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Sinusoids and Phasor P1

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Nguyễn Đoàn Mỹ Uyên - MĐC - 11A9
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29 views8 pages

Sinusoids and Phasor P1

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Nguyễn Đoàn Mỹ Uyên - MĐC - 11A9
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SINUSOIDS & PHASOR

Sinusoids
▪ A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function.
▪ A general expression for the sinusoid,

v(t ) = Vm sin(t +  )

where
• Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid
• ω = 2𝜋f the angular frequency in radians/s
• f= 1/T (Hz)
• T: periodic time (s)
• Ф = the phase

1
Sinusoids
A periodic function is one that satisfies v(t) = v(t + nT), for all t and for all integers n.

2
T=

• Only two sinusoidal values with the same frequency can be compared by their amplitude and phase difference.
• If phase difference is zero, they are in phase; if phase difference is not zero, they are out of phase.

2
Phasor
▪ A phasor is a complex number that represents
the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.

▪ It can be represented in one of the following


three forms:
a. Rectangular z = x + jy = r (cos  + j sin  )
b. Polar z = r 
c. Exponential z = re j
r= x2 + y2
where
e j = cos   j sin   = tan −1
y
x
e j = j j = 1900
 = 900 1 x: real part → Re
= 1( −900 ) y: imaginary part → Im
cos  = 0 j
sin  = 1 3
Phasor

Mathematic operation of complex number:


1. Addition z1 + z 2 = ( x1 + x 2 ) + j ( y1 + y 2 )

2. Subtraction z1 − z 2 = ( x1 − x2 ) + j ( y1 − y2 )

3. Multiplication z z = r r   + 
1 2 1 2 1 2

z1 r1
4. Division = (1 −  2 )
z2 r2

5. Reciprocal 1 1
=  −
z r

6. Square root z = r  2

7. Complex conjugate z  = x − jy = r  −  = re− j


8. Euler’s identity e  j = cos  j sin 
4
Phasor
▪ Transform a sinusoid to from the time domain to the phasor domain:

v(t ) = Vm cos(t +  ) V = Vm 
time domain phasor domain

• Amplitude and phase difference are two principal concerns in the study of voltage and current sinusoids.
• Phasor will be defined from the cosine function in all our proceeding study. If a voltage or current
expression is in the form of a sine, it will be changed to a cosine by subtracting from the phase.

Example Solution:
Transform the following sinusoids to phasors: a. I = 6 − 40 A
a) i = 6cos(50t – 40o) A b. Since: –sin(A) = cos(A+90o);
b) v = –4sin(30t + 50o) V v(t) = 4cos (30t+50o+90o) = 4cos(30t+140o) V
Transform to phasor => V = 4140 V
5
Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

Resistor: Inductor: Capacitor:

6
Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements

Summary of voltage-current relationship

Element Time domain Frequency domain

R
v = Ri V = RI

L di
v=L V = jLI
dt
C dv I
i=C V=
dt jC

7
Impedance and Admittance

• The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor voltage V to the phasor current
I, measured in ohms Ω. V 1 I
Z = = R + jX Y= =
I Z V

where R = Re, is the resistance and X = Im, is the reactance. Positive X is for L and
negative X is for C.
• The admittance Y is the reciprocal of impedance, measured in siemens (S).

Impedances and admittances of passive elements


Element Impedance Admittance
1
R Z=R Y=
R

L Z = jL Y=
1
jL
1
C Z =
jC Y = jC
8

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