CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 1

Title Page

Year of Examination: 2024

Subject: Caribbean Studies

Unit: One (1)

Candidate Name Rayon Pusey, Kyiana Roberts, Aldanique Colding

Candidate Number: 1000251656, 1000251753, 1000250331

Title of Project: An investigation into the causes and impacts of increased cases of

unemployment in Mandeville.

Name of Teacher: Leonie Wellington (Miss)

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 2

CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION

CARIBBEAN STUDIES

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

Problem Statement: An investigation into the causes and impacts of increased cases of

unemployment in Mandeville.

Name: Rayon Pusey, Kyiana Roberts, Aldanique Colding

School: deCarteret College

Registration Number: 1000251656, 1000251753, 1000250331

Centre Number: 100025

Year of Examination: 2024

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 3

Table of Contents

Title Page #

Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………4

Introduction and Purpose of Research………………………………………………5 - 7

Literature Review……………………………………………………………………8 - 9

Data Collection Sources…………………………………………………………….10

Presentation of Findings…………………………………………………………….11 - 21

Analysis of Findings…………………………………………………………………22 - 23

Discussion of Findings…………………………………………………………....…24 - 26

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………27

Limitations……………………………………………………………………………28

Recommendations……………………………………………………………………28

References………………………………………………………………………........29

Appendices

Cover Note……………………………………………………………………………30

Questionnaire…………………………………………………………………………31 - 33
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 4

Acknowledgement

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all individuals who contributed to the successful

completion of this Caribbean Studies Internal Assessment. Our sincere appreciation goes to

the participants who generously took the time to respond to our surveys, providing valuable

insights and perspectives. Additionally, we would like to express our thanks to our fellow

group members for their collaborative efforts, dedication, and shared commitment to the

research process. This project would not have been possible without the support and guidance

of our teacher, who provided invaluable feedback and encouragement throughout the entire

journey. We are truly grateful for the collective efforts that have enriched the depth and

quality of this IA, making it a collaborative achievement reflective of our collective

dedication to the study of Patterns of unemployment; Causes and effects of unemployment.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 5

Introduction and Purpose of Research

Theme: The Work Place

Sub theme: Patterns of unemployment; Causes and effects of unemployment.

Problem Statement

An investigation into causes and impacts of increased cases of unemployment in

Mandeville.

Research Questions

1. What are the main causes of unemployment in Mandeville?

2. How and to what extent does unemployment affect families in Mandeville?

3. What actions are being taken to reduce the rate of unemployment in Mandeville?

Purpose of Research

Unemployment in Mandeville, Jamaica, poses significant challenges to the economic

and social fabric of the community. The repercussions of unemployment extend beyond mere

financial strain, impacting overall community well-being and potential public health concerns

due to increased stress and decreased access to resources. This research aims to identify the

root causes and contributing factors to unemployment in Mandeville, exploring its effects on

individuals, families, and the wider society. By shedding light on the multifaceted nature of

unemployment in Mandeville, this study seeks to provide actionable recommendations and

strategies for policymakers, community leaders, and stakeholders to mitigate its impact and

foster sustainable solutions for economic empowerment and inclusive growth. Ultimately,

this research endeavours to contribute to the advancement of understanding and the

development of targeted interventions to address unemployment in Mandeville, fostering a

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 6

more resilient and prosperous community for all its residents.

Background of the Problem

Mandeville, situated in the parish of Manchester, Jamaica, is a bustling urban centre

known for its vibrant community and economic activities. Despite its potential as a hub for

commerce and employment, the issue of unemployment looms large over the town. With a

population largely reliant on sectors such as tourism, and services, the lack of job

opportunities presents a significant challenge to the well-being of its residents and the overall

socio-economic development of the region. Factors such as limited access to education and

skills training, insufficient investment in key industries, and a mismatch between available

jobs and workforce capabilities exacerbate the problem. The research will underscore the

underlying causes of unemployment in Mandeville and to devise effective strategies for

creating sustainable employment opportunities and fostering economic resilience within the

community.

Educational Value

The research on unemployment in Mandeville, Jamaica, serves as a platform for

educational enlightenment and strategic intervention in addressing pervasive unemployment

challenges within the region. Its significance lies in its capacity to illuminate the multifaceted

causes and consequences of unemployment, empowering stakeholders across various sectors

to collaboratively devise effective solutions. By offering actionable insights and innovative

strategies, this research equips policymakers, educators, businesses, and community leaders

with the knowledge and tools needed to foster economic resilience and social cohesion.

Moreover, it underscores the transformative potential of collective efforts, illustrating how

coordinated action between government agencies, educational institutions, businesses, and

grassroots organizations can drive meaningful change and cultivate a more inclusive and
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 7

prosperous future for Mandeville and its inhabitants.

Delimitation

The focus of this research on unemployment in Mandeville, Jamaica, chosen by the

researcher to highlight specific factors contributing to unemployment within this urban

centre. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the unique challenges and

opportunities faced by residents in accessing employment opportunities and navigating the

local labour market dynamics. Furthermore, the research delimits its target population to

individuals aged 18-50 residing in Mandeville, ensuring a focused investigation into the

experiences and perspectives of those most directly impacted by unemployment in the

community.

Technical Term(s)

Unemployment

The situation of not having a job that provides money, or the number of people in

this situation at any time. (Cambridge Dictionary)

Unemployment Rate

The number of unemployed workers, considered as a percentage of

the total labour force. (The Free Dictionary)

Cyclical Unemployment

Unemployment resulting from downward fluctuations in economic activity within tra

de cycles. (Collins English Dictionary)

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 8

Literature Review

The literature review will delve into existing research findings regarding the primary

drivers of unemployment in Mandeville, along with the repercussions of unemployment on

local families and communities, and the strategies employed to alleviate the unemployment

rate. Drawing upon studies conducted in various countries, the review aims to fill the gap in

Jamaican literature concerning this topic due to the scarcity of published research.

Main causes of unemployment

Haughton (2015) in an article titled "How unemployment affects the economy" stated

that the dynamics of employment in Jamaica change from year to year, increasing in sectors

where production/output is increasing and decreasing in sectors where output is falling,

assuming all other things equal. Haughton (2015) underscored three primary issues regarding

unemployment: Cyclical factors, exemplified by seasonal fluctuations such as decreased

tourism arrivals leading to reduced employment in the hospitality sector during off-peak

seasons, with employment increasing as arrivals rise; Frictional factors, characterized by

unemployment during job transitions; and Structural factors, intrinsic to the economy's

framework, including technological advancements impacting employment independent of

supply and demand fluctuations.

Effects that unemployment has on families

Unemployment significantly impacts Jamaican families across multiple socio-

economic and psychological aspects. The primary effect lies in financial strain, where the

disruption of household income streams creates hurdles in fulfilling essential requirements

like food, housing, and healthcare. In the article Trapped in cycle of poverty (2020) Suzan

Burke a 45-year-old mother of 9 stated that she relies entirely on charity to set the dinner
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 9

table for the 10 persons living under the roof of her dilapidated house and her daughter

Latoya*’s family of six metres away in the same yard. When things get really tough, they try

a team approach to ensure that the children are fed if everyone can’t have a bite. This shows

that unemployment in most cases leads to poverty where families are just barely hanging on

to survive.

Unemployment among parents in Jamaica has significant repercussions for their

children, impacting various aspects of their development and well-being. Green (2010) Stated

that the effect of poverty on the educational success of poor children cuts deeper than merely

supplying hungry children with a nourishing meal. Poverty can lead to low self-esteem.

Children from poverty-stricken homes are well aware of their peers who dress better and

most times become embarrassed by what they have to wear. This leads to them becoming

withdrawn in class, which creates a bad learning environment.

Actions are being taken to reduce the rate of unemployment

According to the article How We'd fix it! (2011) A deep analysis needs to be done on

the causes of slow job creation in the period before the recession and during this period of

slow recovery and the implications of these forces for future job growth. The government of

Jamaica has also put together initiatives as a means of lower the rate of unemployment. Olk

S. (2019) stated that the Ministry of Education hosted a youth career week in 2018,

highlighting career and skill-training opportunities for young Jamaicans. This included a

youth forum, an expo with displays on career paths, and a National Skills Competition for

students in secondary and primary schools. Beyond this, the government is also working to

strengthen the apprenticeship program to increase opportunities for young people and

decrease youth unemployment in Jamaica. The government appears to prioritize actions

aimed at youth to prevent the perpetuation of unemployment trends into the next generation.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 10

Data Collection Sources

For this investigation into unemployment in Mandeville, Manchester, a quantitative

research design was employed. This approach facilitated the collection of numerical data

through a structured questionnaire, allowing for the systematic analysis of various factors

related to unemployment within the region.

Convenience sampling was utilized for this study. Participants were selected based on

their accessibility and willingness to participate in the research. A total of 20 individuals,

comprising both males and females, were included in the sample to ensure a diverse

representation of perspectives and experiences regarding unemployment in Mandeville.

The primary data collection instrument utilized in this study was a questionnaire. The

questionnaire consisted of structured questions designed to gather information on the causes

and effects of unemployment, to what extent does unemployment affect families and the

actions being taken to reduce the rate of unemployment. The use of a questionnaire facilitated

the efficient collection of data from a relatively small sample size within a short timeframe.

The primary data collected through the questionnaire provided firsthand insights into

the experiences and perspectives of individuals affected by unemployment in Mandeville.

These data complemented existing secondary sources, such as academic literature,

government reports, and statistical data, which were consulted to provide context and support

for the findings of the study. By integrating primary and secondary sources, this research

endeavor aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex issue of

unemployment in Mandeville, Manchester, and inform evidence-based recommendations for

addressing this challenge.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 11

Presentation of Findings

The purpose of this research is to determine the main factor of unemployment in

Mandeville, the extent to which it affects families and the actions being taken to reduce the

rate of unemployment. There were 20 participants in the sample, 10 males and 10 females.

We will present the data using graphs. Before presenting the findings the demographic details

of the participants will be highlighted.

Demographics

Pie chart showing the gender of the partic-

ipants.

50% 50%

Male Female

Figure 1: Pie chart showing the gender of the participants.

As shown in Figure 1 of the 20 participants in the research 10 (50%) were males

meanwhile, 10 (50%) were females.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 12

Figure 2: Column Chart Showing the age of the participants.

The majority of the participants 7 (35%) were between the ages of 18 – 30 years, with

the minority 3 (15%) in the range of (30 – 35) years, alongside 6 (30%) and 4 (20%) being in

the ranges of 36 – 40 years and 41 – 50 years respectively.

Table 1:

How long have you been unemployed

How Long Participants Have been Unemployed

Time (In years) No. of responses Percentage

Under 5 Years 9 55%
5 to 10 Years 4 20%
11 – 15 Years 4 20%
Over 15 years 1 5%
From this research, most of the participants 9 (55%) have been unemployed for less

than 5 years, with equal amounts of 4 (20%) people being unemployed for 5 – 10 years and
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 13

11 – 15 years with the minority of 1 (5%) of the participants being unemployed for over 15

years.

Research Question 1. What are the main causes of unemployment in Mandeville?

Lack of available Automation/ Globalization Education system

jobs Technological
advancements
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 14

Key
= 2 responses

Figure 3: Pictogram showing the opinions of the respondents on the causes of unemployment

in Mandeville.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 15

According to the respondents, Automation/Technological advancements and

Globalization are perceived as the primary causes of unemployment in Mandeville, with 9

respondents each selecting it as an answer. On the other hand, Lack of available jobs and the

education system are identified as less prominent causes, with 6 respondents each choosing it

as an answer.

Table 2

Have you experienced unemployment due to any of the following reasons

Have you experienced unemployment due to any of the following reasons

Reason No. of Respondents Response Percentage

Lack of available jobs 10 50%

Technological advancements
2 10%
replacing traditional jobs.

Global economic changes affecting

1 5%
the local job market.

Educational qualifications not

meeting job requirements. 7 35%

Economic downturn leading to job

0 0%
cuts.

Based on the results of Table 2, one can say the most common cause of

unemployment is the lack of available jobs with half (50%) of the respondents selecting that

as their reason, alongside educational qualifications not meeting job requirements being the

reason for 7 (35%) of the respondents being unemployed. 2 (10%) of the respondents selected

Technological advancements replacing traditional jobs and 1 (5%) selecting Global economic
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 16

changes affecting the local job market. While none of the respondent selected Economic

downturn leading to job cuts.

Table 3

Which of the following factors do you believe contributes the most to unemployment in

Mandeville

Which of the following factors do you believe contributes the most to unemployment
in Mandeville

Factors No. of Respondents Response Percentage

Structural issues within the economy 7 35%

Cyclical fluctuations in the job

3 15%
market

Frictional unemployment due to job

2 10%
search and transition

Underemployment or inadequate job

opportunities 8 40%

Based on the results of Table 3, one can say the most common cause of

unemployment is the lack of available jobs with 8 (40%) of the respondents selecting that as

their reason, alongside underemployment or inadequate job opportunities being the reason for

7 (35%) of the respondents being unemployed. Structural issues within the economy were

cited by 2 (10%) of the respondents, and cyclical fluctuations in the job market were chosen

by 1 (5%) respondent. Frictional unemployment due to job search and transition was

indicated by 2 (10%) of the respondents. While none of the respondents selected Economic

downturn leading to job cuts.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 17

Research Question 2. How and to what extent does unemployment affect families in

Mandeville?

Table 4

How has unemployment affected your family's financial situation

How has unemployment affected your family's financial situation

Effects No. of Respondents Response Percentage

Increased financial strain. 10 50%

Difficulty meeting basic needs (food,

5 25%
shelter, etc.)

Increased debt 5 25%

Based on the results of Table 2, it is evident that the primary effect of the unemployment

situation is increased financial strain, with 10 (50%) of the respondents reporting this

consequence. Difficulty meeting basic needs such as food and shelter was cited by 5 (25%) of

the respondents, along with an equal number reporting increased debt as an effect of

unemployment.

Table 5

How has unemployment impacted your family's mental health and well-being

How has unemployment impacted your family's mental health and well-being

Effects No. of Respondents Response Percentage

Increased stress and anxiety 8 40%

Feelings of depression or
6 30%
hopelessness

Strain on family relationships 6 30%

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 18

Based on the results of Table 5, the effects of unemployment are varied but impactful.

The most common effect reported by respondents is increased stress and anxiety, with 8

(40%) of the respondents indicating experiencing this consequence. Feelings of depression or

hopelessness were reported by 6 (30%) of the respondents, as well as strain on family

relationships, which was also reported by 6 (30%) of the respondents.

Table 6

How has unemployment affected your children's education and development

How has unemployment affected your children's education and development

Effects No. of Respondents Response Percentage

Difficulty affording educational

5 %25
expenses (school fees, supplies, etc.)

Limited access to extracurricular

10 %50
activities

Increased academic challenges or

5 %25
performance issues

Based on the results of Table 6, the effects of unemployment on education and

extracurricular activities are notable. Limited access to extracurricular activities was reported

by the majority of respondents, with 10 (50%) indicating this consequence. Difficulty

affording educational expenses, such as school fees and supplies, was reported by 5 (25%) of

the respondents, while an equal number of respondents, 5 (25%), reported experiencing

increased academic challenges or performance issues.

Table 7

Have you experienced any social consequences of unemployment within your family
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 19

Have you experienced any social consequences of unemployment within your family

Effects No. of Respondents Response Percentage

Increased isolation or withdrawal

11 55%
from social activities

Stigma or shame associated with

2 10%
unemployment

Impact on social relationships or

7 35%
community involvement

Based on the results of Table 7, the effects of unemployment on social aspects are

significant. The most commonly reported effect is increased isolation or withdrawal from

social activities, with 11 (55%) of the respondents indicating experiencing this consequence.

Impact on social relationships or community involvement was reported by 7 (35%) of the

respondents. Additionally, stigma or shame associated with unemployment was reported by 2

(10%) of the respondents.

Research Question 3. What actions are being taken to reduce the rate of unemployment in

Mandeville?

Pie chart showing awareness government

initiatives or programs aimed at reducing
unemployment in Mandeville.

20%

80%

Yes No
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 20

Figure 4: Pie chart showing awareness government initiatives or programs aimed at reducing

unemployment in Mandeville.

Based of the results of figure 4, It shows that most the respondents 16 (80%) are

aware of government initiatives or programs aimed at reducing unemployment, while the rest

4 (20%) are unaware.

Pie chart showing if the participants personally

participated in any job training programs or
skills development initiatives
10%

90%

Yes No

Figure 5: Pie chart showing if the participants personally participated in any job training

programs or skills development initiatives.

Based of the results of figure 5, It shows almost all the respondents 18 (90%) of the

participants personally participated any job training programs or skills development

initiatives aimed at reducing unemployment, while the rest 2 (10%) have not.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 21

Pie chart showing if the participants believe

that there are sufficient opportunities for
entrepreneurship or self-employment in
Mandeville.

40%

60%

Yes No

Figure 6: Pie chart showing if the participants believe that there are sufficient opportunities

for entrepreneurship or self-employment in Mandeville.

Based of the results of figure 6, It shows that most of the respondents 12 (60%) of the

participants believe that there are sufficient opportunities for entrepreneurship or self-

employment in Mandeville. While 8 (40%) do not.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 22

Analysis of Findings

The purpose of this research is to determine the main factor of unemployment in

Mandeville, the extent to which it affects families and the actions being taken to reduce the

rate of unemployment. There were 20 participants in the sample, 10 (50%) males and 10

(50%) females.

The findings presented in the study shed light on various aspects of unemployment

and its impact on families in Mandeville. In terms of demographics, the gender distribution

among participants was balanced, with 50% males and 50% females. Regarding age, the

majority of participants (35%) fell within the 18-30 age range, followed by 30% in the 36-40

range and 20% each in the 30-35 and 41-50 ranges. When asked about the duration of

unemployment, 55% of participants reported being unemployed for less than 5 years, while

20% each had been unemployed for 5-10 years and 11-15 years, with only 5% reporting

being unemployed for over 15 years.

In response to the research question on the main causes of unemployment in

Mandeville, respondents identified Automation/Technological advancements and

Globalization as primary factors, with each selected by 45% of respondents. Lack of

available jobs and issues within the education system were perceived as less prominent

causes.

Unemployment's impact on families was evident in various aspects. Financial strain

was reported by 50% of respondents as the primary effect, followed by difficulty meeting

basic needs (25%) and increased debt (25%). In terms of mental health and well-being, 40%

of respondents reported increased stress and anxiety, while 30% experienced feelings of

depression or hopelessness and strain on family relationships. Unemployment also affected

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 23

children's education and development, with limited access to extracurricular activities (50%)

and difficulty affording educational expenses (25%) being significant consequences.

Social consequences of unemployment within families were also notable, with 55% of

respondents reporting increased isolation or withdrawal from social activities, 35% citing

impacts on social relationships or community involvement, and 10% experiencing stigma or

shame associated with unemployment.

Regarding actions to reduce unemployment, 80% of respondents were aware of

government initiatives or programs aimed at reducing unemployment, while 90% personally

participated in job training programs or skills development initiatives. Additionally, 60%

believed there were sufficient opportunities for entrepreneurship or self-employment in

Mandeville.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 24

Discussion of Findings

The purpose of this research is to determine the main factor of unemployment in

Mandeville, the extent to which it affects families and the actions being taken to reduce the

rate of unemployment. There were 20 participants in the sample, 10 (50%) males and 10

(50%) females. A questionnaire was sent out over a one-week period via google form. To

really solve the problem of employment we must find out the challenge people face alongside

the reasons.

Discussion of Results

We used three research questions to guide the research process. I will now discuss the

findings from each in turn.

Research Question 1. What are the main causes of unemployment in Mandeville?

The research findings align with existing literature regarding the primary drivers of

unemployment in Mandeville. Respondents identified Automation/Technological

advancements and Globalization as the main causes, consistent with structural factors

impacting the economy [Figure 3]. This echoes Haughton's (2015) classification of structural

issues as a significant contributor to unemployment, emphasizing the role of technological

advancements and global economic shifts. Furthermore, Lack of available jobs and issues

within the education system were highlighted, reflecting the interplay between systemic

barriers to employment and individual qualifications [Table 3].

The literature review supports these findings by elucidating the multifaceted nature of

unemployment dynamics in Jamaica. Haughton (2015) underscores the influence of structural

factors such as technological advancements, while Olk (2019) highlights the importance of

educational initiatives in addressing unemployment. These insights underscore the

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 25

complexity of addressing unemployment in Mandeville, necessitating comprehensive

strategies that address both systemic issues and individual qualifications.

Research Question 2. How and to what extent does unemployment affect families in

Mandeville?

The research data provide insights into the significant impact of unemployment on

families in Mandeville. Financial strain emerged as the primary effect, affecting half of the

respondents, corroborating findings from Suzan Burke's case study (Trapped in cycle of

poverty, 2020) which illustrates the dire consequences of unemployment on household

income and basic necessities. Additionally, the data reveal adverse effects on mental health

and well-being, strain on family relationships, and challenges in children's education and

development [Table 4, Table 5, Table 6].

The literature review further emphasizes the profound repercussions of

unemployment on Jamaican families, highlighting its role in perpetuating cycles of poverty

and hindering children's educational success (Green, 2010). These findings underscore the

urgent need for targeted interventions that address not only the economic but also the social

and psychological impacts of unemployment on families in Mandeville.

Research Question 3. What actions are being taken to reduce the rate of unemployment in

Mandeville?

The research findings suggest a high level of awareness and participation in

government initiatives aimed at reducing unemployment in Mandeville [Figure 4, Figure 5].

This aligns with efforts outlined in the literature review, such as the Ministry of Education's

youth career week and initiatives to strengthen apprenticeship programs (Olk, 2019). These
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 26

actions underscore the government's commitment to addressing unemployment by focusing

on youth empowerment and skill development.

However, the literature review also emphasizes the need for deeper analysis and

comprehensive strategies to address the underlying causes of slow job creation and

unemployment trends (How We'd fix it!, 2011). These insights underscore the importance of

ongoing research and policy efforts to foster sustainable economic growth and create

opportunities for all residents of Mandeville.

Conclusion
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 27

In conclusion, this research sheds light on the intricate dynamics of unemployment in

Mandeville, Jamaica. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of the issue, revealing

a balanced gender distribution among participants and a prevalence of youth unemployment,

with a significant proportion of respondents falling within the 18-30 age range. Moreover, the

majority of individuals reported relatively short-term unemployment durations, suggesting a

dynamic and evolving job market characterized by frequent transitions.

The main causes of unemployment identified by respondents highlight the complex

interplay between structural factors and individual circumstances. Automation/Technological

advancements and Globalization emerged as primary contributors, alongside issues within the

education system and the lack of available jobs. These findings emphasize the need for

targeted interventions that address both systemic barriers to employment and individual skill

development to equip individuals with the qualifications needed to thrive in a rapidly

changing economy.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 28

Limitations

Limitations of this research include the relatively small sample size of 20 participants,

which may not fully represent the diverse experiences and perspectives of the broader

population in Mandeville. Additionally, the use of convenience sampling could introduce

bias, as participants who are more accessible or willing to participate may not be fully

representative of the target population. Furthermore, the reliance on self-reported data

through a questionnaire may introduce response biases, such as social desirability bias or

recall bias, potentially affecting the accuracy of the findings. Additionally, the research

focused primarily on quantitative data, limiting the depth of qualitative insights that could

have been obtained through interviews or focus groups. Finally, the study's scope was limited

to individuals aged 18-50, excluding older demographics who may also be impacted by

unemployment in Mandeville.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 29

Recommendations

Based on the research questions regarding unemployment in Mandeville, Jamaica,

several recommendations can be proposed to address the issue:

The government of Jamaica should implement targeted policies aimed at addressing

the main causes of unemployment in Mandeville. This could include initiatives such as

providing incentives for businesses to invest in the region, promoting entrepreneurship and

small business development, and investing in infrastructure projects to create job

opportunities. Additionally, the government should prioritize education and vocational

training programs to equip residents with the skills needed to compete in the job market.

Future research should focus on understanding the specific ways in which

unemployment affects families in Mandeville. This could involve conducting surveys or

interviews with affected families to explore the social, economic, and psychological impacts

of unemployment on individuals and households. By gaining a deeper understanding of these

effects, policymakers and community organizations can develop targeted interventions to

support affected families and mitigate the negative consequences of unemployment.

Community organizations, non-profit groups, and local businesses should collaborate

to implement initiatives aimed at reducing the rate of unemployment in Mandeville. This

could involve providing job training and placement services, supporting local businesses

through mentoring and financial assistance programs, and fostering partnerships with

educational institutions to bridge the skills gap. By working together, stakeholders can create

a supportive ecosystem that encourages job creation and economic growth in the region.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 30

References

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014. (1991- 2014).

Cyclical Unemployment. Retrieved

from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Cyclical+Unemployment

Green R. (2010). Poverty is the enemy of education. Retrieved from Poverty is the enemy of

education | Letters | Jamaica Gleaner (jamaica-gleaner.com)

Haughton, A (2015). How unemployment affects the economy. Retrieved from How

unemployment affects the economy | News | Jamaica Gleaner (jamaica-gleaner.com)

How We'd fix it! (2011). Retrieved from

https://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20111031/feature/feature9.html

Olk S. (2019). Efforts to reduce youth unemployment in Jamaica. Retrieved from Efforts to

Reduce Youth Unemployment in Jamaica - The Borgen Project

The Cambridge Dictionary. Unemployment. Retrieved from

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/unemployment

The Free Dictionary (2003-2008). Unemployment Rate. (2003-2008). Retrieved

from https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Unemployment+rate

Trapped in cycle of poverty (2020). Family relies on charity to eat; lack of devices keep

children out of school. Retrieved from Trapped in cycle of poverty - Family relies on

charity to eat; lack of devices keep children out of school | Lead Stories | Jamaica

Gleaner (jamaica-gleaner.com)

Appendices A
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 31

Cover Note

Dear Participants,

We are Rayon Pusey, Kyiana Roberts, Aldanique Codling, and Lower Six students at

de Carteret College High School. As part of the requirements to complete my Caribbean

Studies Internal Assessment, assessed by the Caribbean Examination Council, I am

conducting research into the causes and impacts of increased cases of unemployment in

Mandeville. I am seeking your participation in this study.

Your honest responses would be greatly appreciated, and please be assured that any

information you provide will be kept strictly confidential. Thank you in advance for your

cooperation.

Respectfully,

Rayon Pusey

Kyiana Roberts,

Aldanique Codling
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 32

Appendix B

Questionnaire

1. What is your gender?

Male

Female

2. To which age group do you belong?

18-30 years

31-35 years

36-40 years

41-50 years

3. How long have you been unemployed?

Under 5 years

5-10 years

11-15 years

Over 15 years

What are the main causes of unemployment in Mandeville?

1. In your opinion, what are causes of unemployment in Mandeville?

Lack of available jobs

Automation/Technological advancements

Globalization

Education system

4. Have you experienced unemployment due to any of the following reasons? (Select all

that apply)

Lack of available jobs

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 33

Technological advancements replacing traditional jobs.

Global economic changes affecting the local job market.

Educational qualifications not meeting job requirements.

Economic downturn leading to job cuts.

5. Which of the following factors do you believe contributes the most to unemployment

in Mandeville?

Structural issues within the economy

Cyclical fluctuations in the job market

Frictional unemployment due to job search and transition

Underemployment or inadequate job opportunities

What actions are being taken to reduce the rate of unemployment in Mandeville?

6. Are you aware of any government initiatives or programs aimed at reducing

unemployment in Mandeville?

Yes

No

7. Have you personally participated in any job training programs or skills development

initiatives?

Yes

No

8. Do you believe that there are sufficient opportunities for entrepreneurship or self-

employment in Mandeville?

Yes

No
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MANDEVILLE 34

How and to what extent does unemployment affect families in Mandeville?

9. How has unemployment affected your family's financial situation?

Increased financial strain.

Difficulty meeting basic needs (food, shelter, etc.)

Increased debt

10. How has unemployment impacted your family's mental health and well-being?

Increased stress and anxiety

Feelings of depression or hopelessness

Strain on family relationships

11. How has unemployment affected your children's education and development?

Difficulty affording educational expenses (school fees, supplies, etc.)

Limited access to extracurricular activities

Increased academic challenges or performance issues

12. Have you experienced any social consequences of unemployment within your family?

Increased isolation or withdrawal from social activities

Stigma or shame associated with unemployment

Impact on social relationships or community involvement