y ▷ M ) = (x + y) ▷ M
and
α · (x ▷ M ) = (α · x) ▷ M
For each x in X, the translates x ▷ M is called the coset of M containing x.

11
 Construction of Complex Numbers
Complex numbers are define since fundamental equation
y 2 = x ... (1)
when x = -a
this kind of solutions also comes from square variable polynomial
(x−x1 )·(x−x2 ) = 0 x2 −(x1 +x2 )x+x1 x2 = 0 ax2 −a(x1 +x2 )x+ax1 x2 = 0
2
ax + bx + c = 0 ...(2)
where x1 + x2 = − ab ; and x1 · x2 = ac
Since Borel algebra define before to establish ℜ interval, negative numbers
are well define, instead its roots can not be. Even when fundamental construc-
tion since eq. (1) and (2) can establish a meaning for roots of negative numbers,
topological properties are not well established.
In principle Hilbert space is define on Euclidean space properties, i.e. only
operations with real number √ can be established. However like will be necessary
the use of number i = −1 to establish correct correlation between solutions
of probability density function on Banach space and ”wave function” definition
through trigonometric functions on Hilbert space; taking like mean condition to
establish its topological properties; it is necessary to establish such a topological
conditions.
It is not so difficult to centre the problem around the subset where square
polynomial have its image, being considered like a function and construct this
proof considering the category of topological spaces also called Top where the
objects are topological spaces and the continuous functions between them are
morphisms, giving a category because composition of two continuous functions
is also continuous.
Definition. Let M be a closed subspace of a normed space X. The quotient norm
of X/M is given by the formula ||x ▷ M || = d(x ▷ M, 0 ▷ M ).
Theorem. If M is closed subspace of a normed space X, then the quotient
norm of X/M is a norm.
- Henceforth, whenever a quotient space of a normed space by one of its
closed subspaces is treated as a normed space, a metric space, or a topological
space through no norm, metric, or topology has been specified, it is the quotient
norm, the metric induced by that norm, or the topology induced by that metric
that is implied.
————————————-o———————————————-

• Hilbert space

To have the opportunity to establish a theoretical framework to settle math-

ematical fundamentals of quantum mechanics is necessary to define a Hilbert
manifold.
Let H be the (up to isomorphism unique) separable Hilbert space of infinite
dimension. Then a Hilbert manifold is a separable metrizable space such that
every point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of H.
Thus it is a separable Hausdorff space in which each point has a neighbour-
hood homeomorphic to an infinite dimensional Hilbert space.

12
 A Hilbert space H is a real or complex inner product space that is also a
complete metric space with respect to the distance function induced by the inner
product.
Definition. (Metric) Let S be a set. A function d: S x S → is a metric if it
satisfies the following four criteria.
• d(x, y) ≥ 0 for all x, y ∈ V
• d(x, y) = 0 iff x = y
• d(x, y) = d(y, x)
• d(x, z) ≤ d(x, y) + d(y, z)
A metric space (X, d) is complete if any of the following equivalent conditions
are satisfied:
1. Every Cauchy sequence of points in X has a limit that is also in X
2. Every Cauchy sequence in X converges in X (that is, to some point of X)
3. Every decreasing sequence of non-empty closed subsets of X, with di-
ameters tending to 0, has a non-empty intersection: if Fn is closed and
non-empty, Fn+1 ⊂ Fn for every n, and diam(Fn ) → 0, then there is a
point x ∈ X common to all sets Fn
While, a sequence x1 , x2 , x3 , ... in a metric space (X, d) is called Cauchy if for
every positive real number r > 0 there is a positive integer N such that for all
positive integers m, n > N,
d(xm , xn ) < r
When X = ℜ we call it Euclidean space
Taking Gaussian function on Euclidean space, must be possible to prove its
convergence respect to Cauchy sequence considering distance function as before,
hence also being a metric space. Then obtaining a Hilbert space.
Later taking a neighbourhood on this space must be possible to prove that
is homeomorphic to a separable Hausdorff space in each point.
Also to start with definition of a framework on mathematical fundamental
in quantum mechanics, must be necessary to define a norm on Hilbert space, to
know, this norm will be give by next property found commonly on mathematical
|Ψ(r, t)|2 dr = 1; to
R
texts with next notation used in quantum mechanics:
know:
Definition. A square-integrable function is a real- or complex- valued mea-
surable function for which the integral of the square of the absolute value is
finite. Thus, square-integrability on the real line (−∞, +∞) is defined as fol-
lows: R∞
f : ℜ → C is square integrable ⇐⇒ −∞ |f (x)|2 dx < ∞
Normed spaces. Every normed vector space has a natural topological struc-
ture: the norm induces a metric and the metric induces a topology.
Definition. (Norm) Let V be a vector space over a field R. A function
w : V → ℜ is a norm if it satisfies the following four criteria.

13
 • w(v) ≥ 0 for all v ∈ V
• w(v) = 0 iff v is the zero vector
• w(αv) = |α|w(v) for any v ∈ V and any α ∈ F

• w(u + v) ≤ w(u) + w(v) for all u, v ∈ V

Remember that A norm can be turned into a metric, via d(x,y) = w(x-y). This is called the
induced metric.
This will define a Banach space.
When X = ℜ is possible to develop a σ-algebra, in particular a Borel algebra.
This will be of help to define a probability space where Ω = Banach space, =
Borel algebra and a probability function = Gauss function.

• PREVIOUS CONCEPTS

Establishment of a differential manifold must consider to be define through

the correspondent topological manifold taking Borel set in its construction to
establish topology and its topological space. In this way it is possible to assure
that common properties used to develop integral and differential calculus must
prevail valid on the differential geometrical framework.

• Structure on Differentiable Manifolds

Definition. A topological manifold M of dimension n is a topological space

with next properties:

1. M is Hausdorff space
2. M is a second-countable space
3. ∀ p ϵ M, ∃ v → u where a neighborhood of p is locally homeomorphic to
an open set in ℜn

Definition. If M n is a topological manifold and ϕ : U → U´ an homeo-

morphism of an open subset U ⊂ M with the open subset U´ ⊂ ℜn , h is called
chart of M, and U domain of chart correspondent. A set of charts Υ = { Ui ,
ϕi — i ∈ A} with domains Ui is called atlas of M if:

1. Domain´s set of charts is an open cover of M, i.e. : ∪i∈A Ui = M

2. For two charts (Ui , ϕj ), (Uj , ϕj ) that are define on the intersection of its
domains Ui j := Ui ∩ Uj of both homeomorphisms ϕi and ϕj it is obtained
a change of charts ϕi j = ϕi ◦ ϕ−1 j and ϕj i = ϕ−1j ◦ ϕi are homeomor-
n
phisms between open subsets of ℜ in Euclidean space of real n-tuple
x = (x1 , ..., xn ) and usual topology
3. Family Υ = {Ui , ϕi |i ∈ A} is maximal respect to (1) and (2)

14
 Definition. An atlas of a topology manifold is called differentiable if all its
change of charts are differentiable. We call this manifolds like differential manifolds.
Definition. A differentiable structure in a topological manifold is a maximal
differentiable atlas. A differential manifold is a topological manifold within a
differentiable structure.
Definition. A continuous application f : M → N between differential vari-
ables is called differentiable in p ∈ N when for all pair of charts h: U → U´, p ∈
U and k : V → V , f(p) ∈ V, of M and N respectively, composition k ◦ f ◦ k −1 is
differentiable in h(p) ∈ U´; this application is defined on a neighbourhood h [ f
−1
( V ) ∩ U ] of h(p). Application f is called differentiable when is differentiable
in every point p ∈ M.
Proposition. A differentiable map f : M → N between differentiable manifolds is continuous.

• Structure on Hilbert Manifold

Definition. Let H be the (up to isomorphism unique) separable Hilbert

space of infinite dimension. Then a Hilbert manifold is a separable metrizable
space such that every point has a neighbourhood that is homeomorphic to an
open subset of H.
Definition. Let B be the Banach space, then a Banach manifold is a topo-
logical space in which each point has a neighbourhood homeomorphic to an
open set in a Banach space.
Let X be a set. An atlas of class C r , r ≥ 0, on X is a collection of pairs
(called charts) (Ui , ϕi ), i ∈ I, such that

1. each Ui is a subset of X and the union of the Ui is the whole of X;

2. each ϕi is a bijection from Ui onto an open subset ϕi (Ui ) of some Banach
space Ei , and for any indices i and j, ϕi (Ui ∩ Uj )is open in Ei ;
3. the crossover map

ϕj ◦ ϕ−1
i : ϕi (Ui ∩ Uj ) → ϕj (Ui ∩ Uj )
is an r-times continously differentiable function for every i, j ∈ I; that is, the
rth Frechet derivative
dr (ϕj ◦ ϕ−1 r
i ) : ϕi (Ui ∩ Uj ) → Lin(Ei ; Ej )
exist and is continuous function with respect to the Ei - norm topology on
subsets of Ei and the operator norm topology on Lin(Ejr ; Ej ).
(Missed definitions for class, neighbourhood, and extend how to define op-
erator through bound, continuity and convergence for map functions, as well as
equivalence and linear algebra for it, and arguments for metric).
Hypothesis
Let X be a normed space and recall Birkhoff-James orthogonality: x ∈ X is
orthogonal to y ∈ X iff for all scalars λ, one has ||x|| ≤ ||x + λy||.
Let H be a Hilbert space and x → fx be the Riesz representation. Observe
that x ∈ Ker(fx )⊥ , which can be required using Birkhoff-James orthogonality:
Theorem: Let X be a normed (here Banach) space and x → fx be an
isometric mapping from X to X ∗ such that

15
 1. fx (y) = fy (x)
2. x ∈ Ker(fx ) ⊥ (in the sense of Birkhoff and James)

Then X is a pre-Hilbert (here Hilbert) space and the mapping x → fx is the

Riesz representation.
Taking into consideration also that orthogonality imply to consider dot prod-
uct like equal to zero.
Then with early assumption must be possible to establish next hypothesis:

• mean value on Banach space define metric space on a tangent manifold to

Hilbert space, called Banach manifold.

Remember that
Theorem (Mean Value Theorem). Suppose f : X → ℜ is continuously differentiable and
x0 , x1 ∈ X. Then there is some c ∈ (0,1) such that
f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) = Df (x0 + c(x1 − x0 ))(x1 − x0 )

• Norm given by ”square integrable wave function condition” is equal to

mean value on Banach space
• Norm given by ”square integrable wave function condition” on Banach
space is equal to ”probability density function” on the probability space
define for Banach space
• Probability density function on Banach space is a mean value on same
space with ”square integrable wave function condition”
• Domain of probability function in probability space defined on Banach
space is associated with wave function image on Hilbert space
• Unit sphere on Banach space is related through equality with probability
density function on same space using ”square integrable function condi-
tion”
• Probability density function expressed on terms of Gaussian function, can
be expressed on terms of error function
• Considering good convergence properties on Banach space, obtain gamma
function since error function and then since gamma function obtain zeta
Riemann function can be possible
• Using unit sphere on Banach space can be possible to evaluate solutions
to this function on whole numerical interval, i.e. for all number
• Like zeta Riemann function solutions is considered to depend of an imag-
inary part through use of basic trigonometric relations on unit sphere can
be possible to argument (also include Bell´s Theorem)
1. Relation of sine, cosine and tangent functions with zeta Riemann
function

16
 2. Construction of exponential function since sine and cosine
3. Construction of complex part on exponential function using sine and
cosine (i.e. construction of complex numbers)

• Use sandwich theorem to define zeta riemann function between a two

terms one with error function and the other with gamma function

Since here it is necessary to establish mathematical fundamentals about

derivative, linear operator algebra, and mainly construction of tangent space
for Hilbert manifold and Banach manifold, for each one, to extend meaning of
sine, and cosine function on development of exponential function and its role on
zeta Riemann function solutions.
(argument on Banach space to define mean value from ”partition function”
also needs to include quotient discussion)
Tangent Manifold
Definiton. A subset S of a metric space (M, d) is bounded if there exist
r > 0 such that for all s and t in S, we have d(s, t) < r. The metric space (M, d)
is a bounded metric space (or d is a bounded metric) if M is bounded as a subset
itself.
Definition. For any set A and scalar s, let sA := sa : a ∈ A.
Given a topological vector space (TVS) (X, τ ) over a field K, a subset B
of X is called von Neumann bounded or just bounded in X the following
condition are satisfied:
For every neighbourhood V of the origin there exist a real r > 0 such that
B ⊆ sV for all scalars s satisfying |s| ≥ r.
Definition. Let X and Y be normed spaces (Here Banach). A linear operator
from X into Y is bounded if T(B) is a bounded subset of Y whenever is a bounded
subset of X. The collection of all bounded linear operators from X into Y is
denoted by B(X,Y), or by just B(X) if X = Y.
Theorem. Let X and Y be normed spaces and let T : X → Y be a linear
operator. Then the following are equivalent.

• The operator T is continuous

• The operator T is continuous at 0

• The operator T is uniformly continuous on X
• The operator T is bounded
• For some neighbourhood U of 0 in X, the set T(U) is bounded in Y

• There is a nonnegative real number M such that ||T x|| ≤ M ||x|| for each
x in X
• The quantity sup{||T x|| : x ∈ BX }is finite.

Definition. Let M, N differential manifolds and be W ⊂ M an open set.

17
 • A function f : W → ℜ is called differentiable or C ∞ if for every coordinate
system (U, ϕ) of M, f ◦ ϕ−1 : ϕ(U ∩ W ) → ℜ is C ∞
• A continuous function f : M → N is called differentiable or C ∞ if for any
pair of coordinates (U, ϕ) of M and (V, ψ) of N, the function ψ ◦ f ◦ ϕ−1 :
ϕ(U ∩ f −1 (V )) → ψ(V ) is C ∞
• A function f : M → N is differentiable on p ∈ M if exist an open neigh-
bourhood U of p such that f |U : U → N is differentiable
• A differentiable function f : M → N is a diffeomorphism if admits an
inverse differentiable [example]
Hint to prove opposite implication
Then once we had proof early conditions, i.e.
Construct a topology since Hilbert space conditions established with Borel
sets and establish an statistic on orthogonal space to Hilbert, to know Ba-
nach space; as well as to construct both manifolds and establish conditions
to make converge between 0 and 1, solutions proposed on: sin(argument) + i
cos(argument) that will give define values to variable on zeta Riemann function
and explore tangent manifolds to those obtained for Hilbert and Banach
Opposite implication will establish
Define a metric based on zeta Riemann function and use, recent non triv-
ial zeros established with sin(argument) + i cos(argument); then through next
topology theorems, define a topology; i.e. every metric induce a topology. Here
”compare” recent obtained topology and make note that is equal to that pro-
posed for Banach topology manifold; or give arguments to show what kind of
requirements are needed to obtain such topology. Then find isometric properties
between every metric give to both topologies and argument why have special
conditions around morphism definition, to define full conditions about argu-
ment to Riemann zeta function; erasing the idea that consider early proposal
since Hilbert and Banach space (and correspondent manifold with orthogonality
condition) are a particular case of spaces where zeta Riemann function found a
convergent solution between 0 and 1.
An Introduction to Banach Space Theory; Robert E. Megginson; Graduate
Texts in Mathematics; Springer
[] Teoria de Categorias; J. Climent Vidal;
[] Fractal Geometry - Mathematical Foundations and Applications; Kenneth
Falconer; Third Edition; Wiley
[] General Theory of Functions and Integration; Angus E. Taylor; Dover
Publications, Inc.
[] Topological Vector Spaces, Distributions and Kernels; Francois Treves;
Academic Press;
[] Chapter 6; TANGENT AND COTANGENT BUNDLES, VECTOR FIELDS
; https://www.cis.upenn.edu/ cis6100/cis61005sl7.pdf
[] Arrows, Structures, and Functors - The Categorical Imperative; Michael
A. Arbib, Ernest G. Manes; Academic Press; 1975

18
 [] Zeta-functions: An introduction to algebraic geometry; Thomas, Alan
David; Research notes in mathematics; London : Pitman; 1977
[] Basic Topology; M.A. Armstrong; Springer; 1983; Chapter 5. The fundamental Group.
Videografı́a.
Cómo se Inventaron los Números Imaginarios; Veritasitum; Youtube Chan-
nel; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VN7nipynE0cabc hannel = V eritasiumenespa

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